Arbitration proceedings are intended to resolve the dispute between contractual parties according to the contract by which parties bind and govern by the mutually decided laws. Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 derived its source from UNICTRAL model law on International Commercial Arbitration in 1985. Whereas, the Insolvency proceedings are right in rem means that it can adjudicate the claim of people. The Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code 2016(IBC) enacted after repealing Act i.e., Sick Industrial Companies Act (SICA) which is a paradigm shift from debtor centric to creditor centric. It is pertinent to discuss that whether the conflict between Insolvency proceedings and Arbitration proceedings runs simultaneously or not? In India, Law is not clear in this regard so it can be resolved by two folded arguments, first, that the moratorium issued under Section 14 of IBC bars the jurisdiction of the Arbitration Tribunal. Secondly, that the law IBC has overriding effect over the law which governs the arbitration proceeding. The law is not clear about the status of both the proceedings run simultaneously. It is a well settled law that as soon as the moratorium order has been passed by the tribunal then all the legal proceeding has been stayed till the disposal of the moratorium order pending against the corporate debtor.
{"title":"AN INSPECTION OF LEGAL DILEMMA IN ARBITRATION PROCEEDINGS AND INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS","authors":"Shashwat Pratyush","doi":"10.59126/v2i3a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i3a2","url":null,"abstract":"Arbitration proceedings are intended to resolve the dispute between contractual parties according to the contract by which parties bind and govern by the mutually decided laws. Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 derived its source from UNICTRAL model law on International Commercial Arbitration in 1985. Whereas, the Insolvency proceedings are right in rem means that it can adjudicate the claim of people. The Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code 2016(IBC) enacted after repealing Act i.e., Sick Industrial Companies Act (SICA) which is a paradigm shift from debtor centric to creditor centric. It is pertinent to discuss that whether the conflict between Insolvency proceedings and Arbitration proceedings runs simultaneously or not? In India, Law is not clear in this regard so it can be resolved by two folded arguments, first, that the moratorium issued under Section 14 of IBC bars the jurisdiction of the Arbitration Tribunal. Secondly, that the law IBC has overriding effect over the law which governs the arbitration proceeding. The law is not clear about the status of both the proceedings run simultaneously. It is a well settled law that as soon as the moratorium order has been passed by the tribunal then all the legal proceeding has been stayed till the disposal of the moratorium order pending against the corporate debtor.","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128526415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research paper examines the critical role of resolution professionals in protecting creditor interests during corporate insolvency proceedings. The study analyses the legal framework and evaluates the effectiveness of resolution professionals in safeguarding the rights of creditors. The research highlights the challenges faced by resolution professionals and the strategies adopted by them to overcome these challenges. The paper also explores the ethical and professional responsibilities of resolution professionals and their impact on the resolution process. The findings suggest that the success of corporate insolvency proceedings largely depends on the competence and integrity of resolution professionals. The study concludes by providing recommendations for enhancing the role of resolution professionals in protecting creditor interests and improving the overall efficiency of the corporate insolvency framework.
{"title":"NAVIGATING CORPORATE INSOLVENCY: THE CRITICAL ROLE OF RESOLUTION PROFESSIONALS IN PROTECTING CREDIT","authors":"Dhruv Garg","doi":"10.59126/v2i3a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i3a8","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper examines the critical role of resolution professionals in protecting creditor interests during corporate insolvency proceedings. The study analyses the legal framework and evaluates the effectiveness of resolution professionals in safeguarding the rights of creditors. The research highlights the challenges faced by resolution professionals and the strategies adopted by them to overcome these challenges. The paper also explores the ethical and professional responsibilities of resolution professionals and their impact on the resolution process. The findings suggest that the success of corporate insolvency proceedings largely depends on the competence and integrity of resolution professionals. The study concludes by providing recommendations for enhancing the role of resolution professionals in protecting creditor interests and improving the overall efficiency of the corporate insolvency framework.","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134403716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The arbitration procedure depends heavily on the arbitrators' impartiality and independence. Arbitration is a good substitute for conventional litigation because arbitrators must be free from any direct or indirect influence that can compromise their capacity to deliver an impartial verdict. The goal of this research is to support a just and efficient conflict resolution process by ensuring the independence and impartiality, which is an essential principle of arbitration. If an arbitrator's decision-making is seen as biased or unfair owing to a lack of independence or impartiality on their side, the legitimacy of the arbitration verdict may be called into doubt. This violates the goal of arbitration as an effective and affordable substitute for litigation and may result in higher expenses, delays, or even the necessity for the parties to seek conventional litigation to settle their dispute. A doctrinal research design with an analytical approach has been adopted to focus on one of the main challenges in arbitration: its essentiality in maintaining the integrity and legitimacy of the arbitration process as well as ensuring that the final arbitral award is fair and just.
