Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_023
Tirza Meyer
{"title":"The Deep Sea Floor as a Battleground for Justice?","authors":"Tirza Meyer","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114653346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_004
A. Behnam
In the history of Planet Ocean (after all 75 percent of it is covered by ocean) three human beings as no others have defined its destiny through the genius of thought, passion, and craft: Hugo Grotius, Arvid Pardo, and Elisabeth Mann Borgese. For centuries, the Grotius principle of freedom of the seas was unassailable. Then came that virtuous day when Pardo, the then Ambassador of Malta at the United Nations, made his marathon speech to the United Nations General Assembly (unga) on 1 November 1967 advocating a new principle for a new law of the sea. That principle was destined to be that of the common heritage of mankind, which transcends both concepts of sovereignty and freedom in human relations with the ocean and its governance.1 That speech in its totality galvanized Elisabeth, who at that time was a fellow of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions. She saw Pardo’s ideals aligning with those of the Center and her own beliefs, in particular Pardo’s emphasis on the peaceful use of the ocean and its living and non-living resources. This was to lead to several narratives that impacted the convening and processes of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (unclos iii). She grafted Pardo’s ideas on the framework of Pope John xxxiii Pacem in Terris, thereby creating Pacem in Maribus. As Pardo’s intellectual partner, and with the support of the Maltese government, she convened the 1970 Pacem in Maribus conference to discuss the broad issues of the use of ocean services and resources into internationally agreed law.2 In 1972 she established the International Ocean Institute (ioi) in Malta as the think tank for the evolving negations at unclos iii. She wrote:
{"title":"Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s Invisible Hand in Ocean Governance: Past, Present, and Future","authors":"A. Behnam","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_004","url":null,"abstract":"In the history of Planet Ocean (after all 75 percent of it is covered by ocean) three human beings as no others have defined its destiny through the genius of thought, passion, and craft: Hugo Grotius, Arvid Pardo, and Elisabeth Mann Borgese. For centuries, the Grotius principle of freedom of the seas was unassailable. Then came that virtuous day when Pardo, the then Ambassador of Malta at the United Nations, made his marathon speech to the United Nations General Assembly (unga) on 1 November 1967 advocating a new principle for a new law of the sea. That principle was destined to be that of the common heritage of mankind, which transcends both concepts of sovereignty and freedom in human relations with the ocean and its governance.1 That speech in its totality galvanized Elisabeth, who at that time was a fellow of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions. She saw Pardo’s ideals aligning with those of the Center and her own beliefs, in particular Pardo’s emphasis on the peaceful use of the ocean and its living and non-living resources. This was to lead to several narratives that impacted the convening and processes of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (unclos iii). She grafted Pardo’s ideas on the framework of Pope John xxxiii Pacem in Terris, thereby creating Pacem in Maribus. As Pardo’s intellectual partner, and with the support of the Maltese government, she convened the 1970 Pacem in Maribus conference to discuss the broad issues of the use of ocean services and resources into internationally agreed law.2 In 1972 she established the International Ocean Institute (ioi) in Malta as the think tank for the evolving negations at unclos iii. She wrote:","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114645403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_037
K. Sherman
As a participant in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission’s (ioc) annual meetings in the 1980s, I remember at one of the sessions a particularly passionate and forceful delivery by Professor Elisabeth Mann Borgese on the need to advance the legal authority for management of the oceans under the terms of the law of the sea. That memorable delivery was later shared with Professor Lewis Alexander, of the University of Rhode Island (uri), who directed the Marine Affairs Program at uri and was a longtime colleague of Professor Mann Borgese. Professor Alexander participated with her in many law of the sea conferences and workshops. As Director of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (noaa) Fisheries Laboratory at uri’s Bay Campus, I served as a guest lecturer on marine fisheries science in Professor Alexander’s seminar courses and was well aware of his expertise in law of the sea matters. It was in the course of joint study with Professor Alexander that we developed the concept of adapting the management principles from the law of the sea to the assessment and management of large marine ecosystems (lmes) defined on the basis of four ecological criteria: bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophic linkages.1 Following an initial period of joint study, Professor Alexander and I convened the Symposium on Variability and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (aaas) in 1984. We were invited by the aaas to prepare a peerreviewed volume of selected papers from the Symposium that was published by the aaas and serves as the seminal volume on large marine ecosystems.2
