Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4067/s0719-38902019005000104
Mayerly Alejandra Castro López, John Wilson Martínez Osorio
{"title":"COMPATIBILIDAD DE Beauveria bassiana Y Metarhizium anisopliae CON Chrysoperla externa DEPREDADOR DE Trialeurodes vaporariorum","authors":"Mayerly Alejandra Castro López, John Wilson Martínez Osorio","doi":"10.4067/s0719-38902019005000104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0719-38902019005000104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42485,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4067/s0719-38902019005000104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70330515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0719-38902019005000202
T. Romero-Cortes, P. López-Pérez, V. H. P. España, A. K. Medina-Toledo, J. E. Aparicio-Burgos, J. A. Cuervo-Parra
The genus Aspergillus has been isolated from cocoa plantations worldwide. However, there is not enough information about its role in the occurrence of diseases. Aspergillus niger strains were characterized by morphological and molecular techniques. The sequences of A. niger were deposited in the GenBank databases. In addition, the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma asperellum VSL80 against A. niger strains was evaluated, obtaining a biocontrol index (BCI) between 15.36 and 88.71%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the Trichoderma hyphae grew in parallel with the hyphae of A. niger and, in some cases, they were found together with the hyphae of the pathogenic fungus preventing their development. On the other hand, the maximum enzymatic activity of xylanases produced by A. niger in submerged culture was 1.128 U mL-1 at 96 h. The morphological and molecular 69 Romero-Cortes, T. et al. Trichoderma asperellum confrontation against Aspergillus niger through enzymatic production characterization of A. niger strains confirms its presence in Mexico. In addition, information obtained of the BCI may be important for the development of strategies for the prevention and control of this fungus. The enzymatic activity of A. niger during mycoparasitism by T. asperellum could explain the low BCI observed in some A. niger strains confronted with T. asperellum. Finally, the xylanolytic enzyme production by A. niger indicated that this fungus could be used in the industry to obtain xylanases.
曲霉属已经从世界各地的可可种植园中分离出来。然而，关于它在疾病发生中的作用还没有足够的信息。采用形态学和分子技术对黑曲霉菌株进行了鉴定。黑曲霉的序列已存入GenBank数据库。此外，测定了曲霉木霉VSL80对黑曲霉菌株的拮抗效果，其生物防制指数(BCI)为15.36 ~ 88.71%。扫描电镜显示，木霉菌丝与黑曲霉菌丝平行生长，在某些情况下，它们与致病真菌的菌丝一起被发现，阻止了它们的发育。另一方面，黑曲霉在深层培养96 h时产生的木聚糖酶酶活性最高为1.128 U mL-1。通过对黑曲霉菌株酶促生产特性的分析，证实了黑曲霉在墨西哥的存在。此外，获得的BCI信息可能对制定预防和控制该真菌的战略具有重要意义。黑曲霉侵染真菌过程中黑曲霉的酶活性可以解释某些黑曲霉侵染真菌菌株BCI较低的原因。最后，黑曲霉产木聚糖酶表明该真菌可用于工业生产木聚糖酶。
{"title":"CONFRONTATION OF Trichoderma asperellum VSL80 AGAINST Aspergillus niger VIA THE EFFECT OF ENZYMATIC PRODUCTION","authors":"T. Romero-Cortes, P. López-Pérez, V. H. P. España, A. K. Medina-Toledo, J. E. Aparicio-Burgos, J. A. Cuervo-Parra","doi":"10.4067/S0719-38902019005000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-38902019005000202","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Aspergillus has been isolated from cocoa plantations worldwide. However, there is not enough information about its role in the occurrence of diseases. Aspergillus niger strains were characterized by morphological and molecular techniques. The sequences of A. niger were deposited in the GenBank databases. In addition, the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma asperellum VSL80 against A. niger strains was evaluated, obtaining a biocontrol index (BCI) between 15.36 and 88.71%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the Trichoderma hyphae grew in parallel with the hyphae of A. niger and, in some cases, they were found together with the hyphae of the pathogenic fungus preventing their development. On the other hand, the maximum enzymatic activity of xylanases produced by A. niger in submerged culture was 1.128 U mL-1 at 96 h. The morphological and molecular 69 Romero-Cortes, T. et al. Trichoderma asperellum confrontation against Aspergillus niger through enzymatic production characterization of A. niger strains confirms its presence in Mexico. In addition, information obtained of the BCI may be important for the development of strategies for the prevention and control of this fungus. The enzymatic activity of A. niger during mycoparasitism by T. asperellum could explain the low BCI observed in some A. niger strains confronted with T. asperellum. Finally, the xylanolytic enzyme production by A. niger indicated that this fungus could be used in the industry to obtain xylanases.","PeriodicalId":42485,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4067/S0719-38902019005000202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70330568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0719-38902019005000204