{"title":"THE INDEPENDENCE AND IMPARTIALITY OF ARBITRATORS IN ARBITRATION","authors":"Indu Tarmali","doi":"10.59126/v2i3a12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i3a12","url":null,"abstract":"The arbitration procedure depends heavily on the arbitrators' impartiality and independence. Arbitration is a good substitute for conventional litigation because arbitrators must be free from any direct or indirect influence that can compromise their capacity to deliver an impartial verdict. The goal of this research is to support a just and efficient conflict resolution process by ensuring the independence and impartiality, which is an essential principle of arbitration. If an arbitrator's decision-making is seen as biased or unfair owing to a lack of independence or impartiality on their side, the legitimacy of the arbitration verdict may be called into doubt. This violates the goal of arbitration as an effective and affordable substitute for litigation and may result in higher expenses, delays, or even the necessity for the parties to seek conventional litigation to settle their dispute. A doctrinal research design with an analytical approach has been adopted to focus on one of the main challenges in arbitration: its essentiality in maintaining the integrity and legitimacy of the arbitration process as well as ensuring that the final arbitral award is fair and just.","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127602341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The most significant alternative reform in the Indian legal system is the IBC. It is because the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) is giving India a new identity and economic legitimacy on a global scale while simultaneously emphasizing its importance in the legal sphere. India's bankruptcy law, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of 2016, aims to unify the existing system by combining insolvency and bankruptcy under a single body of law. The study is of a descriptive kind. Moreover, the article also discusses the function of the resolution specialist and how it contributes to the liquidation process.
{"title":"RESOLUTION PROFESSIONAL: ROLE, APPOINTMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON THE COMPANY'S LIQUIDATION","authors":"Riya Dharmendra Sangani","doi":"10.59126/v2i3a11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i3a11","url":null,"abstract":"The most significant alternative reform in the Indian legal system is the IBC. It is because the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) is giving India a new identity and economic legitimacy on a global scale while simultaneously emphasizing its importance in the legal sphere. India's bankruptcy law, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of 2016, aims to unify the existing system by combining insolvency and bankruptcy under a single body of law. The study is of a descriptive kind. Moreover, the article also discusses the function of the resolution specialist and how it contributes to the liquidation process.","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122175309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real estate sector of India is a booming sector, and has a very much influence in Indian Economy. For quite a long-time homebuyers/allottees faced hardships for sorting their remedial rights against the default’s actions of the Real estate companies which changed drastically after the evolution and amendments made in The Real Estate (Regulation & Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) and Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act, 2016 (IBC) placing them onto the pedestal of Financial Creditors status which only further strengthen the same. IBC main role is to avert insolvency by revitalizing poorly businesses however, not a retrieval instrument for creditors but a resolution apparatus to blow natural life into strained monies of the CD. The new Reverse Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) concept by National Company Appellate Law Tribunal (NCLAT). However, have fewer-to-one practical implications but such out-of-the-box thinking was direly needed.
