Pub Date : 2019-10-21DOI: 10.11648/J.JENR.20190804.11
Nathan Peraino, A. Faghri, Dian Yuan, Yifan Wang, Michael L. Vaughan, Mingxin Li
The effects of global climate change are beginning to exhibit notable impact across the world and within the next 20 years are predicted to worsen and have the potential to become irreversible. It is crucial that sustainable solutions are created and implemented before it is too late. A large part of the solution is the increased use of vehicles powered with renewably sourced electricity rather than fossil fuels. While this technology change is environmentally justified, its feasibility from a land use, economic, and grid integration standpoints must be assessed. This evaluation was performed by utilizing average characteristics of renewable energy technologies, analytic methods, and inferential analysis to determine if vehicles powered by electricity, created from solar panels and wind turbines, is currently feasible for both the United States (US) and the world. It is unfortunate that this proposed solution is only possible on a limited geographic basis since vast economic resources and infrastructure improvements are required to enable an integrated systems level approach of this nature. Overall, the outlook appears grim due to the impending global environmental and human health impacts; however, with a heightened sense of urgency, aggressive implementation program, and increased cooperation between parties with varied interests the effects of global climate change can be significantly reduced.
{"title":"Feasibility of Powering All Vehicles with Electricity from Solar and Wind Energy","authors":"Nathan Peraino, A. Faghri, Dian Yuan, Yifan Wang, Michael L. Vaughan, Mingxin Li","doi":"10.11648/J.JENR.20190804.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JENR.20190804.11","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of global climate change are beginning to exhibit notable impact across the world and within the next 20 years are predicted to worsen and have the potential to become irreversible. It is crucial that sustainable solutions are created and implemented before it is too late. A large part of the solution is the increased use of vehicles powered with renewably sourced electricity rather than fossil fuels. While this technology change is environmentally justified, its feasibility from a land use, economic, and grid integration standpoints must be assessed. This evaluation was performed by utilizing average characteristics of renewable energy technologies, analytic methods, and inferential analysis to determine if vehicles powered by electricity, created from solar panels and wind turbines, is currently feasible for both the United States (US) and the world. It is unfortunate that this proposed solution is only possible on a limited geographic basis since vast economic resources and infrastructure improvements are required to enable an integrated systems level approach of this nature. Overall, the outlook appears grim due to the impending global environmental and human health impacts; however, with a heightened sense of urgency, aggressive implementation program, and increased cooperation between parties with varied interests the effects of global climate change can be significantly reduced.","PeriodicalId":424174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy and Natural Resources","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127036655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-18DOI: 10.11648/j.jenr.20190803.13
M. Quddus, M. A. Hossain, H. M. Naser, B. Anwar, Md. Abdus Sattar, H. Mazed
Potassium (K) is considered as key element for plant growth and physiology and improvement of productivity and quality of crops. The potassium (K) reduction from agricultural soils of Indo-Gangetic plain had been observed due to rapidly increasing intensive cropping systems, in combination with imbalanced fertilization. Now, burning issue is needed to better understand the role and dynamic of K in plants and K-use efficiency of crops. Hence, this study was undertaken during two consecutive years of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to know the effects of different levels of potassium on lentil productivity, nodulation, nutrient uptake and K use efficiency. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design considering five treatments with thrice replicates. The treatments were T1 (K Control), T2 (15 kg K ha-1), T3 (30 kg K ha-1), T4 (45 kg K ha-1) and T5 (60 kg K ha-1) along with the blanket dose of N18P20S10Zn2B1.5 kg ha-1 and cowdung 3 t ha-1. Yield and yield attributes of lentil responded significantly to K fertilizer. The highest mean seed yield (1684 kg ha-1) and maximum seed yield increase over control (31.9%) got from T5 treatment followed by T4 treatment. The highest total nutrient (N, P, K, S, Zn and B) uptake, maximum nodulation and the highest protein content (29.4%) in seed was, however, recorded from the plot receiving of 60 kg K ha-1. Apparent K recovery efficiency was recorded higher (17.8%) from T4 treatment. Apparent K recovery efficiency followed the order: T4>T5>T3>T2. From the economic point of view, T5 followed by T4 treatment is viable and sound. The results of the experiment suggest that 60 kg K ha-1 might be applied along with N18P20S10Zn2B1.5 kg ha-1 for lentil cultivation in calcareous soils of Bangladesh. The K rates for fertilizer recommendation in lentil need to be revised to take account for highest yield by higher increasing rate of K in soil.
