Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_056
Evelyn Pinkerton
It is timely to consider the key importance of co-management institutional arrangements in successful fisheries management. Co-management is powersharing between government agencies charged with the responsibility of governing one or more natural resources and the place-based communities, organizations, or regions that are most affected by the agency’s decisions.1 Feit prefers to call such arrangements ‘co-governance’,2 but it can be useful to reserve this term for high levels of power-sharing in joint policy-making, while operational decisions such as how, when, and where to take actions are termed ‘co-management’. Co-management and even co-governance often begins as an ‘incomplete’ arrangement in which the scope and geographic scale of the power of the non-government party is fairly limited.3 Although such arrangements often evolve, it is seldom to the point of joint policy-making. Authentic co-governance is usually driven by court decisions or unique policy situations. Legitimacy is essential in fisheries co-management. Both the legitimacy of senior governments and the legitimacy of local authorities who are working with these senior governments are important. Although it is desirable to have both types of legitimacy, local legitimacy is indispensable and can make a system work, even if senior government legitimacy is lacking. There is high
{"title":"Legitimacy and Effectiveness through Fisheries Co-Management","authors":"Evelyn Pinkerton","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_056","url":null,"abstract":"It is timely to consider the key importance of co-management institutional arrangements in successful fisheries management. Co-management is powersharing between government agencies charged with the responsibility of governing one or more natural resources and the place-based communities, organizations, or regions that are most affected by the agency’s decisions.1 Feit prefers to call such arrangements ‘co-governance’,2 but it can be useful to reserve this term for high levels of power-sharing in joint policy-making, while operational decisions such as how, when, and where to take actions are termed ‘co-management’. Co-management and even co-governance often begins as an ‘incomplete’ arrangement in which the scope and geographic scale of the power of the non-government party is fairly limited.3 Although such arrangements often evolve, it is seldom to the point of joint policy-making. Authentic co-governance is usually driven by court decisions or unique policy situations. Legitimacy is essential in fisheries co-management. Both the legitimacy of senior governments and the legitimacy of local authorities who are working with these senior governments are important. Although it is desirable to have both types of legitimacy, local legitimacy is indispensable and can make a system work, even if senior government legitimacy is lacking. There is high","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129709669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_084
J. Dawson
The Arctic, despite centuries of speculation, remains one of the world’s last potential shipping frontiers. The maritime potential of the region is alluring as it offers a number of shorter, and potentially more prosperous, trade routes between Europe and Asia. Proving the viability of these routes, however, has not been straightforward; rather it has been the story of few triumphs among many disasters, the most famous of which is the ill-fated Franklin expedition of 1845. The shipwrecks, grave sites, and human remains that now paint the Arctic landscape and ocean floor are proof of the region’s natural prowess and strong will to remain pristine and unconquered by human pursuits of globalization. Thick multi-year ice and a harsh and unpredictable climate have been the major factors limiting development, however this is now changing. Because of natural and human-induced climate change, the Arctic is warming at twice the rate of the global average and with this warming has come a positive feedback loop of melting sea ice—additional black space among a traditionally white landscape—causing enhanced absorption of solar radiation and subsequent warming with continued ice retreat. The open water season has increased by more than five days per decade in the Northwest Passage and by up to 19 days per decade in other regions of the Arctic.1 Being that thick and unpredictable sea ice has historically been the dagger that slayed even the most decorated of Arctic explorers, and the strongest of ships, its retreat would seem to facilitate the long awaited opening of the region for global maritime trade and transport—the shifting of global trade patterns and with that the potential for altered global power dynamics.