{"title":"RIGHTS OF HOME-BUYERS AS FINANCIAL CREDITORS UNDER THE INSOLVENCY & BANKRUPTCY CODE","authors":"N. Desai","doi":"10.59126/v2i3a9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i3a9","url":null,"abstract":"Real estate sector of India is a booming sector, and has a very much influence in Indian Economy. For quite a long-time homebuyers/allottees faced hardships for sorting their remedial rights against the default’s actions of the Real estate companies which changed drastically after the evolution and amendments made in The Real Estate (Regulation & Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) and Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act, 2016 (IBC) placing them onto the pedestal of Financial Creditors status which only further strengthen the same. IBC main role is to avert insolvency by revitalizing poorly businesses however, not a retrieval instrument for creditors but a resolution apparatus to blow natural life into strained monies of the CD. The new Reverse Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) concept by National Company Appellate Law Tribunal (NCLAT). However, have fewer-to-one practical implications but such out-of-the-box thinking was direly needed.","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129858106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predatory pricing is an anti-competitive technique used by predators to prevent new players from entering the market or to drive existing ones out in order to get a larger part of the market and increase their profits as a result of their dominating position. It has been questioned by economists, and several theories have emerged as to why and how predation is possible. Additional criteria and tests based on these theories have been added to the economics canon so that predation can be better assessed in the future. Several companies have been accused of charging predatory prices since the early 1900s. In light of the suggested criteria and tests, competition authorities in various nations have dealt with these charges and assessed instances. United States and European Union demonstrations were each notable in their own right. In making its rulings, the United States' competition authority may have learned more heavily on classical economic theory considerations than the European Union Commission. A detailed examination of predatory pricing theory and instances from the US, EU and Turkey is presented in this paper. Competition agencies in these nations will be compared to see how they deal with situations of exploitative pricing.
掠夺性定价是掠夺者使用的一种反竞争技术，以阻止新的参与者进入市场或驱逐现有的参与者，以获得更大的市场份额，并增加他们的利润，因为他们的主导地位。经济学家对此提出了质疑，并出现了几种理论来解释捕食为何以及如何发生。基于这些理论的额外标准和测试已被添加到经济学经典中，以便将来可以更好地评估捕食行为。自20世纪初以来，有几家公司被指控收取掠夺性价格。根据所建议的标准和测试，各国的竞争主管部门已经处理了这些指控并对情况进行了评估。美国和欧盟的示威活动各自引人注目。在做出裁决时，美国竞争管理机构可能比欧盟委员会(European Union Commission)更多地借鉴了古典经济理论。本文对掠夺性定价理论和美国、欧盟和土耳其的实例进行了详细的研究。这些国家的竞争机构将进行比较，看看他们如何处理剥削性定价的情况。
{"title":"ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON ON PREDATORY PRICING","authors":"S. Sharan","doi":"10.59126/v2i3a6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i3a6","url":null,"abstract":"Predatory pricing is an anti-competitive technique used by predators to prevent new players from entering the market or to drive existing ones out in order to get a larger part of the market and increase their profits as a result of their dominating position. It has been questioned by economists, and several theories have emerged as to why and how predation is possible. Additional criteria and tests based on these theories have been added to the economics canon so that predation can be better assessed in the future. Several companies have been accused of charging predatory prices since the early 1900s. In light of the suggested criteria and tests, competition authorities in various nations have dealt with these charges and assessed instances. United States and European Union demonstrations were each notable in their own right. In making its rulings, the United States' competition authority may have learned more heavily on classical economic theory considerations than the European Union Commission. A detailed examination of predatory pricing theory and instances from the US, EU and Turkey is presented in this paper. Competition agencies in these nations will be compared to see how they deal with situations of exploitative pricing.","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123717013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a functioning society, the economic prosperity of the country is always determined on the earning capacity of the workers. As we know in every society, there are some social evils that we have to fight and one of them is wage disparity. For as long as we look back, the concept of wage can be found in every culture. It can be loosely translated to a kind of economic incentive or consideration given for the work done by a worker. This system of wage existed in the ancient days though it might not have been as well organised or codified. We can take examples of Zamindars, money lenders who abused their power to make workers do work for free or to repay the huge amount of debts owed. These situations were so grave that it left the descendants of such workers to become lifelong slaves merely to repay the same. Further it has been observed, during ancient times that various Kingdoms engaged in the practice of making the public work under them for free: in order to build roads, to cultivate for the royal family, to make monuments, palaces in return of granting “Kar Maafi”. And it has been practised as a custom for a long time with no such laws to protect their basic rights. Moreover, the problem of exploiting workers is not merely domestic, but an international one. Countries like England, France, and Spain have had instances of oppressing the masses: compelling them to work, all the while exploiting them out of a fair payment.