钾(K)被认为是植物生长生理和提高作物生产力和品质的关键元素。印度恒河平原农业土壤钾(K)的减少是由于快速增加的集约种植制度，加上不平衡的施肥。为了更好地了解钾在植物中的作用和动态以及作物对钾的利用效率，需要进一步研究燃烧问题。因此，本研究在2015-16和2016-17连续两年进行，以了解不同钾水平对小扁豆生产力、结瘤、养分吸收和钾利用效率的影响。试验采用随机完全区组设计，5个处理，3个重复。处理分别为T1(对照)、T2 (15 kg kha -1)、T3 (30 kg kha -1)、T4 (45 kg kha -1)和T5 (60 kg kha -1)， N18P20S10Zn2B1.5 kg ha-1和牛粪3 t ha-1。小扁豆产量和产量性状对钾肥有显著响应。T5处理籽粒平均产量最高(1684 kg hm -1)，较对照增产31.9%，T4处理次之。籽粒总养分(N、P、K、S、Zn、B)吸收量、结瘤量和蛋白质含量均以60kg K hm -1处理最高(29.4%)。T4处理的钾元素表观回收率较高(17.8%)。K的表观回收率依次为:T4>T5>T3>T2。从经济角度看，T5后T4处理是可行的、合理的。试验结果表明，在孟加拉国石灰质土壤中，施用60 kg K ha-1和N18P20S10Zn2B1.5 kg ha-1可用于小扁豆栽培。小扁豆施肥的钾用量需要修改，以考虑到土壤中钾的较高增加速度带来的最高产量。
{"title":"Assessment of Potassium Element on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) Agronomy and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Calcareous Soils","authors":"M. Quddus, M. A. Hossain, H. M. Naser, B. Anwar, Md. Abdus Sattar, H. Mazed","doi":"10.11648/j.jenr.20190803.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20190803.13","url":null,"abstract":"Potassium (K) is considered as key element for plant growth and physiology and improvement of productivity and quality of crops. The potassium (K) reduction from agricultural soils of Indo-Gangetic plain had been observed due to rapidly increasing intensive cropping systems, in combination with imbalanced fertilization. Now, burning issue is needed to better understand the role and dynamic of K in plants and K-use efficiency of crops. Hence, this study was undertaken during two consecutive years of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to know the effects of different levels of potassium on lentil productivity, nodulation, nutrient uptake and K use efficiency. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design considering five treatments with thrice replicates. The treatments were T1 (K Control), T2 (15 kg K ha-1), T3 (30 kg K ha-1), T4 (45 kg K ha-1) and T5 (60 kg K ha-1) along with the blanket dose of N18P20S10Zn2B1.5 kg ha-1 and cowdung 3 t ha-1. Yield and yield attributes of lentil responded significantly to K fertilizer. The highest mean seed yield (1684 kg ha-1) and maximum seed yield increase over control (31.9%) got from T5 treatment followed by T4 treatment. The highest total nutrient (N, P, K, S, Zn and B) uptake, maximum nodulation and the highest protein content (29.4%) in seed was, however, recorded from the plot receiving of 60 kg K ha-1. Apparent K recovery efficiency was recorded higher (17.8%) from T4 treatment. Apparent K recovery efficiency followed the order: T4>T5>T3>T2. From the economic point of view, T5 followed by T4 treatment is viable and sound. The results of the experiment suggest that 60 kg K ha-1 might be applied along with N18P20S10Zn2B1.5 kg ha-1 for lentil cultivation in calcareous soils of Bangladesh. The K rates for fertilizer recommendation in lentil need to be revised to take account for highest yield by higher increasing rate of K in soil.","PeriodicalId":424174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy and Natural Resources","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133103794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-07DOI: 10.11648/J.JENR.20190803.11
Huda Albisher, H. Alsamamra
This study represents an overview on the possibility of using wind energy to fulfill the increasing demand on energy and the lack of supplied energy in the Palestinian territories, by analyzing and discussing former studies in this field. All previous studies mainly depended on historical data, and data from automated meteorological stations for some of the main cities in Palestine. However, the previous researches depended on data collected between 1991 – 2013, and used Weibull distribution function to analysing it. Moreover, all these studies agree about the possibility of exploiting wind energy, especially in high areas in Hebron in West Bank and Gaza city in Gaza Strip, to solve both the crisis of shortage electricity and the increase demand on energy. The highest wind energy is in Hebron, and the average month wind speed is between 3 m/s – 7.5 m/s, and the lowest wind energy is in Jericho, and the wind speed there is less than 2.5 m/s in most time. Some studies pointed that wind energy potential can be more efficient by using the hybrid PV / Wind system. At the same time, it can minimize the cost of generated energy from using each system independently. However, there are many obstacles of using wind energy to generate electricity in Palestine.
