Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_005
W. Watson-Wright, J. L. Valdés
Unfortunately, this most necessary ‘refocusing’ remains very much a work in progress. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) states in its Preamble that “problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be addressed as a whole.”2 And yet paradoxically, the global governance regime is essentially sectoral in nature, based around management and regulatory stovepipes aimed largely at individual industries and activities with rules and regulations emanating from innumerable oversight entities. Much has been written about the failures of this sectoral approach to ocean governance.3
{"title":"Fragmented Governance of Our One Global Ocean","authors":"W. Watson-Wright, J. L. Valdés","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_005","url":null,"abstract":"Unfortunately, this most necessary ‘refocusing’ remains very much a work in progress. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) states in its Preamble that “problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be addressed as a whole.”2 And yet paradoxically, the global governance regime is essentially sectoral in nature, based around management and regulatory stovepipes aimed largely at individual industries and activities with rules and regulations emanating from innumerable oversight entities. Much has been written about the failures of this sectoral approach to ocean governance.3","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122766486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_075
Murielle Provost
{"title":"Women, Communities, Resilience: What’s Not to Understand?","authors":"Murielle Provost","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_075","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126131498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_067
E. Macdonald
While considered a frontier exploration area, offshore petroleum activities began in eastern Canadian waters in 1943, when the first offshore well was drilled off Prince Edward Island.1 There have been substantial changes to the industry since the 1940s, most notably with changes in technology, the Canadian regulatory regime, and in philosophies and culture. The most important advancement in the offshore petroleum industry, not just within Canada but worldwide, has been the development and continuous improvement in fostering a safe workplace mentality or ‘safety culture’ by industry professionals. Inherent within safety culture lies the lesser discussed, and even lesser understood, environmental culture. People, like other living things, have natural survival instincts; they want to work safely because life and limb may be at risk if they do not. It is relatively easy to convince employees, government officials, and executives that safety is important, especially in a high-risk work environment like the frigid Northwest Atlantic. People appreciate the importance of working safely and maintaining a safe work place; their own lives and the lives of people they work with depend on it. So, how does environmental culture fit into all this? While environmental culture has not yet been elevated to the forefront of the minds of the general public when they consider day-to-day workings in the offshore, what lives beneath the waves is, however, at the forefront of the minds of offshore employees, regulatory bodies, and industry executives. This essay discusses the established protections required when working in the offshore petroleum industry on the east coast of Canada, particularly offshore Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador.2 Mass media typically focuses on extreme events, such as major explosions and spills. The typical
{"title":"Environmental Culture and Mitigation Criteria for Offshore Oil and Gas Activities","authors":"E. Macdonald","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_067","url":null,"abstract":"While considered a frontier exploration area, offshore petroleum activities began in eastern Canadian waters in 1943, when the first offshore well was drilled off Prince Edward Island.1 There have been substantial changes to the industry since the 1940s, most notably with changes in technology, the Canadian regulatory regime, and in philosophies and culture. The most important advancement in the offshore petroleum industry, not just within Canada but worldwide, has been the development and continuous improvement in fostering a safe workplace mentality or ‘safety culture’ by industry professionals. Inherent within safety culture lies the lesser discussed, and even lesser understood, environmental culture. People, like other living things, have natural survival instincts; they want to work safely because life and limb may be at risk if they do not. It is relatively easy to convince employees, government officials, and executives that safety is important, especially in a high-risk work environment like the frigid Northwest Atlantic. People appreciate the importance of working safely and maintaining a safe work place; their own lives and the lives of people they work with depend on it. So, how does environmental culture fit into all this? While environmental culture has not yet been elevated to the forefront of the minds of the general public when they consider day-to-day workings in the offshore, what lives beneath the waves is, however, at the forefront of the minds of offshore employees, regulatory bodies, and industry executives. This essay discusses the established protections required when working in the offshore petroleum industry on the east coast of Canada, particularly offshore Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador.2 Mass media typically focuses on extreme events, such as major explosions and spills. The typical","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127522833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_052
D. Shurland
When the history of tourism is written in its encyclopedic detail, it will recount the influences of ancient civilizations, empires, and dynasties (e.g., Persian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Roman). Their relics are the antecedents of today’s great cities, with road and infrastructure networks, centers of learning, culture, language, religion and architecture, systems of law and government. Particularly in Europe and Asia, this heritage endured over centuries and is today’s tourism attractions that draw intense visitor curiosity. Tourism is commonly reflected through history as movements of people across neighboring towns, regions, and countries. Some researchers mark the beginning of tourism from the late seventeenth century when the classic ‘Grand Tour’ reached its pinnacle led by the British aristocracy, landed gentry, and wealthy European citizens, as ‘tour-ists’ pursuing experiences in European classics and culture.1 Grand touring via horse-drawn carriage took months and years, and Italy and France were the most popular destinations. Over time as the steamboat and railway opened up once impenetrable frontiers, so too the automobile and airplane eventually became modes of transportation that facilitated quicker travel through contiguous states and from lower societal strata. These transit modes would move people over greater distances, in larger numbers and in progressively shorter times, eventually making business, leisure, or holiday travel commonplace. On the demand side and in the current digital age, advances in Internet and mobile technologies brought travel planning literally to the palm of the hand, where an entire vacation can be decided in a matter of minutes. The immediate consequence was a reduced need for intermediary travel agents and a continued explosion of booking websites that ensured wide access to digital tools best exemplified by the Airbnb accommodationand Uber ride-sharing platform applications. Described as the ‘sharing economy’, these sites are most amenable to today’s twenty-first century traveler—the younger, upwardly mobile millennials (ages 18 to 37), who are already reshaping current and future tourism demand, behaviors and trends.
