Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341402
Moojan Momen
Nineteenth Century Qazvin was a maelstrom of religious controversy and conflict. Uṣūlīs, Akhbārīs, Shaykhīs, Bābīs, and Bahā’īs all interacted in conflict with each other and sometimes even in violence. This paper will first try to create a religious map of Qazvin in the early 19th Century. The central figure for much of the religious conflict in the city was Qurrat al-ʿAyn Tahirih, the daughter of an Uṣūlī scholar, who became a Shaykhī and then a Bābī. This paper will look at the circle of women around her and how she interacted with them. Although she herself was killed in 1852, the impact that she had on the women of the city had a lasting direct effect until the end of the nineteenth century and an indirect one up the present time.
{"title":"Tahirih and the Religious World of Nineteenth-century Qazvin","authors":"Moojan Momen","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341402","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nineteenth Century Qazvin was a maelstrom of religious controversy and conflict. Uṣūlīs, Akhbārīs, Shaykhīs, Bābīs, and Bahā’īs all interacted in conflict with each other and sometimes even in violence. This paper will first try to create a religious map of Qazvin in the early 19th Century. The central figure for much of the religious conflict in the city was Qurrat al-ʿAyn Tahirih, the daughter of an Uṣūlī scholar, who became a Shaykhī and then a Bābī. This paper will look at the circle of women around her and how she interacted with them. Although she herself was killed in 1852, the impact that she had on the women of the city had a lasting direct effect until the end of the nineteenth century and an indirect one up the present time.</p>","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139030367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341403
Sahba Shayani
Throughout both modern and contemporary periods of Iranian poetry, the figure of Tahirih Qurrat al-ʿAyn as a poet has been largely ignored, while some focus has been placed upon her historical roles. Although a large part of this active disregard for her poetry has undoubtedly stemmed from politico-religious intolerance, it has also partially resulted from a lack of detailed information and primary sources. This article advances our understanding of Tahirih the poet by comparing three of the most famous poems attributed to her – “Ay ʿāshiqān, ay ʿāshiqān shud āshikārā wajh-i ḥaqq,” “Ay bi sar-i zulf-i tu sawdā-yi man,” and “Jadhabāt shawqik uljimat bi-salāsil al-ghamm wa-l-balā” – all of which are “literary imitations” (istiqbāl), with the original pieces composed by Rumi, Hātif, and Jāmī, respectively. By comparing Tahirih’s poems with the previous pieces, we gain access to the subtleties and nuances that inform us about the poetic persona of this historical figure.
在伊朗诗歌的现代和当代时期，塔希里-古拉特-艾因（Tahirih Qurrat al-ʿAyn）作为诗人的形象在很大程度上被忽视了，而她在历史上的作用却受到了关注。虽然这种对其诗歌的主动忽视无疑在很大程度上源于政治-宗教不容忍，但部分原因也是由于缺乏详细资料和原始资料。本文通过比较归功于塔希里赫的三首最著名的诗歌--"Ay ʿāshiqān, ay ʿāshiqān shud āshikārā wajh-i ḥaqq"、"Ay bi sar-i zulf-i tu sawdā-yi man、和 "Jadhabāt shawqik uljimat bi-salāsil al-ghamm wa-l-balā"--这些都是 "文学模仿"（istiqbāl），分别是鲁米、哈蒂夫和贾米创作的原作。通过将塔希里的诗歌与之前的作品进行比较，我们可以了解到其中的微妙之处和细微差别，从而了解这位历史人物的诗歌形象。
{"title":"Literary Imitation in Three Poems Attributed to Tahirih Qurrat al-ʿAyn","authors":"Sahba Shayani","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341403","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Throughout both modern and contemporary periods of Iranian poetry, the figure of Tahirih Qurrat al-ʿAyn as a poet has been largely ignored, while some focus has been placed upon her historical roles. Although a large part of this active disregard for her poetry has undoubtedly stemmed from politico-religious intolerance, it has also partially resulted from a lack of detailed information and primary sources. This article advances our understanding of Tahirih the poet by comparing three of the most famous poems attributed to her – “<em>Ay ʿāshiqān, ay ʿāshiqān shud āshikārā wajh-i ḥaqq</em>,” “<em>Ay bi sar-i zulf-i tu sawdā-yi man</em>,” and “<em>Jadhabāt shawqik uljimat bi-salāsil al-ghamm wa-l-balā</em>” – all of which are “literary imitations” (<em>istiqbāl</em>), with the original pieces composed by Rumi, Hātif, and Jāmī, respectively. By comparing Tahirih’s poems with the previous pieces, we gain access to the subtleties and nuances that inform us about the poetic persona of this historical figure.</p>","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139030309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341408
Amín Egea
In the years preceding the First World War, the suffragist media paid important attention to the figure of the Persian poetess, Tahirih. This interest in her biography coincided with ‘Abdu’l-Bahā’s two visits to England when the leader of the Bahā’ī religion met with prominent members of the country’s major suffrage organizations. This article describes references to Tahirih by various suffragist leaders and attempts to show how she was presented as a herald to their cause and a heroine to be emulated.