{"title":"An Overview of Wind Energy Potentials in Palestine","authors":"Huda Albisher, H. Alsamamra","doi":"10.11648/J.JENR.20190803.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JENR.20190803.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study represents an overview on the possibility of using wind energy to fulfill the increasing demand on energy and the lack of supplied energy in the Palestinian territories, by analyzing and discussing former studies in this field. All previous studies mainly depended on historical data, and data from automated meteorological stations for some of the main cities in Palestine. However, the previous researches depended on data collected between 1991 – 2013, and used Weibull distribution function to analysing it. Moreover, all these studies agree about the possibility of exploiting wind energy, especially in high areas in Hebron in West Bank and Gaza city in Gaza Strip, to solve both the crisis of shortage electricity and the increase demand on energy. The highest wind energy is in Hebron, and the average month wind speed is between 3 m/s – 7.5 m/s, and the lowest wind energy is in Jericho, and the wind speed there is less than 2.5 m/s in most time. Some studies pointed that wind energy potential can be more efficient by using the hybrid PV / Wind system. At the same time, it can minimize the cost of generated energy from using each system independently. However, there are many obstacles of using wind energy to generate electricity in Palestine.","PeriodicalId":424174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy and Natural Resources","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126796871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-15DOI: 10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.16
Ruiming Yang, Leiyuan Li
This paper looks into clean energy consumption in the four states of California (CA), Arizona (AZ), New Mexico (NM) and Texas (TX) by analyzing and comparing the methods of energy consumption, the similarity and difference of their energy composition and the causes for it, and finding out the state with the optimal ways of energy consumption, and based on it, predicts the future energy composition of these states and proposes a target for interstate energy convention. And through multiple regression analysis, and the corresponding indicators of the methods of energy consumption in these states, we compare the ways of new energy consumption in these states, and analyze the difference from the perspective of industries and geographies in these states, which prepares necessary reference for the following modeling. After some basic analysis of the data, we establish a multi-attribute decision making to find a state with optimal composition of energies through the five indicators of energy composition, volume of clean energy consumption etc; and based on the analysis, we find the different characteristics of energy consumption in these states. Then we set up a GM (1, 1) model to make prediction based on the data of energy consumption of the near 20 years and project energy consumption of the four states in 2025 and 2050. By means of multi-attribute decision making, we find out the state with optimal energy composition, and propose a target of the energy convention based on a two-year clean energy consumption in this state. After analyzing the difference of energy consumption methods in these four states, and in order to coordinate and integrate energy production and consumption in these states, we propose the 6 suggestions for action. In addition to the multiple regression analysis, multi-attribute decision making for the analysis of the energy consumption in these four states, principal component analysis also plays an important role. This method helps to find the significance of different ways of energy consumption, figure out the current and future energy consumption in these four states, and the state with optimal energy consumption method. Finally, by means of comparing with different models, we have nearly the same conclusion: CA is a state with optimal energy combination and has best practice for future development. There in projecting the 2025 and 2050 energy consumption, we can use CA as a reference state and set such as the target for energy convention between these four states.
