Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341377
M. Voorhoeve
This article examines how Tunisian judges since independence deal with childcare cases upon divorce. As a legal ethnographic study of ḥaḍāna (child custody) in contemporary Tunisia, this study aims to contribute to the existing literature on judicial practice in Muslim contexts. The article aims to reveal these judges’ understandings of child custody, of women’s and men’s roles in childcare, and of the rights and interests of children and how this understanding developed over time.
{"title":"Ḥaḍāna Practices in Tunisia: Between Women’s Rights and the Best Interest of the Child, 1956–2019","authors":"M. Voorhoeve","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341377","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article examines how Tunisian judges since independence deal with childcare cases upon divorce. As a legal ethnographic study of ḥaḍāna (child custody) in contemporary Tunisia, this study aims to contribute to the existing literature on judicial practice in Muslim contexts. The article aims to reveal these judges’ understandings of child custody, of women’s and men’s roles in childcare, and of the rights and interests of children and how this understanding developed over time.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":"18 1","pages":"194-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15692086-12341377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47729544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341382
Rania Maktabi
In 2015, Law 12 legislated for the establishment of family courts for the first time in the modern history of Kuwait. The reflections and experiences of stakeholders—judges, lawyers, and administrators—surrounding this law are here contextualized from three perspectives: (1) as an institutional means of strengthening Kuwaiti women’s civil rights in marriage and divorce after women were given political rights in 2005; (2) as part of wide-ranging juridical reforms, including the passing of the Law on the Child in 2015, the expansion of the Kuwait Institute for Judicial and Legal Studies’ powers, and the certification of graduates from the Faculty of Sharīʿa as legal advisors in the state apparatus after 2012; and (3) as an avenue for managing religious pluralism in a state where one-third of the citizenry are Shiʿa Muslim. The sum of these different reforms in the legal sphere are acts of governance that reflect establishing rule-of-law guidelines as a means of centralizing political authority and, by extension, the ruling Āl Ṣubāḥ regime’s grip on power following the 2011 Arab uprisings.
{"title":"Institutional Legal Reform in Kuwait after 2011","authors":"Rania Maktabi","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341382","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2015, Law 12 legislated for the establishment of family courts for the first time in the modern history of Kuwait. The reflections and experiences of stakeholders—judges, lawyers, and administrators—surrounding this law are here contextualized from three perspectives: (1) as an institutional means of strengthening Kuwaiti women’s civil rights in marriage and divorce after women were given political rights in 2005; (2) as part of wide-ranging juridical reforms, including the passing of the Law on the Child in 2015, the expansion of the Kuwait Institute for Judicial and Legal Studies’ powers, and the certification of graduates from the Faculty of Sharīʿa as legal advisors in the state apparatus after 2012; and (3) as an avenue for managing religious pluralism in a state where one-third of the citizenry are Shiʿa Muslim.\u0000The sum of these different reforms in the legal sphere are acts of governance that reflect establishing rule-of-law guidelines as a means of centralizing political authority and, by extension, the ruling Āl Ṣubāḥ regime’s grip on power following the 2011 Arab uprisings.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":"18 1","pages":"357-395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42582905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-28DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341374
Susanne Dahlgren, M. Lindbekk
This article focuses on adjudication of Muslim family law in countries that range from the Middle East and North Africa to South-East Asia. It begins by shortly summarizing the development of shari‘a in pre-modern times, up until the 19th century. We discuss the basic features of marriage among classical jurists and argue that the close connection known today between the family and Islamic law can be traced to the emergence of modern nation states and centralizing state structures. We then provide a description of important personal status reforms during the 20th and 21st centuries and consider the growing body of scholarship that engages with adjudication of Muslim family law in action and in context. Finally, we consider the contribution that the articles contained in the special double issue make to the field of research, including the questions of gender and judicial authority, religion-based judicial activism, and the courts’ involvement in larger socio-political processes.