{"title":"WAGE LAWS – AN APPROACH, CHALLENGES AND CONSEQUENCES UPON THE INDIAN INDUSTRY","authors":"","doi":"10.59126/v2i2a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i2a5","url":null,"abstract":"In a functioning society, the economic prosperity of the country is always determined on the earning capacity of the workers. As we know in every society, there are some social evils that we have to fight and one of them is wage disparity. For as long as we look back, the concept of wage can be found in every culture. It can be loosely translated to a kind of economic incentive or consideration given for the work done by a worker. This system of wage existed in the ancient days though it might not have been as well organised or codified. We can take examples of Zamindars, money lenders who abused their power to make workers do work for free or to repay the huge amount of debts owed. These situations were so grave that it left the descendants of such workers to become lifelong slaves merely to repay the same. Further it has been observed, during ancient times that various Kingdoms engaged in the practice of making the public work under them for free: in order to build roads, to cultivate for the royal family, to make monuments, palaces in return of granting “Kar Maafi”. And it has been practised as a custom for a long time with no such laws to protect their basic rights. Moreover, the problem of exploiting workers is not merely domestic, but an international one. Countries like England, France, and Spain have had instances of oppressing the masses: compelling them to work, all the while exploiting them out of a fair payment.","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126712585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Of all parts of the law, the branch that intently concern or contacts an individual in his everyday existence is criminal law. Wrongdoing could likewise be characterized as the commission of acts precluded by corrective law and hoodlums as people who carry out such demonstrations. The penalization framework is an indispensable piece of law enforcement and for keeping up with Government backed retirement. The advancement of progress has come about through the change in the theory, strategy, and intention of penalization. Discipline might be utilized as an approach to decreasing the occurrence of criminal ways of behaving either by hindering the expected guilty parties or by impairing and keeping them from rehashing the offense or by improving them into law-withstanding residents. In this manner, speculations of discipline contain strategies concerning the treatment of wrongdoing and hoodlums. They're ordered into four sorts. Every one of these aren't correspondingly elite and every one of them assumes a vital part in dealing with possible wrongdoers. The hypotheses of discipline are Retributive theory, Deterrent theory, Preventive theory, and Reformative theory. This review is in regard to reformative theory and dissecting the status in India.