{"title":"Modeling and Prediction of New Energy Use","authors":"Ruiming Yang, Leiyuan Li","doi":"10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.16","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks into clean energy consumption in the four states of California (CA), Arizona (AZ), New Mexico (NM) and Texas (TX) by analyzing and comparing the methods of energy consumption, the similarity and difference of their energy composition and the causes for it, and finding out the state with the optimal ways of energy consumption, and based on it, predicts the future energy composition of these states and proposes a target for interstate energy convention. And through multiple regression analysis, and the corresponding indicators of the methods of energy consumption in these states, we compare the ways of new energy consumption in these states, and analyze the difference from the perspective of industries and geographies in these states, which prepares necessary reference for the following modeling. After some basic analysis of the data, we establish a multi-attribute decision making to find a state with optimal composition of energies through the five indicators of energy composition, volume of clean energy consumption etc; and based on the analysis, we find the different characteristics of energy consumption in these states. Then we set up a GM (1, 1) model to make prediction based on the data of energy consumption of the near 20 years and project energy consumption of the four states in 2025 and 2050. By means of multi-attribute decision making, we find out the state with optimal energy composition, and propose a target of the energy convention based on a two-year clean energy consumption in this state. After analyzing the difference of energy consumption methods in these four states, and in order to coordinate and integrate energy production and consumption in these states, we propose the 6 suggestions for action. In addition to the multiple regression analysis, multi-attribute decision making for the analysis of the energy consumption in these four states, principal component analysis also plays an important role. This method helps to find the significance of different ways of energy consumption, figure out the current and future energy consumption in these four states, and the state with optimal energy consumption method. Finally, by means of comparing with different models, we have nearly the same conclusion: CA is a state with optimal energy combination and has best practice for future development. There in projecting the 2025 and 2050 energy consumption, we can use CA as a reference state and set such as the target for energy convention between these four states.","PeriodicalId":424174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy and Natural Resources","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126973059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.12
Li Zhang, H. Fukuda
Urban heat island effect has become a serious environmental problem of Beijing and urban lakes are proved to be effective in mitigating this phenomenon. Urban lakes are proved to be effective in mitigating urban heat island effect, while this effect has long been overlooked. One important reason is that its economic value cannot be easily measured. This paper empirically investigates the Beijing residents' willingness of pay for the benefit of urban lakes in mitigating the urban heat island effects. In addition, the government also willing to promote public participation in environmental issues. To explore the influencing factors of residents' willingness to pay, this study applied an extended framework of the theory of planned behavior by introducing the concept of environmental concern. The estimated mean willingness to pay was 24.44 US dollars per year. In order to improve the prediction power of respondents' pro-environmental behavior, the original framework of the Theory of Planned behavior were extended by adding the factor of environmental concern. The new relation of components show that environmental concern influence respondents’ willingness to pay both directly and indirectly, and the explanatory power of the original prediction model is improved. This research reveal that a majority of residents in Beijing are willing to contribute for the conservation of urban lakes for mitigating urban heat island effect, while environment related information disclosure is necessary for promoting public participation in urban environment management.
{"title":"An Extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Predict Willingness to Pay for the Conservation of Urban Lakes for Mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect","authors":"Li Zhang, H. Fukuda","doi":"10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.12","url":null,"abstract":"Urban heat island effect has become a serious environmental problem of Beijing and urban lakes are proved to be effective in mitigating this phenomenon. Urban lakes are proved to be effective in mitigating urban heat island effect, while this effect has long been overlooked. One important reason is that its economic value cannot be easily measured. This paper empirically investigates the Beijing residents' willingness of pay for the benefit of urban lakes in mitigating the urban heat island effects. In addition, the government also willing to promote public participation in environmental issues. To explore the influencing factors of residents' willingness to pay, this study applied an extended framework of the theory of planned behavior by introducing the concept of environmental concern. The estimated mean willingness to pay was 24.44 US dollars per year. In order to improve the prediction power of respondents' pro-environmental behavior, the original framework of the Theory of Planned behavior were extended by adding the factor of environmental concern. The new relation of components show that environmental concern influence respondents’ willingness to pay both directly and indirectly, and the explanatory power of the original prediction model is improved. This research reveal that a majority of residents in Beijing are willing to contribute for the conservation of urban lakes for mitigating urban heat island effect, while environment related information disclosure is necessary for promoting public participation in urban environment management.","PeriodicalId":424174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy and Natural Resources","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124608924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.13
Yongxiong Liu, Mingzhi Li, Jiacheng Zhao
The evaluation of ecosystem service value is a focus issue in the construction of ecological civilization in China. With the progress of human civilization, various types of land use projects are increasing day by day, which not only bring huge economic benefits, but also profoundly affect the regional land use pattern and ecological process, and have many influences on ecosystem services. In order to understand the real economic cost of land use projects, it is urgent to evaluate the ecosystem service cost of specific land use projects. In this paper, an ecological service evaluation model for comprehensive evaluation of land use project ecological service value is established. In this model, the emerging theory, virtual disposal cost method and market price method are applied to quantify the ecosystem service cost of land use project from four aspects of water, land, gas and biology. Using our model, we can estimate the ecological cost of a land use project more quickly and obtain the real economic cost of the project. Taking a thermal power plant as an example, the annual cost of the system service is calculated based on the ecosystem evaluation model and the existing model. By comparing the results of the two models, the feasibility and validity of the model are revealed.