{"title":"A Persian Herald: The Reception of Tahirih by the Suffrage Movement of Britain, 1910–1913","authors":"Amín Egea","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341408","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the years preceding the First World War, the suffragist media paid important attention to the figure of the Persian poetess, Tahirih. This interest in her biography coincided with ‘Abdu’l-Bahā’s two visits to England when the leader of the Bahā’ī religion met with prominent members of the country’s major suffrage organizations. This article describes references to Tahirih by various suffragist leaders and attempts to show how she was presented as a herald to their cause and a heroine to be emulated.</p>","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139030311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341404
Omid Ghaemmaghami
While many of Tahirih’s poems have been studied and translated by scholars, her surviving prose works in Arabic and Persian – whose size far outweighs the number of her extant poems – have not received much attention. This article is a further attempt to partially fill this noticeable lacuna by exploring Tahirih’s prodigious prose oeuvre. Special attention will be given to a neologism Tahirih invokes to describe the Bāb and to the many references in her later writings to the return of Imam Ḥusayn.
{"title":"“He Who Stands on the Ṭutunjayn” and the Return of Ḥusayn: The Bāb and Jināb-i Bahāʾ in the Prose Writings of Tahirih","authors":"Omid Ghaemmaghami","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341404","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While many of Tahirih’s poems have been studied and translated by scholars, her surviving prose works in Arabic and Persian – whose size far outweighs the number of her extant poems – have not received much attention. This article is a further attempt to partially fill this noticeable lacuna by exploring Tahirih’s prodigious prose oeuvre. Special attention will be given to a neologism Tahirih invokes to describe the Bāb and to the many references in her later writings to the return of Imam Ḥusayn.</p>","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139030369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341407
Negar Mottahedeh
Qurrat al-ʿAyn Tahirih has long been associated with feminism and early agitation for women’s rights in Iran and elsewhere. These articulations fly in the face of her repeated construction in the historical work of her contemporaries as the condition of the new. Qurrat al-ʿAyn Tahirih was a dramatic and messianic player. And it was out of the messianism on which she acted that “the new” came into being. This essay studies her unveiling at the Badasht conclave in the work of her chroniclers as a sacred performance.
{"title":"Not Feminism, Human Solidarity: Qurrat al-ʿAyn Tahirih in Early Historical Drama","authors":"Negar Mottahedeh","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341407","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Qurrat al-ʿAyn Tahirih has long been associated with feminism and early agitation for women’s rights in Iran and elsewhere. These articulations fly in the face of her repeated construction in the historical work of her contemporaries as the condition of the new. Qurrat al-ʿAyn Tahirih was a dramatic and messianic player. And it was out of the messianism on which she acted that “the new” came into being. This essay studies her unveiling at the Badasht conclave in the work of her chroniclers as a sacred performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139030370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341398
Sonia Alba
Cet article présente des entretiens réalisés en 2014 avec les auteurs franco-tunisiens Fawzia Zouari et Hélé Béji dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche de doctorat. Les discussions permettent d’explorer les raisons qui ont porté les auteures à écrire dans différents genres littéraires, tels que le journalisme, les essais et les romans, ainsi que leur choix d’écrire en français. Les entretiens abordent également l’intérêt des auteures pour les droits des femmes en Tunisie avant et après la Révolution de 2010–11, ainsi que leur engagement politique et leur contribution à un contre-discours dans le pays. Ces entretiens fournissent des perspectives précieuses sur l’œuvre des auteures et leur impact sur la société tunisienne.