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Susanne Dahlgren, M. Lindbekk","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341374","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article focuses on adjudication of Muslim family law in countries that range from the Middle East and North Africa to South-East Asia. It begins by shortly summarizing the development of shari‘a in pre-modern times, up until the 19th century. We discuss the basic features of marriage among classical jurists and argue that the close connection known today between the family and Islamic law can be traced to the emergence of modern nation states and centralizing state structures. We then provide a description of important personal status reforms during the 20th and 21st centuries and consider the growing body of scholarship that engages with adjudication of Muslim family law in action and in context. Finally, we consider the contribution that the articles contained in the special double issue make to the field of research, including the questions of gender and judicial authority, religion-based judicial activism, and the courts’ involvement in larger socio-political processes.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44974526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-27DOI: 10.1163/15692086-bja10010
Katja von Schöneman
This article explores the diachronic development of Islamic interpretive discourse on the Qurʾanic passage khalaqakum min nafsin wāḥidatin wa-khalaqa minhā zawjahā, present in the first verse of Sūrat al-Nisāʾ and conventionally understood as the creation of the primeval couple, Adam and Eve. The analyses, performed within a theoretical framework of feminist discourse analysis, focus on ten medieval Sunni commentaries (tafāsīr) from the late third/ninth to the ninth/fifteenth centuries. The study reveals that the concept of nafs wāḥida, single soul, was interpreted as the first man, Adam, and the mate created from this soul, zawj, as Eve, the latter being created from the former’s rib in all the exegetic accounts examined. These elaborated exegetic suppositions on human creation were strengthened throughout the classical period of tafsīr. Interpretive information both accumulated and transformed in Islamic interpretive tradition through three discursive stages, characterised as normativisation, consolidation, and expanding the concept.
本文探讨了伊斯兰对《古兰经》经文的解释性话语的历时性发展ḥidatin wa khalaqa minhāzawjahā，出现在Súrat al-Nisāʾ的第一节中，通常被理解为原始夫妇亚当和夏娃的创造。这些分析是在女权主义话语分析的理论框架内进行的，重点关注三/九世纪末至九/十五世纪的十篇中世纪逊尼派评论（tafāsīr）。研究表明，nafs wāḥ伊达，一个灵魂，被解释为第一个人，亚当，和从这个灵魂创造的伴侣，zawj，作为夏娃，后者是从前者的肋骨创造的，在所有的训诫中。这些关于人类创造的详尽的训诫假设在整个塔夫的古典时期都得到了加强。解释信息在伊斯兰解释传统中通过三个话语阶段积累和转化，其特征是规范化、巩固和扩展概念。
{"title":"“Confine Your Women!”: Diachronic Development of Islamic Interpretive Discourse on the Creation of Woman","authors":"Katja von Schöneman","doi":"10.1163/15692086-bja10010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-bja10010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article explores the diachronic development of Islamic interpretive discourse on the Qurʾanic passage khalaqakum min nafsin wāḥidatin wa-khalaqa minhā zawjahā, present in the first verse of Sūrat al-Nisāʾ and conventionally understood as the creation of the primeval couple, Adam and Eve. The analyses, performed within a theoretical framework of feminist discourse analysis, focus on ten medieval Sunni commentaries (tafāsīr) from the late third/ninth to the ninth/fifteenth centuries. The study reveals that the concept of nafs wāḥida, single soul, was interpreted as the first man, Adam, and the mate created from this soul, zawj, as Eve, the latter being created from the former’s rib in all the exegetic accounts examined. These elaborated exegetic suppositions on human creation were strengthened throughout the classical period of tafsīr. Interpretive information both accumulated and transformed in Islamic interpretive tradition through three discursive stages, characterised as normativisation, consolidation, and expanding the concept.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15692086-bja10010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45994352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-23DOI: 10.1163/15692086-bja10009
Mustafa Banister
This article presents a study of the women of the Abbasid household in 8th-/14th- and 9th-/15th-century Cairo.1 Following a discussion of the size and growth of the Abbasid family, the article juxtaposes a late fourteenth-century marriage document, which extolls the virtues of unions made with the caliph’s family, against the historical record of marriages made by Abbasid and non-Abbasid spouses in search of social capital. The study seeks to understand the meaning attached to marriages made with Abbasid family members, and the social advantages the caliphal family hoped to gain in return. By thus reconsidering the role of Abbasid concubines and princesses, we challenge preconceived notions about the agency and mobility of Abbasid family members in late medieval Cairo and demonstrate their freedom of movement in pursuing valuable marriage connections. The article is thus a contribution to broader understandings of notable women in premodern Islamicate societies.