{"title":"The Value of a Land Use Project’s Ecosystem Services","authors":"Yongxiong Liu, Mingzhi Li, Jiacheng Zhao","doi":"10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.13","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of ecosystem service value is a focus issue in the construction of ecological civilization in China. With the progress of human civilization, various types of land use projects are increasing day by day, which not only bring huge economic benefits, but also profoundly affect the regional land use pattern and ecological process, and have many influences on ecosystem services. In order to understand the real economic cost of land use projects, it is urgent to evaluate the ecosystem service cost of specific land use projects. In this paper, an ecological service evaluation model for comprehensive evaluation of land use project ecological service value is established. In this model, the emerging theory, virtual disposal cost method and market price method are applied to quantify the ecosystem service cost of land use project from four aspects of water, land, gas and biology. Using our model, we can estimate the ecological cost of a land use project more quickly and obtain the real economic cost of the project. Taking a thermal power plant as an example, the annual cost of the system service is calculated based on the ecosystem evaluation model and the existing model. By comparing the results of the two models, the feasibility and validity of the model are revealed.","PeriodicalId":424174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy and Natural Resources","volume":"387 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133050623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.11
Fancheng Meng, Shi-ying Shi, Naiqing Ma
In the downhole, gas separation is crucial for the Electrical Submergible Pumps’ normal operation. This paper presents a new type of downhole gas-liquid separator (DGLS) and studies its separation performance in experiments that interests the oil industry. Laboratory results show that the pressure drop in the DGLS is rather small and that the gas-liquid separation in the DGLS can be seen as an incompressible flow. When the split ratio equals the gas content at the inlet, complete gas-liquid separation occurs. In addition, as the liquid density increases, the gas-liquid separation performance improves. The separation mechanism of the DGLS is related to the centrifugal acceleration, which is better when it is less than 30 times the gravitational acceleration. A method for predicting the separation performance is proposed.
{"title":"Study of the Performance of a New Kind of Downhole Gas-Liquid Separation with High Gas Content","authors":"Fancheng Meng, Shi-ying Shi, Naiqing Ma","doi":"10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JENR.20190802.11","url":null,"abstract":"In the downhole, gas separation is crucial for the Electrical Submergible Pumps’ normal operation. This paper presents a new type of downhole gas-liquid separator (DGLS) and studies its separation performance in experiments that interests the oil industry. Laboratory results show that the pressure drop in the DGLS is rather small and that the gas-liquid separation in the DGLS can be seen as an incompressible flow. When the split ratio equals the gas content at the inlet, complete gas-liquid separation occurs. In addition, as the liquid density increases, the gas-liquid separation performance improves. The separation mechanism of the DGLS is related to the centrifugal acceleration, which is better when it is less than 30 times the gravitational acceleration. A method for predicting the separation performance is proposed.","PeriodicalId":424174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy and Natural Resources","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127212183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-28DOI: 10.11648/J.JENR.20190801.15
J. Zhao, Xingmin Mu, Wen-li Shi, M. Ou
In this paper, a dynamic method is presented for setting the price of urban residential water. Using a model called Seasonal Water Pricing (SWP); urban residential water pricing was set by taking into account the fact that some of the characteristics of temperature and precipitation may also influence residential water supply levels. In this work, an SWP model was adopted and used to estimate correction coefficients for urban residential water prices. The adjusted cost of water was < 3% of the disposable per capita income of customers. Thus, this work offers a basis for reforming water resource pricing in China.