{"title":"STATUS OF REFORMATIVE PUNISHMENTS IN INDIA","authors":"Arghyadip Sen","doi":"10.59126/v2i2a7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i2a7","url":null,"abstract":"Of all parts of the law, the branch that intently concern or contacts an individual in his everyday existence is criminal law. Wrongdoing could likewise be characterized as the commission of acts precluded by corrective law and hoodlums as people who carry out such demonstrations. The penalization framework is an indispensable piece of law enforcement and for keeping up with Government backed retirement. The advancement of progress has come about through the change in the theory, strategy, and intention of penalization. Discipline might be utilized as an approach to decreasing the occurrence of criminal ways of behaving either by hindering the expected guilty parties or by impairing and keeping them from rehashing the offense or by improving them into law-withstanding residents. In this manner, speculations of discipline contain strategies concerning the treatment of wrongdoing and hoodlums. They're ordered into four sorts. Every one of these aren't correspondingly elite and every one of them assumes a vital part in dealing with possible wrongdoers. The hypotheses of discipline are Retributive theory, Deterrent theory, Preventive theory, and Reformative theory. This review is in regard to reformative theory and dissecting the status in India.","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115051149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Throughout history, women have been subject to a lot of marginalization, consequently, their role in society has been severely distorted. This paper takes a closer look at the role of women in society within the fashion and modeling industry. It will be noticed as the paper unfolds, that women are playing a leading role in this field. In fact, the first thing that comes to mind is how lucrative the mention of fashion and modeling is as a profession. However, this paper does not exclusively aim to explore the fashion industry from all dimensions but rather seeks to analyze the legal protection of female models in the fashion industry in Sri Lanka. As the reader glues his or her eyes on this paper it will be noted that this study argues vehemently that there is a lack of sufficient legal protection for female models in the Sri Lankan legal system. Therefore, this is the core of this work, to explore how the lack of legal protection impacts the rights of female models and the challenge it poses for the fashion industry. Identifying the loopholes in the Sri Lankan legal system will not be sufficient to make this research successful, thus, the paper will further propose steps and solutions that can be taken to remedy all the challenges to be discussed. In short, the ambit of this article is to advocate for the legal protection of female models in the Sri Lankan legal system
{"title":"LACK OF LEGAL PROTECTION FOR FEMALE MODELS IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY OF SRI LANKA","authors":"Minoshi Perera","doi":"10.59126/v2i2a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i2a8","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout history, women have been subject to a lot of marginalization, consequently, their role in society has been severely distorted. This paper takes a closer look at the role of women in society within the fashion and modeling industry. It will be noticed as the paper unfolds, that women are playing a leading role in this field. In fact, the first thing that comes to mind is how lucrative the mention of fashion and modeling is as a profession. However, this paper does not exclusively aim to explore the fashion industry from all dimensions but rather seeks to analyze the legal protection of female models in the fashion industry in Sri Lanka. As the reader glues his or her eyes on this paper it will be noted that this study argues vehemently that there is a lack of sufficient legal protection for female models in the Sri Lankan legal system. Therefore, this is the core of this work, to explore how the lack of legal protection impacts the rights of female models and the challenge it poses for the fashion industry. Identifying the loopholes in the Sri Lankan legal system will not be sufficient to make this research successful, thus, the paper will further propose steps and solutions that can be taken to remedy all the challenges to be discussed. In short, the ambit of this article is to advocate for the legal protection of female models in the Sri Lankan legal system","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128100386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Kigali Amendment is an amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which is an international agreement addressing the issue of ozone depletion. The Montreal Protocol has undergone numerous changes and amendments since it entered into force in 1998. The Kigali Amendment was the agreement's eighth such amendment, and it went into effect on the 1st of January 2019. The amendment's agreement was signed in Kigali, Rwanda's capital, the agreement and thus the amendment was given that name. The amendment's goal was to focus on reducing the consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HCFs). This article will go over the history of the amendment, its features, impact, and place in the country.
{"title":"KIGALI AMENDMENT","authors":"Reya ANU SONY","doi":"10.59126/v2i2a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59126/v2i2a1","url":null,"abstract":"The Kigali Amendment is an amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which is an international agreement addressing the issue of ozone depletion. The Montreal Protocol has undergone numerous changes and amendments since it entered into force in 1998. The Kigali Amendment was the agreement's eighth such amendment, and it went into effect on the 1st of January 2019. The amendment's agreement was signed in Kigali, Rwanda's capital, the agreement and thus the amendment was given that name. The amendment's goal was to focus on reducing the consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HCFs). This article will go over the history of the amendment, its features, impact, and place in the country.","PeriodicalId":424180,"journal":{"name":"THE JOURNAL OF UNIQUE LAWS AND STUDENTS","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131064846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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