{"title":"Princesses Born to Concubines: A First Visit to the Women of the Abbasid Household in Late Medieval Cairo","authors":"Mustafa Banister","doi":"10.1163/15692086-bja10009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-bja10009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article presents a study of the women of the Abbasid household in 8th-/14th- and 9th-/15th-century Cairo.1 Following a discussion of the size and growth of the Abbasid family, the article juxtaposes a late fourteenth-century marriage document, which extolls the virtues of unions made with the caliph’s family, against the historical record of marriages made by Abbasid and non-Abbasid spouses in search of social capital. The study seeks to understand the meaning attached to marriages made with Abbasid family members, and the social advantages the caliphal family hoped to gain in return. By thus reconsidering the role of Abbasid concubines and princesses, we challenge preconceived notions about the agency and mobility of Abbasid family members in late medieval Cairo and demonstrate their freedom of movement in pursuing valuable marriage connections. The article is thus a contribution to broader understandings of notable women in premodern Islamicate societies.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15692086-bja10009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46340563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1163/15692086-bja10002
Turid Smith Polfus
The article analyzes four decrees from the shariʿa court in Ramallah (2010–13) that introduce procedural reforms regarding divorce, to inquire what role the court envisages for itself as Palestine prepares for statehood. The study finds that the legal maxim “Ṭalāq is in the hands of the husband,” ergo not the court, ensures that the court does not represent a real alternative to privatized justice, and thus fails to contribute to the state-building process. The court upholds its construction of men as sovereign, over whom the court has no jurisdiction in ṭalāq cases. It regards ṭalāq as a matter between the husband and God. Wives need intermediaries to obtain a unilateral divorce, but the court is reluctant to take on that role.
本文分析了拉马拉伊斯兰教法院(shari - al - a court)于2010 - 2013年颁布的四项法令，这些法令引入了有关离婚的程序改革，以探究法院在巴勒斯坦准备建国时为自己设想的角色。研究发现，法律格言“Ṭalāq掌握在丈夫手中”，而不是法院，确保了法院不能代表私有化司法的真正替代方案，因此未能为国家建设进程作出贡献。法院坚持将人视为主权者，法院在ṭalāq案件中对其没有管辖权。它把ṭalāq看作是丈夫和上帝之间的事。妻子需要中间人才能获得单方面离婚，但法院不愿承担这一角色。
{"title":"The Role of the Shariʿa Court in Divorce in Palestine","authors":"Turid Smith Polfus","doi":"10.1163/15692086-bja10002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-bja10002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The article analyzes four decrees from the shariʿa court in Ramallah (2010–13) that introduce procedural reforms regarding divorce, to inquire what role the court envisages for itself as Palestine prepares for statehood. The study finds that the legal maxim “Ṭalāq is in the hands of the husband,” ergo not the court, ensures that the court does not represent a real alternative to privatized justice, and thus fails to contribute to the state-building process. The court upholds its construction of men as sovereign, over whom the court has no jurisdiction in ṭalāq cases. It regards ṭalāq as a matter between the husband and God. Wives need intermediaries to obtain a unilateral divorce, but the court is reluctant to take on that role.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15692086-bja10002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43762586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1163/15692086-bja10007
A. Rugh
The political impact of women from paramount families in the UAE over the last 200 years has been largely overlooked by scholars who tend to focus on male power and ignore the banality of women’s everyday influences. In fact, these women linked families, provided crucial information through their networks, restrained rulers, and promoted the career ambitions of their sons. Their ability to influence events in this early period suggests a power greater than that enjoyed by women appointed or elected to government positions today.
{"title":"The Banality of Power: Women’s Influence on Emirati Politics, c. 1800–present","authors":"A. Rugh","doi":"10.1163/15692086-bja10007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-bja10007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The political impact of women from paramount families in the UAE over the last 200 years has been largely overlooked by scholars who tend to focus on male power and ignore the banality of women’s everyday influences. In fact, these women linked families, provided crucial information through their networks, restrained rulers, and promoted the career ambitions of their sons. Their ability to influence events in this early period suggests a power greater than that enjoyed by women appointed or elected to government positions today.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15692086-bja10007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45691256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-26DOI: 10.1163/15692086-bja10006
F. Salarvandian, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Muhammad Jafar Ashkevari, Seyed Mohammad Hashem Hosseini, Ahmand Pourahmad
In Islamic cities, the shariʿa determines to what extent women are allowed to attend public spaces. This article addresses women’s public attendance in Tehran, in both the classical and modern periods, and compares this with the prescriptions of the shariʿa. Our exploration of the Qurʾan, hadiths, the practices of religious scholars, and the descriptions of women’s status in travelogues suggests two distinct views, the first of which prohibits any kind of public appearance and considers home to be the best place for women. The second view holds that women can enter public spaces, but with some preconditions. Amidst the complexity of religion, society, culture, and politics, two shariʿa tenets have not changed significantly over time: veiling and sex segregation. Some female spheres outside the home have vanished as others have emerged. As a result of these shifts, the one notable change has been that women appear more frequently in public.