J. Ipinza-Regla, A. Covacevich, J. Araya
Ants present hermetism, that is, they recognize and discriminate individuals alien to the colony, even at a homospecific level, which results in aggressive reactions against intruders, varying with their age. To evaluate the importance of this factor, transfers of homospecific larvae, pupae and 2and 8-h-old adults of Camponotus morosus Smith were carried out. All the transferred larvae developed into pupae, and later into adults, but only 20% of these survived 15 d in the receiving nests. The transferred pupae were attacked and killed in 8 d. The transfer of 2-d and 8-h old adults produced 70 and 30% acceptance, respectively. These results indicate that adults begin to develop their own odor earlier than 2-d of age. The age of the intruder was determinant in its acceptance of C. morosus homospecific resident ants, as indicated in a 1-way ANOVA (p = 0.0001). The adults that survived the transfer of larvae were later reintroduced into their original nests; 37.5% of them were accepted, compared with 65% acceptance for 2and 8-h old adults reintroduced, indicating that there is a strong genetic influence in the development of their own smell, that would allow adults to be recognized as belonging to the nest. The fact that not all the males were accepted can be explained by the influence of the odor acquired in the receiving nest.
{"title":"HERMETISM VARIATION IN Camponotus morosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) WITH THE AGE OF HOMOSPECIFIC INTRUDING ANTS","authors":"J. Ipinza-Regla, A. Covacevich, J. Araya","doi":"10.4067/S0719-38902019005000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-38902019005000204","url":null,"abstract":"Ants present hermetism, that is, they recognize and discriminate individuals alien to the colony, even at a homospecific level, which results in aggressive reactions against intruders, varying with their age. To evaluate the importance of this factor, transfers of homospecific larvae, pupae and 2and 8-h-old adults of Camponotus morosus Smith were carried out. All the transferred larvae developed into pupae, and later into adults, but only 20% of these survived 15 d in the receiving nests. The transferred pupae were attacked and killed in 8 d. The transfer of 2-d and 8-h old adults produced 70 and 30% acceptance, respectively. These results indicate that adults begin to develop their own odor earlier than 2-d of age. The age of the intruder was determinant in its acceptance of C. morosus homospecific resident ants, as indicated in a 1-way ANOVA (p = 0.0001). The adults that survived the transfer of larvae were later reintroduced into their original nests; 37.5% of them were accepted, compared with 65% acceptance for 2and 8-h old adults reintroduced, indicating that there is a strong genetic influence in the development of their own smell, that would allow adults to be recognized as belonging to the nest. The fact that not all the males were accepted can be explained by the influence of the odor acquired in the receiving nest.","PeriodicalId":42485,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4067/S0719-38902019005000204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70330743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0719-38902019005000201
S. Boza, Maruja Cortés, Carmen Prieto, Tomasa Muñoz
La oferta de hortalizas frescas, de calidad y accesibles, es esencial para mejorar la dieta en Chile. La zona central es la principal área productiva del país. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar a los pequeños productores hortícolas de dicha zona, y determinar sus actitudes respecto a su actividad. Para ello se encuestó de forma presencial a un total de 165 agricultores en 10 comunas de la Región de O’Higgins. Los datos obtenidos fueron tratados por medio de técnicas descriptivas. Entre los resultados alcanzados destacan los siguientes: i) el promedio de edad es de 52,47 años, ii) el 53,34% de los encuestados no tiene educación formal o ha finalizado sólo la básica, iii) hay un buen acceso a servicios y movilización, iv) el promedio de hectáreas productivas es 7,8, pero con alta dispersión, v) es muy limitado el uso de invernadero, técnicas de agricultura orgánica e hidroponía, y la contratación de mano de obra permanente, vi) el uso de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones (TIC) – excepto celular – es escaso, vii) la innovación declarada se centra en aspectos técnico-productivos, viii) la mayor parte de los encuestados no se asocia, su relación con el sector público es acotada, vende a través de intermediarios y no lleva registro de sus operaciones. Respecto a sus actitudes, destaca la valoración positiva de la manera en la cual realizan su actividad productiva; sin embargo, existe incertidumbre sobre el futuro de la misma.