{"title":"Arctic Shipping: Future Prospects and Ocean Governance","authors":"J. Dawson","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_084","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic, despite centuries of speculation, remains one of the world’s last potential shipping frontiers. The maritime potential of the region is alluring as it offers a number of shorter, and potentially more prosperous, trade routes between Europe and Asia. Proving the viability of these routes, however, has not been straightforward; rather it has been the story of few triumphs among many disasters, the most famous of which is the ill-fated Franklin expedition of 1845. The shipwrecks, grave sites, and human remains that now paint the Arctic landscape and ocean floor are proof of the region’s natural prowess and strong will to remain pristine and unconquered by human pursuits of globalization. Thick multi-year ice and a harsh and unpredictable climate have been the major factors limiting development, however this is now changing. Because of natural and human-induced climate change, the Arctic is warming at twice the rate of the global average and with this warming has come a positive feedback loop of melting sea ice—additional black space among a traditionally white landscape—causing enhanced absorption of solar radiation and subsequent warming with continued ice retreat. The open water season has increased by more than five days per decade in the Northwest Passage and by up to 19 days per decade in other regions of the Arctic.1 Being that thick and unpredictable sea ice has historically been the dagger that slayed even the most decorated of Arctic explorers, and the strongest of ships, its retreat would seem to facilitate the long awaited opening of the region for global maritime trade and transport—the shifting of global trade patterns and with that the potential for altered global power dynamics.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130963726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_028
M. Byers, Andreas Østhagen
Previously neglected maritime boundary disputes are acquiring newfound economic, political, and academic significance. Rising sea levels, changing distributions of marine natural resources, and growing demand for those resources have combined to create a ‘perfect storm’ for policy-making, diplomacy, and research. When surveying the world’s maritime boundaries, it becomes clear that hundreds of disputes have been resolved. However, why states resolve their disputes, and with what motivation, is often unclear. Most studies describe the process as a matter of legal technicalities, driven by economic interests. As Douglas Johnston argues, boundary-making in the ocean is functionalist: done with an eye towards the functional usage of the maritime space itself.1 Yet hundreds of maritime disputes remain unresolved. The existence of a dispute can hinder the economic exploitation of offshore resources such as oil and gas and complicate the management of transboundary fish stocks. In other instances, maritime boundary disputes contribute to larger international tensions and conflicts. States do not necessarily resolve boundary disputes for functional purposes whenever it is convenient to do so. Instead, a number of factors may hinder or facilitate dispute resolution.
{"title":"Settling Maritime Boundaries: Why Some Countries Find It Easy, and Others Do Not","authors":"M. Byers, Andreas Østhagen","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_028","url":null,"abstract":"Previously neglected maritime boundary disputes are acquiring newfound economic, political, and academic significance. Rising sea levels, changing distributions of marine natural resources, and growing demand for those resources have combined to create a ‘perfect storm’ for policy-making, diplomacy, and research. When surveying the world’s maritime boundaries, it becomes clear that hundreds of disputes have been resolved. However, why states resolve their disputes, and with what motivation, is often unclear. Most studies describe the process as a matter of legal technicalities, driven by economic interests. As Douglas Johnston argues, boundary-making in the ocean is functionalist: done with an eye towards the functional usage of the maritime space itself.1 Yet hundreds of maritime disputes remain unresolved. The existence of a dispute can hinder the economic exploitation of offshore resources such as oil and gas and complicate the management of transboundary fish stocks. In other instances, maritime boundary disputes contribute to larger international tensions and conflicts. States do not necessarily resolve boundary disputes for functional purposes whenever it is convenient to do so. Instead, a number of factors may hinder or facilitate dispute resolution.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114976806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_072
Mark Sloan
Since the peak of the Somali piracy outbreak between 2010 and 2011, piracy has been on the decline. Nevertheless, the problem has not gone away, the figures for the first half of 2017 showing 87 incidents of piracy and armed robbery reported to the International Maritime Bureau (imb) Piracy Reporting Centre.1 Furthermore, piracy is not only a crime in its own right, but also destabilizes economic, social, and political structures. Countering piracy therefore remains an important challenge, particularly off Indonesia and the Philippines, in the Gulf of Guinea, and in parts of the Indian Ocean. This short essay can only skim this complex subject, but considers the nature of piracy, and some of the factors that can help contribute to its prevention.