{"title":"Sustainable Tourism: The Long View","authors":"D. Shurland","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_052","url":null,"abstract":"When the history of tourism is written in its encyclopedic detail, it will recount the influences of ancient civilizations, empires, and dynasties (e.g., Persian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Roman). Their relics are the antecedents of today’s great cities, with road and infrastructure networks, centers of learning, culture, language, religion and architecture, systems of law and government. Particularly in Europe and Asia, this heritage endured over centuries and is today’s tourism attractions that draw intense visitor curiosity. Tourism is commonly reflected through history as movements of people across neighboring towns, regions, and countries. Some researchers mark the beginning of tourism from the late seventeenth century when the classic ‘Grand Tour’ reached its pinnacle led by the British aristocracy, landed gentry, and wealthy European citizens, as ‘tour-ists’ pursuing experiences in European classics and culture.1 Grand touring via horse-drawn carriage took months and years, and Italy and France were the most popular destinations. Over time as the steamboat and railway opened up once impenetrable frontiers, so too the automobile and airplane eventually became modes of transportation that facilitated quicker travel through contiguous states and from lower societal strata. These transit modes would move people over greater distances, in larger numbers and in progressively shorter times, eventually making business, leisure, or holiday travel commonplace. On the demand side and in the current digital age, advances in Internet and mobile technologies brought travel planning literally to the palm of the hand, where an entire vacation can be decided in a matter of minutes. The immediate consequence was a reduced need for intermediary travel agents and a continued explosion of booking websites that ensured wide access to digital tools best exemplified by the Airbnb accommodationand Uber ride-sharing platform applications. Described as the ‘sharing economy’, these sites are most amenable to today’s twenty-first century traveler—the younger, upwardly mobile millennials (ages 18 to 37), who are already reshaping current and future tourism demand, behaviors and trends.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128494391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_016
Igor Vio
During the mid-1990s, I had the opportunity to attend the training program of the International Ocean Institute (ioi) in Halifax as a young university lecturer from Croatia, along with 23 participants from Canada and every corner of the world from 19 countries. Looking back more than two decades later brings fond memories of a very interesting group of people and a genuine multinational and multicultural setting that provided a unique experience for all of us. Unlike other students at Dalhousie University, ours was not a group of individuals in their twenties who had just emancipated themselves from their families and would have had no problem finding their way in their new campus environment. We were a very different selection of individuals, mostly in our thirties and forties, with well-established personalities, and a well-developed professional and family life in our distant home countries. It was amazing how those individuals, after some initial adaptation difficulties, forged an incredibly homogenous group of colleagues and friends. In retrospect, the ioi program gave us a possibility to develop a network of friendships, individuals with whom we would remain in contact, exchange ideas and expertise at conferences, and even meet again in person during our travels, because some of us participated in Pacem in Maribus conferences. As the Class of 1996, we had become part of a much wider global network of ioi alumni. The main advantage of ioi’s ocean governance training program was its interdisciplinary approach. It enabled all of us to gain a broader knowledge base that one needs when engaging in issues of the marine management and ocean governance. So, those of us who were experts in oceanography, marine biology or geology, had to focus on and learn about the background and procedure of codification of the international law of the sea; those of us who had completed their legal studies and had known in detail various provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) had the opportunity to become familiar with main developments in the natural sciences, which are indispensable for understanding various aspects of exploration and exploitation of marine living and non-living resources. Hence, every participant of the ioi training program gained broad interdisciplinary knowledge and important skills that remain important tools in our professional activities as scientific researchers or as civil servants in government agencies or international organizations.