{"title":"Using Meteorological Data to Adjust Water-Pricing of Urban Resident Households","authors":"J. Zhao, Xingmin Mu, Wen-li Shi, M. Ou","doi":"10.11648/J.JENR.20190801.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.JENR.20190801.15","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a dynamic method is presented for setting the price of urban residential water. Using a model called Seasonal Water Pricing (SWP); urban residential water pricing was set by taking into account the fact that some of the characteristics of temperature and precipitation may also influence residential water supply levels. In this work, an SWP model was adopted and used to estimate correction coefficients for urban residential water prices. The adjusted cost of water was < 3% of the disposable per capita income of customers. Thus, this work offers a basis for reforming water resource pricing in China.","PeriodicalId":424174,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy and Natural Resources","volume":"403 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115854695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-28DOI: 10.11648/J.JENR.20190801.16
Zhao Xu, Wang Cuili, Zhao Jing, Hou Beibei, Li Yanrong, Qiu Xiaoqing, Song Panpan, Wang Junqiang
A large number of studies have shown that glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) plays an important role in soil aggregate formation and soil carbon balance. However, to date, we lack understanding on the relationship between GRSP and water-stable aggregates (WSA) in abandoned agricultural lands of semi-arid region. We considered abandoned agricultural lands of different ages in Minqin Oasis as the research object. We discussed the changes of GRSP and the relationship between GRSP and WSA during land abandonment. The research results showed the following: the content of extractable glomalin-related soil protein (e-GRSP) and total glomalin-related soil protein (t-GRSP) is higher than that of traditional arable lands, and the content increases as the years of land abandonment increase. e-GRSP and t-GRSP contents are higher than the soil layer of 0–20 and 40–60 cm in terms of vertical section. The proportion ranges of e-GRSP and t-GRSP in soil total organic carbon (TOC) are 0.62%–2.0% and 1.97%–8.1% respectively in the abandoned agricultural lands. e-GRSP and t-GRSP also exhibit significant quadratic correlation with TOC ( P P 2 mm and the organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) existing in such sizes, respectively. In addition, significant and extremely significant negative correlation exist between the e-GRSP and t-GRSP and the clay and silt contents (<0.053 mm) and the OC and N in clay and silt. In general, land abandonment has raised the GRSP content. Moreover, the GRSP after land abandonment tends to promote large WSA formulation and organic matter enrichment in large aggregates. Organic matter accumulation in clay and silt was also inhibited. This phenomenon helps build a reasonable aggregate hierarchy and improve the stability of soil aggregates.
大量研究表明，glalin -related soil protein (GRSP)在土壤团聚体形成和土壤碳平衡中起着重要作用。然而，迄今为止，对半干旱区撂荒农耕地GRSP与水稳性团聚体(WSA)之间的关系还缺乏认识。以民勤绿洲不同年代的撂荒农用地为研究对象。探讨了土地撂荒过程中GRSP的变化及其与WSA的关系。研究结果表明:土壤中可提取glomalin-related soil protein (e-GRSP)和总glomalin-related soil protein (t-GRSP)含量均高于传统耕地，且随着撂耕年限的增加而增加。垂直剖面上e-GRSP和t-GRSP含量高于0 ~ 20 cm和40 ~ 60 cm土层。e-GRSP和t-GRSP占土壤总有机碳(TOC)的比例分别为0.62% ~ 2.0%和1.97% ~ 8.1%。e-GRSP和t-GRSP也分别与TOC (P P 2 mm)、有机碳(OC)和氮(N)呈显著的二次相关。此外，e-GRSP和t-GRSP与粘土和粉土含量(<0.053 mm)以及粘土和粉土中OC和N呈显著和极显著负相关。总体而言，土地撂荒提高了GRSP含量。此外，撂荒后的GRSP倾向于促进大量WSA形成和有机质在大团聚体中的富集。粘土和粉土中的有机质积累也受到抑制。这种现象有助于建立合理的团聚体层次，提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。
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Pub Date : 2019-04-28DOI: 10.11648/J.JENR.20190801.14
C. Backman
While performance along social, environment and economic dimensions has gained traction in business and society, the focus has been on system continuity. Because of the different interpretations which can be attached to sustainability or sustainable development, consensus on appropriate goals of the system, whatever the system might be, may be more difficult to develop than consensus on what is not wanted – such as a system failure. System failure in this context is meant to convey a system’s inability to adapt to changes in the external or internal environments brought on by an event that disturbs the equilibrium of forces acting on it (the system). A failure then is linked to the interaction between the event and the characteristics which differentiate one event from the next, and the system and the characteristics which differentiate one system from the next. This paper focuses on sustainability and system continuity in terms of understanding conditions that promote system failure from the perspective of the event characteristics. It examines threats to system failure in the context of the characteristics of the event which causes the disturbance threatening system stability.
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