{"title":"Marine Piracy: A Continuing Challenge","authors":"Mark Sloan","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_072","url":null,"abstract":"Since the peak of the Somali piracy outbreak between 2010 and 2011, piracy has been on the decline. Nevertheless, the problem has not gone away, the figures for the first half of 2017 showing 87 incidents of piracy and armed robbery reported to the International Maritime Bureau (imb) Piracy Reporting Centre.1 Furthermore, piracy is not only a crime in its own right, but also destabilizes economic, social, and political structures. Countering piracy therefore remains an important challenge, particularly off Indonesia and the Philippines, in the Gulf of Guinea, and in parts of the Indian Ocean. This short essay can only skim this complex subject, but considers the nature of piracy, and some of the factors that can help contribute to its prevention.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133376372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_090
I. Porter
{"title":"Cetaceans in the Media: A Right Whale of a Story","authors":"I. Porter","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_090","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124500417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_009
D. Lane
Oceans are comprised of finite marine resources available to the global community. Each of us is not responsible for the oceans, yet the oceans are a collective responsibility of all of us as individuals. We recognize these truisms, yet the execution of joint stewardship responsibilities on oceans is fundamentally challenging and largely insufficient. This essay addresses the characteristics of ocean governance and posits a reduced role of governments, and an enhanced decentralized and authoritative participation of ocean stakeholders and the public toward realizing shared responsibilities for ocean sustainability.
{"title":"Participatory Ocean Governance in Practice","authors":"D. Lane","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_009","url":null,"abstract":"Oceans are comprised of finite marine resources available to the global community. Each of us is not responsible for the oceans, yet the oceans are a collective responsibility of all of us as individuals. We recognize these truisms, yet the execution of joint stewardship responsibilities on oceans is fundamentally challenging and largely insufficient. This essay addresses the characteristics of ocean governance and posits a reduced role of governments, and an enhanced decentralized and authoritative participation of ocean stakeholders and the public toward realizing shared responsibilities for ocean sustainability.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"414 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115327799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_088
P. Kennedy
{"title":"Journalistic Challenges in Speaking for the Ocean: A Personal Acquaintance with Elisabeth Mann Borgese","authors":"P. Kennedy","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_088","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115477864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_060
J. Swan
The term ‘illegal, unreported and unregulated (iuu) fishing’ was first used in 1997 in the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (ccamlr) to capture the scope of uncontrolled fishing in the Southern Ocean and the urgency for addressing it. Members agreed that the situation called for collective efforts within ccamlr, measures by flag states and coastal states and steps vis-à-vis non-Contracting Parties to enhance enforcement and compliance with conservation and management measures (cmms). It ignited the determination of the international community to come to grips with iuu fishing, which spans activities under international, regional, and national governance. It involves practices such as unlicensed fishing, using forged licenses, illegal transshipment at sea, displaying fake names or call signs on a vessel, fishing in prohibited areas/with prohibited gear, use of flags or ports of non-compliance with little or no effective controls, and failure to comply with reporting or other information requirements. Even worse, some iuu fishers are known to kidnap people to work as crew, then murder them or throw them overboard. Many are involved in transnational crimes including smuggling drugs, people, and arms. They engage in bribery and blackmail of government officials, document fraud, and money laundering. Fraud throughout the food supply chain is reflected by practices such as mislabeling. In 2009, the total value of iuu fishing worldwide was reported to be between US$10 billion and US$23 billion annually, representing between 11.06 million and 25.91 million tonnes of fish.1 By 2014, members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao) recognized that the magnitude and characteristics of iuu fishing were likely to have changed significantly since
{"title":"IUU Fishing and Measures to Improve Enforcement and Compliance","authors":"J. Swan","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_060","url":null,"abstract":"The term ‘illegal, unreported and unregulated (iuu) fishing’ was first used in 1997 in the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (ccamlr) to capture the scope of uncontrolled fishing in the Southern Ocean and the urgency for addressing it. Members agreed that the situation called for collective efforts within ccamlr, measures by flag states and coastal states and steps vis-à-vis non-Contracting Parties to enhance enforcement and compliance with conservation and management measures (cmms). It ignited the determination of the international community to come to grips with iuu fishing, which spans activities under international, regional, and national governance. It involves practices such as unlicensed fishing, using forged licenses, illegal transshipment at sea, displaying fake names or call signs on a vessel, fishing in prohibited areas/with prohibited gear, use of flags or ports of non-compliance with little or no effective controls, and failure to comply with reporting or other information requirements. Even worse, some iuu fishers are known to kidnap people to work as crew, then murder them or throw them overboard. Many are involved in transnational crimes including smuggling drugs, people, and arms. They engage in bribery and blackmail of government officials, document fraud, and money laundering. Fraud throughout the food supply chain is reflected by practices such as mislabeling. In 2009, the total value of iuu fishing worldwide was reported to be between US$10 billion and US$23 billion annually, representing between 11.06 million and 25.91 million tonnes of fish.1 By 2014, members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao) recognized that the magnitude and characteristics of iuu fishing were likely to have changed significantly since","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115855336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_081
P. Payoyo
governance of the world’s seas and oceans requires new ways of thinking and new ways of doing things that are fundamentally different from the established modes of terrestrial governance that have been built on the traditional foundation of state freedom and sovereignty. This ‘oceans perspective’, initially given voice by Professor Elisabeth Mann Borgese beginning in the late 1960s on the eve of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, be-came the hallmark of her efflorescent advocacy. Both a vision and an evolving action-oriented programme, the oceans perspective was vigorously pressed by Elisabeth as only the gentle and caring ‘Mother of the Oceans’ that she was could have done.