上世纪90年代中期，我有机会作为克罗地亚的一名年轻大学讲师，与来自加拿大和世界各地19个国家的23名学员一起参加了哈利法克斯国际海洋研究所(ioi)的培训项目。20多年后回首往事，我对一群非常有趣的人有着美好的回忆，一个真正的多民族和多元文化的环境为我们所有人提供了独特的体验。与达尔豪斯大学的其他学生不同，我们不是一群刚刚从家庭中解放出来的20多岁的年轻人，在新的校园环境中找到自己的方向并不困难。我们是一群非常不同的人，大多数都是三四十岁的人，在遥远的祖国有着成熟的个性，有着完善的职业和家庭生活。令人惊讶的是，这些人在经历了最初的一些适应困难之后，如何形成了一个令人难以置信的同质同事和朋友群体。回想起来，ioi项目使我们有可能发展一个友谊网络，与我们保持联系的人，在会议上交流思想和专业知识，甚至在我们的旅行中再次见面，因为我们中的一些人参加了Pacem In Maribus会议。作为1996届的毕业生，我们已经成为伊利诺伊大学校友更广泛的全球网络的一部分。ioi海洋治理培训项目的主要优势在于其跨学科的方法。它使我们所有人都获得了从事海洋管理和海洋治理问题所需的更广泛的知识基础。所以，我们这些海洋学、海洋生物学或地质学的专家，必须关注和学习编纂国际海洋法的背景和程序;我们这些完成了法律学习并详细了解《联合国海洋法公约》(《海洋法公约》)各项规定的人有机会熟悉自然科学的主要发展，这些发展对于了解探索和开发海洋生物和非生物资源的各个方面是必不可少的。因此，ioi培训计划的每个参与者都获得了广泛的跨学科知识和重要技能，这些知识和技能仍然是我们作为科学研究人员或政府机构或国际组织公务员从事专业活动的重要工具。
{"title":"Alumni Reflections on the IOI Training Program","authors":"Igor Vio","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_016","url":null,"abstract":"During the mid-1990s, I had the opportunity to attend the training program of the International Ocean Institute (ioi) in Halifax as a young university lecturer from Croatia, along with 23 participants from Canada and every corner of the world from 19 countries. Looking back more than two decades later brings fond memories of a very interesting group of people and a genuine multinational and multicultural setting that provided a unique experience for all of us. Unlike other students at Dalhousie University, ours was not a group of individuals in their twenties who had just emancipated themselves from their families and would have had no problem finding their way in their new campus environment. We were a very different selection of individuals, mostly in our thirties and forties, with well-established personalities, and a well-developed professional and family life in our distant home countries. It was amazing how those individuals, after some initial adaptation difficulties, forged an incredibly homogenous group of colleagues and friends. In retrospect, the ioi program gave us a possibility to develop a network of friendships, individuals with whom we would remain in contact, exchange ideas and expertise at conferences, and even meet again in person during our travels, because some of us participated in Pacem in Maribus conferences. As the Class of 1996, we had become part of a much wider global network of ioi alumni. The main advantage of ioi’s ocean governance training program was its interdisciplinary approach. It enabled all of us to gain a broader knowledge base that one needs when engaging in issues of the marine management and ocean governance. So, those of us who were experts in oceanography, marine biology or geology, had to focus on and learn about the background and procedure of codification of the international law of the sea; those of us who had completed their legal studies and had known in detail various provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) had the opportunity to become familiar with main developments in the natural sciences, which are indispensable for understanding various aspects of exploration and exploitation of marine living and non-living resources. Hence, every participant of the ioi training program gained broad interdisciplinary knowledge and important skills that remain important tools in our professional activities as scientific researchers or as civil servants in government agencies or international organizations.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116988439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_046
S. Soomai, B. MacDonald
The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro marked major turning points in international environmental politics with endorsed multilateral agreements, and conservation and protection placed on many national agendas.1 Subsequent global environmental assessments have systematically assembled scientific information intended for decision-making regarding sustainable development. Now, over forty years later, governmental and intergovernmental organizations continue to produce a diverse range of scientific publications containing information aimed at guiding public policy-making for coastal and ocean management. Today, much of this large volume of information is accessible through numerous communication methods. Recently, improving information flow at the science-policy interface has become a priority in the urgent need to achieve sustainable development globally. At the Rio+20 Conference in 2012 many countries agreed to support actions to strengthen provision and access to timely and accurate scientific information, and to promote use of the information and communication technologies in decision-making.2 Since 2002, the interdisciplinary Environmental Information: Use and Influence research program at Dalhousie University has been studying characteristics of the science-policy interface. This research shows that scientific information fulfills an important role in decision-making, and the process of generating scientific information may be as important as the publications themselves.3 We have concluded that building understanding of how information is produced, communicated, and used within governmental organizations is central to strategies for ensuring information reaches decision-makers effectively. Our case studies on the awareness, communication, and use of information produced by governmental organizations engaged in coastal and ocean