{"title":"Large Marine Ecosystems: Their Status and Role in Ocean Governance","authors":"K. Sherman","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_037","url":null,"abstract":"As a participant in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission’s (ioc) annual meetings in the 1980s, I remember at one of the sessions a particularly passionate and forceful delivery by Professor Elisabeth Mann Borgese on the need to advance the legal authority for management of the oceans under the terms of the law of the sea. That memorable delivery was later shared with Professor Lewis Alexander, of the University of Rhode Island (uri), who directed the Marine Affairs Program at uri and was a longtime colleague of Professor Mann Borgese. Professor Alexander participated with her in many law of the sea conferences and workshops. As Director of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (noaa) Fisheries Laboratory at uri’s Bay Campus, I served as a guest lecturer on marine fisheries science in Professor Alexander’s seminar courses and was well aware of his expertise in law of the sea matters. It was in the course of joint study with Professor Alexander that we developed the concept of adapting the management principles from the law of the sea to the assessment and management of large marine ecosystems (lmes) defined on the basis of four ecological criteria: bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophic linkages.1 Following an initial period of joint study, Professor Alexander and I convened the Symposium on Variability and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (aaas) in 1984. We were invited by the aaas to prepare a peerreviewed volume of selected papers from the Symposium that was published by the aaas and serves as the seminal volume on large marine ecosystems.2","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126936267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_026
D. Freestone
{"title":"Marine Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction","authors":"D. Freestone","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116407171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_068
Bruce Batstone, S. Belford
Risk analyses entail a multi-dimensional matrix that considers scalable political, economic, social, technical, environmental, and safety factors. Risk is the probability of an event occurring multiplied by the magnitude of its adverse consequences. The risk of offshore exploration is addressed through development and implementation of mandatory safety management systems (sms) vetted by regulatory bodies and third-party certifying agencies. Risk management processes within the sms are employed throughout all stages in exploration projects, from the conceptual planning stage down to each work shift on deck. This essay considers risks to frontier and offshore oil and gas exploration, as opposed to the risks of oil and gas exploration. The issue is considered in a Canadian context. Meaningful commentary on exploration risk requires an outlook on global energy demand and socio-economic trends. Today, there is uncertainty as most major energy players are looking inward, re-assessing and adjusting their business models and re-baselining their market projections in response to the steep market downturn. The risks to conducting oil and gas exploration programs are always dynamic, but particularly complex under depressed market conditions.
{"title":"Oil and Gas: Exploration and Risk","authors":"Bruce Batstone, S. Belford","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_068","url":null,"abstract":"Risk analyses entail a multi-dimensional matrix that considers scalable political, economic, social, technical, environmental, and safety factors. Risk is the probability of an event occurring multiplied by the magnitude of its adverse consequences. The risk of offshore exploration is addressed through development and implementation of mandatory safety management systems (sms) vetted by regulatory bodies and third-party certifying agencies. Risk management processes within the sms are employed throughout all stages in exploration projects, from the conceptual planning stage down to each work shift on deck. This essay considers risks to frontier and offshore oil and gas exploration, as opposed to the risks of oil and gas exploration. The issue is considered in a Canadian context. Meaningful commentary on exploration risk requires an outlook on global energy demand and socio-economic trends. Today, there is uncertainty as most major energy players are looking inward, re-assessing and adjusting their business models and re-baselining their market projections in response to the steep market downturn. The risks to conducting oil and gas exploration programs are always dynamic, but particularly complex under depressed market conditions.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122910199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_074
Adam Rostis
In 1917, a collision between two ships in Halifax Harbor resulted in the largest human-made explosion before the bombing of Hiroshima. SS Mont Blanc was loaded with munitions, and when the Imo collided with it, the resulting explosion destroyed 22 percent of the city, killed 1,963 people, and injured 9,000.1 In 1920, Samuel Prince published a sociological analysis of the response. His was one of the first explorations of disaster and community recovery and set the tone for the modernist view of disaster response, relief, and recovery.2 The Halifax Explosion was a maritime disaster that devastated a coastal community, and on the 100th anniversary this essay takes stock of the prevailing and emergent views of disaster response, relief, and recovery. It is variously claimed that the frequency of disasters is increasing, that this is happening naturally, or that there is some inherent process of disaster creation that is rapidly accelerating.3 Alarming suggestions are made that rapid technological revolution, globalization with attendant interconnectedness of events, increasing terrorist and subversive activities, climate change causing new weather patterns, increasing mobility of humans heightening the risk of mass epidemics, and exponential population growth resulting in use of marginal land have all contributed to the growing number of disasters and crises.4 No longer, it is claimed, can organizations and governments hope for stable and predictable patterns of continuity.5 These claims often begin arguments for an increased need for organizations and experts able to understand and manage these events. In other words,