{"title":"How Women’s Presence in Tehran’s Public Spaces Compares to Shariʿa Prescriptions, Old Tehran and Contemporary Tehran","authors":"F. Salarvandian, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Muhammad Jafar Ashkevari, Seyed Mohammad Hashem Hosseini, Ahmand Pourahmad","doi":"10.1163/15692086-bja10006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-bja10006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In Islamic cities, the shariʿa determines to what extent women are allowed to attend public spaces. This article addresses women’s public attendance in Tehran, in both the classical and modern periods, and compares this with the prescriptions of the shariʿa. Our exploration of the Qurʾan, hadiths, the practices of religious scholars, and the descriptions of women’s status in travelogues suggests two distinct views, the first of which prohibits any kind of public appearance and considers home to be the best place for women. The second view holds that women can enter public spaces, but with some preconditions. Amidst the complexity of religion, society, culture, and politics, two shariʿa tenets have not changed significantly over time: veiling and sex segregation. Some female spheres outside the home have vanished as others have emerged. As a result of these shifts, the one notable change has been that women appear more frequently in public.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15692086-bja10006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48638348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-08DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341370
Laila Prager
During the last decade Emirati women, due to their ever increasing educational achievements—sustained by a state politics of modernization—have ventured into a great variety of occupations. As a corollary, the term “women leadership” has become fashionable in public and governmental discourses, highlighting Emirati women’s successes. In the article, I compare the state narrative on women leadership and female empowerment with the experiences of 30 Emirati women leaders from the cultural sector with whom I conducted extensive interviews (2018–19) about their career pathways, family background, achievements, and the various challenges and obstacles they face—both at work and at home. In this context, it is examined how Emirati women leaders are compelled to navigate between state feminist discourses and the still prevalent conservative gender role and value expectations in the United Arab Emirates. Finally, I discuss whether and to what extent UAE state feminism facilitates Emirati women’s empowerment.
{"title":"Emirati Women Leaders in the Cultural Sector","authors":"Laila Prager","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341370","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000During the last decade Emirati women, due to their ever increasing educational achievements—sustained by a state politics of modernization—have ventured into a great variety of occupations. As a corollary, the term “women leadership” has become fashionable in public and governmental discourses, highlighting Emirati women’s successes. In the article, I compare the state narrative on women leadership and female empowerment with the experiences of 30 Emirati women leaders from the cultural sector with whom I conducted extensive interviews (2018–19) about their career pathways, family background, achievements, and the various challenges and obstacles they face—both at work and at home. In this context, it is examined how Emirati women leaders are compelled to navigate between state feminist discourses and the still prevalent conservative gender role and value expectations in the United Arab Emirates. Finally, I discuss whether and to what extent UAE state feminism facilitates Emirati women’s empowerment.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":"18 1","pages":"51-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15692086-12341370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46205471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-08DOI: 10.1163/15692086-12341372
H. Sedghi
This study explores the tensions between the state and women’s efforts to construct an alternative vision of gender equality and feminism. The experiences of the One Million Signatures Campaign for the Repeal of Discriminatory Laws offer new perspectives on women’s struggles to carve out their own space and place in society. But how and why does the state construct and reproduce patriarchal norms and practices? Conversely, how do women, specifically feminists, address and engage the state in their attempts to form their own feminist rights and gender identities? Although it is important to understand that both the state and women draw on their own political and cultural preferences, I argue that constructing feminist identities is often an uphill battle, as women encounter resistance from the state that is not gender neutral and is patriarchal.
{"title":"Conflictual Identities: The State and Feminist Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran","authors":"H. Sedghi","doi":"10.1163/15692086-12341372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341372","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study explores the tensions between the state and women’s efforts to construct an alternative vision of gender equality and feminism. The experiences of the One Million Signatures Campaign for the Repeal of Discriminatory Laws offer new perspectives on women’s struggles to carve out their own space and place in society. But how and why does the state construct and reproduce patriarchal norms and practices? Conversely, how do women, specifically feminists, address and engage the state in their attempts to form their own feminist rights and gender identities? Although it is important to understand that both the state and women draw on their own political and cultural preferences, I argue that constructing feminist identities is often an uphill battle, as women encounter resistance from the state that is not gender neutral and is patriarchal.","PeriodicalId":42389,"journal":{"name":"Hawwa","volume":"18 1","pages":"96-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15692086-12341372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44284536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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