{"title":"Information Matters: Global Perspectives about Communication at the Science-Policy Interface","authors":"S. Soomai, B. MacDonald","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_046","url":null,"abstract":"The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro marked major turning points in international environmental politics with endorsed multilateral agreements, and conservation and protection placed on many national agendas.1 Subsequent global environmental assessments have systematically assembled scientific information intended for decision-making regarding sustainable development. Now, over forty years later, governmental and intergovernmental organizations continue to produce a diverse range of scientific publications containing information aimed at guiding public policy-making for coastal and ocean management. Today, much of this large volume of information is accessible through numerous communication methods. Recently, improving information flow at the science-policy interface has become a priority in the urgent need to achieve sustainable development globally. At the Rio+20 Conference in 2012 many countries agreed to support actions to strengthen provision and access to timely and accurate scientific information, and to promote use of the information and communication technologies in decision-making.2 Since 2002, the interdisciplinary Environmental Information: Use and Influence research program at Dalhousie University has been studying characteristics of the science-policy interface. This research shows that scientific information fulfills an important role in decision-making, and the process of generating scientific information may be as important as the publications themselves.3 We have concluded that building understanding of how information is produced, communicated, and used within governmental organizations is central to strategies for ensuring information reaches decision-makers effectively. Our case studies on the awareness, communication, and use of information produced by governmental organizations engaged in coastal and ocean","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114262624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_036
D. Werle
The uniqueness of the ocean lies in its vastness, its constant movement, flow, and circulation. This seems to elude graphic illustration on a static map with point markings and line drawings, or image capture of the watery element, particularly when it takes the form of currents, waves, fog or clouds, or when it is precipitating, melting or blowing. Geometric representations and instant snapshots of the ocean are ephemeral and fleeting, subject to interpolation and interpretation. Exploring, representing and articulating the dynamics of ocean space is a challenging endeavor that can be enriched by the view from above—high above—from outer space, via the pathways of cyberspace.1
{"title":"Ocean Remote Sensing from Space: A Tale of Three Commons","authors":"D. Werle","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_036","url":null,"abstract":"The uniqueness of the ocean lies in its vastness, its constant movement, flow, and circulation. This seems to elude graphic illustration on a static map with point markings and line drawings, or image capture of the watery element, particularly when it takes the form of currents, waves, fog or clouds, or when it is precipitating, melting or blowing. Geometric representations and instant snapshots of the ocean are ephemeral and fleeting, subject to interpolation and interpretation. Exploring, representing and articulating the dynamics of ocean space is a challenging endeavor that can be enriched by the view from above—high above—from outer space, via the pathways of cyberspace.1","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124490014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_038
K. Azetsu-Scott
About one quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by human activities since the start of the Industrial Revolution (anthropogenic CO2, mostly from fossil fuel burning with much smaller contributions from cement production and land use change) has been taken up by the oceans.1 The oceans provide a great service to the planet by slowing down the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere, which is the major cause of global warming. However, this additional CO2 is changing the fundamental chemistry of the oceans. CO2 dissolves in the surface water to form carbonic acid, which upon dissociation results in a decrease in pH and the concentration of the carbonate ion, a building block of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells and skeletons. Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the decrease in pH and carbonate ion concentration due to the increasing anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean (Figure 1). The upper ocean pH has decreased by 0.1 pH unit (approximately 30 percent increase in acidity) over the past 200 years and is expected to fall an additional 0.3 pH unit by 2100 (approximately 150 percent increase in acidity).2 Oceans have not experienced such a rapid pH change for at least the last 66 million years, and possibly the last 300 million years. This raises serious concerns about the ability of marine organisms to adapt. During some of the acidification events in the Earth’s history, selective extinction and slow recovery of some species have occurred.3 Organisms that form CaCO3 shells and skeletons will experience direct impacts because acidity increases the solubility of CaCO3. Both ecologically and economically important organisms in a variety of tropic levels have CaCO3 structures. Some examples of ecologically important organisms are coccolithophores, which are the basis of some marine food chains, pteropods, which are a food source for a variety of northern fish, and warm and cold water corals which provide important habitats for other organisms. Economically