{"title":"One Hundred Years of Certitude? Disaster Response and Recovery since the Halifax Explosion","authors":"Adam Rostis","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_074","url":null,"abstract":"In 1917, a collision between two ships in Halifax Harbor resulted in the largest human-made explosion before the bombing of Hiroshima. SS Mont Blanc was loaded with munitions, and when the Imo collided with it, the resulting explosion destroyed 22 percent of the city, killed 1,963 people, and injured 9,000.1 In 1920, Samuel Prince published a sociological analysis of the response. His was one of the first explorations of disaster and community recovery and set the tone for the modernist view of disaster response, relief, and recovery.2 The Halifax Explosion was a maritime disaster that devastated a coastal community, and on the 100th anniversary this essay takes stock of the prevailing and emergent views of disaster response, relief, and recovery. It is variously claimed that the frequency of disasters is increasing, that this is happening naturally, or that there is some inherent process of disaster creation that is rapidly accelerating.3 Alarming suggestions are made that rapid technological revolution, globalization with attendant interconnectedness of events, increasing terrorist and subversive activities, climate change causing new weather patterns, increasing mobility of humans heightening the risk of mass epidemics, and exponential population growth resulting in use of marginal land have all contributed to the growing number of disasters and crises.4 No longer, it is claimed, can organizations and governments hope for stable and predictable patterns of continuity.5 These claims often begin arguments for an increased need for organizations and experts able to understand and manage these events. In other words,","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122451843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_064
D. Soto, Carlos F. Wurmann
Aquaculture continues to be the fastest growing food producing sector in the world and it is expected to bridge the future global supply–demand gap for aquatic food.1 However, this is a great challenge considering that a large proportion of current aquaculture for food is produced in fresh water and this resource is bound to be very scarce and even scarcer under climate change.2 Today, practically all marine production takes place by the coast or not far from it. Yet, coastal zones are becoming increasingly limiting for aquaculture. Therefore, use of open ocean sites can be a solution for future aquaculture activities. There is no single universally accepted definition of offshore aquaculture, or equivalently, open ocean aquaculture. In many cases these terms are used for any farming off the coast.3 Here, the definition proposed in a special publication by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao) for offshore mariculture will be used.4 That is, farming occurring away from the coastline (> 2 km), in waters deeper than 50 m and fully or partially exposed to stronger wave and wind action. The concept opposes that of coastal aquaculture, in as far as coastal refers to nearshore sites, mainly in sheltered places and those located off the coast but in waters not deeper than 40 m and with
{"title":"Offshore Aquaculture: A Needed New Frontier for Farmed Fish at Sea","authors":"D. Soto, Carlos F. Wurmann","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_064","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaculture continues to be the fastest growing food producing sector in the world and it is expected to bridge the future global supply–demand gap for aquatic food.1 However, this is a great challenge considering that a large proportion of current aquaculture for food is produced in fresh water and this resource is bound to be very scarce and even scarcer under climate change.2 Today, practically all marine production takes place by the coast or not far from it. Yet, coastal zones are becoming increasingly limiting for aquaculture. Therefore, use of open ocean sites can be a solution for future aquaculture activities. There is no single universally accepted definition of offshore aquaculture, or equivalently, open ocean aquaculture. In many cases these terms are used for any farming off the coast.3 Here, the definition proposed in a special publication by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao) for offshore mariculture will be used.4 That is, farming occurring away from the coastline (> 2 km), in waters deeper than 50 m and fully or partially exposed to stronger wave and wind action. The concept opposes that of coastal aquaculture, in as far as coastal refers to nearshore sites, mainly in sheltered places and those located off the coast but in waters not deeper than 40 m and with","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122555482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_017
Amy Aai Sheau Ye
Malaysia’s institutional and legal framework for ocean governance is sectoral. There are as many policies as there are agencies involved in various aspects of ocean governance, with each agency often working in isolation in decisionmaking as well as in competing for federal funding and resources. As the Malaysian constitution does not explicitly provide guarantees for a healthy and clean environment, the courts are hesitant to adopt a more robust approach in upholding environmental laws, facilitating public interest litigation, and clarifying the division of responsibility for environmental governance. Having environmental provisions in the constitution would lay the foundation for the development of environmental ethics in decision-making; however, there is insufficient push towards that direction from the people and the government, as in the case with many other countries, although some have begun to address the issue. This is where education comes into play in creating a deeper awareness of and the need for ocean leadership and governance, and to initiate this important and necessary discourse.