{"title":"Entretiens avec Fawzia Zouari et Hélé Béji","authors":"Sonia Alba","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341398","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Cet article présente des entretiens réalisés en 2014 avec les auteurs franco-tunisiens Fawzia Zouari et Hélé Béji dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche de doctorat. Les discussions permettent d’explorer les raisons qui ont porté les auteures à écrire dans différents genres littéraires, tels que le journalisme, les essais et les romans, ainsi que leur choix d’écrire en français. Les entretiens abordent également l’intérêt des auteures pour les droits des femmes en Tunisie avant et après la Révolution de 2010–11, ainsi que leur engagement politique et leur contribution à un contre-discours dans le pays. Ces entretiens fournissent des perspectives précieuses sur l’œuvre des auteures et leur impact sur la société tunisienne.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48715735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-12DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341396
N. Lari
This article examines public attitudes toward ambivalent sexism in the State of Qatar, which has taken considerable initiatives to prioritize women’s empowerment strategies and promote equality between men and women. It investigates whether these equality initiatives are reflected in nationals’ attitudes toward women by measuring scores on the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). While prior research has focused almost exclusively on the role of social implications, much less has been explored regarding the public sentiments underlying traditional gender roles and patriarchal attitudes in Qatari society. This study uses original survey data from a national sample of a 2019 survey. The results of the novel analytical descriptive approach used here suggest that individuals in Qatar are highly sexist on average, indicating that as a nation, Qatar scores low on gender equality measures. The analysis also reveals that benevolent sexism is evaluated more positively than hostile sexism, although its underlying dimensions correlate with patriarchal views and gender stereotyping in the context of high gender inequality. These findings are especially important considering the ever-emerging dynamics of gender roles and the increased efforts being gradually expended for improved gender parity.
{"title":"Ambivalent Sexism in the State of Qatar: Gender Roles and Patriarchal Attitudes","authors":"N. Lari","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341396","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article examines public attitudes toward ambivalent sexism in the State of Qatar, which has taken considerable initiatives to prioritize women’s empowerment strategies and promote equality between men and women. It investigates whether these equality initiatives are reflected in nationals’ attitudes toward women by measuring scores on the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). While prior research has focused almost exclusively on the role of social implications, much less has been explored regarding the public sentiments underlying traditional gender roles and patriarchal attitudes in Qatari society. This study uses original survey data from a national sample of a 2019 survey. The results of the novel analytical descriptive approach used here suggest that individuals in Qatar are highly sexist on average, indicating that as a nation, Qatar scores low on gender equality measures. The analysis also reveals that benevolent sexism is evaluated more positively than hostile sexism, although its underlying dimensions correlate with patriarchal views and gender stereotyping in the context of high gender inequality. These findings are especially important considering the ever-emerging dynamics of gender roles and the increased efforts being gradually expended for improved gender parity.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45904456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-12DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341395
Adis Duderija
The main aim of this article is to examine the construction of a religiously ideal Muslim woman as presented in two sources documenting Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) customs. The concept of a religiously ideal Muslim woman adopted in this article is based on recent theoretical studies in mainstream Sunnism, which can be arranged into three thematic areas: (i) the nature of female sexuality; (ii) gender segregation and veiling; and (iii) husband-wife dynamics and corresponding gender roles and norms. This article argues that the concept of a religiously ideal Bosnian Muslim woman in the two selected sources strongly reflects the ideal presented in mainstream Sunnism, which are premised upon beliefs that women embody an aggressive socio-morally corrupting sexuality, that upholding strict segregation and veiling is vital, and that husbands hold the locus of authority and control over their wives.
{"title":"The Concept of a Religiously Ideal Muslim Woman in Two Treatises on the Customs of Bosnian Muslims","authors":"Adis Duderija","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341395","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The main aim of this article is to examine the construction of a religiously ideal Muslim woman as presented in two sources documenting Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) customs. The concept of a religiously ideal Muslim woman adopted in this article is based on recent theoretical studies in mainstream Sunnism, which can be arranged into three thematic areas: (i) the nature of female sexuality; (ii) gender segregation and veiling; and (iii) husband-wife dynamics and corresponding gender roles and norms. This article argues that the concept of a religiously ideal Bosnian Muslim woman in the two selected sources strongly reflects the ideal presented in mainstream Sunnism, which are premised upon beliefs that women embody an aggressive socio-morally corrupting sexuality, that upholding strict segregation and veiling is vital, and that husbands hold the locus of authority and control over their wives.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41327103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-10DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341394
Farid Bouchiba
{"title":"Women as Imams. Classical Islamic Sources and Modern Debates on Leading Prayer, written by Calderini Simonetta","authors":"Farid Bouchiba","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341394","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45142806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341397
R. Deguilhem, Masoumeh Velayati, Nicolette van der Hoek
{"title":"Memorial in Homage of Karin Willemse","authors":"R. Deguilhem, Masoumeh Velayati, Nicolette van der Hoek","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341397","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41630992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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