{"title":"Ocean Acidification in Canadian Waters","authors":"K. Azetsu-Scott","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_038","url":null,"abstract":"About one quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by human activities since the start of the Industrial Revolution (anthropogenic CO2, mostly from fossil fuel burning with much smaller contributions from cement production and land use change) has been taken up by the oceans.1 The oceans provide a great service to the planet by slowing down the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere, which is the major cause of global warming. However, this additional CO2 is changing the fundamental chemistry of the oceans. CO2 dissolves in the surface water to form carbonic acid, which upon dissociation results in a decrease in pH and the concentration of the carbonate ion, a building block of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells and skeletons. Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the decrease in pH and carbonate ion concentration due to the increasing anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean (Figure 1). The upper ocean pH has decreased by 0.1 pH unit (approximately 30 percent increase in acidity) over the past 200 years and is expected to fall an additional 0.3 pH unit by 2100 (approximately 150 percent increase in acidity).2 Oceans have not experienced such a rapid pH change for at least the last 66 million years, and possibly the last 300 million years. This raises serious concerns about the ability of marine organisms to adapt. During some of the acidification events in the Earth’s history, selective extinction and slow recovery of some species have occurred.3 Organisms that form CaCO3 shells and skeletons will experience direct impacts because acidity increases the solubility of CaCO3. Both ecologically and economically important organisms in a variety of tropic levels have CaCO3 structures. Some examples of ecologically important organisms are coccolithophores, which are the basis of some marine food chains, pteropods, which are a food source for a variety of northern fish, and warm and cold water corals which provide important habitats for other organisms. Economically","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130141062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_082
J. Dalziel, R. Pelot
Since time immemorial humans have had beneficial interactions with the sea—for food, transport, and pleasure. However, these interactions have not always been without cost—the risk of death has always been present. In the maritime fraternity, we tend to think of this risk in terms of ship incidents: capsizing, foundering, grounding, collision, fire, man-overboard. Over the past century improvements in technology, safety standards, enforcement of regulations, and education have reduced these risks for commercial vessels, and concurrently tremendous improvements have been made in rescue response. This article will focus on the improvements, past, present and future, in rescue response to maritime incidents. In the 1820s there were about 1,800 shipwrecks each year around the British Isles alone. Amongst maritime folk the risks of going to sea were understood; significant loss of life was expected. Often in sight of a coastal community, a sailing ship would be blown aground, the crew would take to the rigging to try to survive, townsfolk would see the plight of the hapless sailors and often would put to sea, in whatever craft they may have at hand, at significant risk to their own lives. These occurrences eventually led to the first purposedesigned lifeboat, the Original, built on the northeast coast of England in 1789.
{"title":"Maritime Emergency Preparedness and Management","authors":"J. Dalziel, R. Pelot","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_082","url":null,"abstract":"Since time immemorial humans have had beneficial interactions with the sea—for food, transport, and pleasure. However, these interactions have not always been without cost—the risk of death has always been present. In the maritime fraternity, we tend to think of this risk in terms of ship incidents: capsizing, foundering, grounding, collision, fire, man-overboard. Over the past century improvements in technology, safety standards, enforcement of regulations, and education have reduced these risks for commercial vessels, and concurrently tremendous improvements have been made in rescue response. This article will focus on the improvements, past, present and future, in rescue response to maritime incidents. In the 1820s there were about 1,800 shipwrecks each year around the British Isles alone. Amongst maritime folk the risks of going to sea were understood; significant loss of life was expected. Often in sight of a coastal community, a sailing ship would be blown aground, the crew would take to the rigging to try to survive, townsfolk would see the plight of the hapless sailors and often would put to sea, in whatever craft they may have at hand, at significant risk to their own lives. These occurrences eventually led to the first purposedesigned lifeboat, the Original, built on the northeast coast of England in 1789.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131501253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_078
M. Brooks
The spokesman for the Group of 77, recalling the statement made by the President of the Ivory Coast that the path to economic liberation passed across the sea, said that, for the third world, the question of shipping was not just one aspect of general economic life, as it was in many developed countries; it was one of the basic foundations ... He went on to say that while developing country exports accounted for 61 per cent of world seaborne cargo, the developing countries owned only 8 per cent of world tonnage.1
{"title":"National Shipping Policies and International Ocean Governance","authors":"M. Brooks","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_078","url":null,"abstract":"The spokesman for the Group of 77, recalling the statement made by the President of the Ivory Coast that the path to economic liberation passed across the sea, said that, for the third world, the question of shipping was not just one aspect of general economic life, as it was in many developed countries; it was one of the basic foundations ... He went on to say that while developing country exports accounted for 61 per cent of world seaborne cargo, the developing countries owned only 8 per cent of world tonnage.1","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130262598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：