{"title":"Alumni Reflections on the IOI Training Program","authors":"Amy Aai Sheau Ye","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_017","url":null,"abstract":"Malaysia’s institutional and legal framework for ocean governance is sectoral. There are as many policies as there are agencies involved in various aspects of ocean governance, with each agency often working in isolation in decisionmaking as well as in competing for federal funding and resources. As the Malaysian constitution does not explicitly provide guarantees for a healthy and clean environment, the courts are hesitant to adopt a more robust approach in upholding environmental laws, facilitating public interest litigation, and clarifying the division of responsibility for environmental governance. Having environmental provisions in the constitution would lay the foundation for the development of environmental ethics in decision-making; however, there is insufficient push towards that direction from the people and the government, as in the case with many other countries, although some have begun to address the issue. This is where education comes into play in creating a deeper awareness of and the need for ocean leadership and governance, and to initiate this important and necessary discourse.","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127817540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_008
E. Marone, L. Marone
Exploring the ethical dimensions of ocean governance represents a challenge that has to be addressed with care, especially for those like us, who are not professional philosophers. When Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ambassador Arvid Pardo, and others used the concept of ‘common heritage of mankind’1 to advocate for the approval of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea2 (unclos), the ethical background was not explicitly analyzed in detail although it is evident that the core of the concept is absolutely linked with moral philosophy. We briefly examine the core concept of the common heritage in relation to the general understanding of ethics. According to unesco,
探索海洋治理的伦理层面是一项必须谨慎应对的挑战，特别是对于像我们这样不是专业哲学家的人来说。当Elisabeth Mann Borgese、Arvid Pardo大使等人使用“人类共同遗产”的概念1来倡导批准《联合国海洋法公约》(unclos)时，虽然可以明显看出，该概念的核心与道德哲学是绝对相关的，但并没有对其伦理背景进行详细的明确分析。我们简要地考察了共同遗产的核心概念与对伦理学的一般理解的关系。根据联合国教科文组织，
{"title":"Ethical Dimensions of Ocean Governance","authors":"E. Marone, L. Marone","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_008","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring the ethical dimensions of ocean governance represents a challenge that has to be addressed with care, especially for those like us, who are not professional philosophers. When Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ambassador Arvid Pardo, and others used the concept of ‘common heritage of mankind’1 to advocate for the approval of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea2 (unclos), the ethical background was not explicitly analyzed in detail although it is evident that the core of the concept is absolutely linked with moral philosophy. We briefly examine the core concept of the common heritage in relation to the general understanding of ethics. According to unesco,","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133847140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-22DOI: 10.1163/9789004380271_087
H. Thurston
{"title":"Sing to Me of the Oceans, Muse: The Poetry of the Sea","authors":"H. Thurston","doi":"10.1163/9789004380271_087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004380271_087","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":423731,"journal":{"name":"The Future of Ocean Governance and Capacity Development","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124264355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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