{"title":"Seafarers’ Human Rights: Compliance and Enforcement","authors":"P. Payoyo","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_081","url":null,"abstract":"governance of the world’s seas and oceans requires new ways of thinking and new ways of doing things that are fundamentally different from the established modes of terrestrial governance that have been built on the traditional foundation of state freedom and sovereignty. This ‘oceans perspective’, initially given voice by Professor Elisabeth Mann Borgese beginning in the late 1960s on the eve of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, be-came the hallmark of her efflorescent advocacy. Both a vision and an evolving action-oriented programme, the oceans perspective was vigorously pressed by Elisabeth as only the gentle and caring ‘Mother of the Oceans’ that she was could have done.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127575370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_041
A. Metaxas, P. Snelgrove
The deep sea is one of the most remote and expansive habitats on Earth, spanning depths of 200 m to beyond 10,000 m in the deepest trenches. The oceanic seafloor forms through a combination of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges (mor) and sedimentation of materials from the sea surface over millions of years, as ocean plates move from their origin at mor to subduction zones. The generally uniform temperature and salinity, and absence of light, define an environment far less variable than in most shallow-water environments.1 The area of sediment-covered seafloor comprises more habitat than all others on Earth combined. Near the continental shelf, sediments often contain terrigenous material transported by rivers and coastal currents, whereas sediments in the abyssal plains (sometimes more than one kilometer thick) are derived from the shells of open-water organisms. The composition of sediments defines the fauna living on and within them. Because of the absence of light, most deep-sea organisms depend on sinking food material produced in surface waters (phytodetritus), fecal pellets, fish or zooplankton carcasses, or material transported laterally (pieces of kelp and land-based organic material such as wood). Exposed hard substratum occurs mainly in areas with relatively steep profiles, such as the walls of submarine canyons and the flanks of seamounts, as well as on newly produced seafloor near spreading centers. Strong currents typically characterize steep sloping environments, limiting accumulation of sediments, and exposing hard substratum. Submarine canyons incise the continental slope and can range over 1,000 m in depth. Because of their topography, canyons can act as conduits of sediment,
{"title":"Caring for the Deep Sea","authors":"A. Metaxas, P. Snelgrove","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_041","url":null,"abstract":"The deep sea is one of the most remote and expansive habitats on Earth, spanning depths of 200 m to beyond 10,000 m in the deepest trenches. The oceanic seafloor forms through a combination of seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges (mor) and sedimentation of materials from the sea surface over millions of years, as ocean plates move from their origin at mor to subduction zones. The generally uniform temperature and salinity, and absence of light, define an environment far less variable than in most shallow-water environments.1 The area of sediment-covered seafloor comprises more habitat than all others on Earth combined. Near the continental shelf, sediments often contain terrigenous material transported by rivers and coastal currents, whereas sediments in the abyssal plains (sometimes more than one kilometer thick) are derived from the shells of open-water organisms. The composition of sediments defines the fauna living on and within them. Because of the absence of light, most deep-sea organisms depend on sinking food material produced in surface waters (phytodetritus), fecal pellets, fish or zooplankton carcasses, or material transported laterally (pieces of kelp and land-based organic material such as wood). Exposed hard substratum occurs mainly in areas with relatively steep profiles, such as the walls of submarine canyons and the flanks of seamounts, as well as on newly produced seafloor near spreading centers. Strong currents typically characterize steep sloping environments, limiting accumulation of sediments, and exposing hard substratum. Submarine canyons incise the continental slope and can range over 1,000 m in depth. Because of their topography, canyons can act as conduits of sediment,","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129931461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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