{"title":"LA HORTICULTURA EN LA ZONA CENTRAL DE CHILE: CARACTERIZACIÓN Y ACTITUDES DE LOS PEQUEÑOS AGRICULTORES","authors":"S. Boza, Maruja Cortés, Carmen Prieto, Tomasa Muñoz","doi":"10.4067/S0719-38902019005000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-38902019005000201","url":null,"abstract":"La oferta de hortalizas frescas, de calidad y accesibles, es esencial para mejorar la dieta en Chile. La zona central es la principal área productiva del país. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar a los pequeños productores hortícolas de dicha zona, y determinar sus actitudes respecto a su actividad. Para ello se encuestó de forma presencial a un total de 165 agricultores en 10 comunas de la Región de O’Higgins. Los datos obtenidos fueron tratados por medio de técnicas descriptivas. Entre los resultados alcanzados destacan los siguientes: i) el promedio de edad es de 52,47 años, ii) el 53,34% de los encuestados no tiene educación formal o ha finalizado sólo la básica, iii) hay un buen acceso a servicios y movilización, iv) el promedio de hectáreas productivas es 7,8, pero con alta dispersión, v) es muy limitado el uso de invernadero, técnicas de agricultura orgánica e hidroponía, y la contratación de mano de obra permanente, vi) el uso de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicaciones (TIC) – excepto celular – es escaso, vii) la innovación declarada se centra en aspectos técnico-productivos, viii) la mayor parte de los encuestados no se asocia, su relación con el sector público es acotada, vende a través de intermediarios y no lleva registro de sus operaciones. Respecto a sus actitudes, destaca la valoración positiva de la manera en la cual realizan su actividad productiva; sin embargo, existe incertidumbre sobre el futuro de la misma.","PeriodicalId":42485,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4067/S0719-38902019005000201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70330860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4067/s0719-38902019005000303
Claudia Barchiesi-Ferrari, R. Chihuailaf
Forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) is used as a supplementary feed for grazing cattle in summer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two levels of forage turnip supplementary feed on milk production, and energy and protein metabolic responses in grazing dairy cattle during summer. 16 randomly distributed Chilean Black Friesian cows were used in two treatments: diet A (2.6 kg DM cow-1) and diet B (5.1 kg DM cow-1). The milk production in cows fed on diet A presented no statistical difference with those fed on diet B. Milk protein and milk fat were similar between the two treatments (p > 0.05). Both turnip diets maintained an adequate protein and energy balance, reflected in plasma βHB, total protein, albumin and urea concentrations within the reference intervals. No differences in yield responses were found between the two treatments under the study conditions. Similarly, no effects were observed on milk composition, while a normal energy balance was maintained. Hypophosphatemia was observed in cows fed on diet B.
牧草萝卜(Brassica rapa L.)是夏季放牧牛的补充饲料。本试验旨在评价两种水平饲用萝卜补料对夏季放牧奶牛产奶量、能量和蛋白质代谢反应的影响。选取16头随机分布的智利黑弗里西亚奶牛，分为饲粮A (2.6 kg DM牛-1)和饲粮B (5.1 kg DM牛-1)两个处理。饲粮A与饲粮b的产奶量差异无统计学意义(p < 0.05)。两种萝卜饲料均保持了足够的蛋白质和能量平衡，反映在血浆βHB、总蛋白、白蛋白和尿素浓度在参考区间内。在研究条件下，两种处理的产量响应没有差异。同样，在维持正常能量平衡的情况下，牛奶成分也没有受到影响。饲粮B的奶牛出现低磷血症。
{"title":"PRODUCTIVE AND METABOLIC RESPONSE TO TWO LEVELS OF TURNIP (Brassica rapa L.) SUPPLEMENTATION IN GRAZING DAIRY COWS DURING SUMMER","authors":"Claudia Barchiesi-Ferrari, R. Chihuailaf","doi":"10.4067/s0719-38902019005000303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0719-38902019005000303","url":null,"abstract":"Forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) is used as a supplementary feed for grazing cattle in summer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two levels of forage turnip supplementary feed on milk production, and energy and protein metabolic responses in grazing dairy cattle during summer. 16 randomly distributed Chilean Black Friesian cows were used in two treatments: diet A (2.6 kg DM cow-1) and diet B (5.1 kg DM cow-1). The milk production in cows fed on diet A presented no statistical difference with those fed on diet B. Milk protein and milk fat were similar between the two treatments (p > 0.05). Both turnip diets maintained an adequate protein and energy balance, reflected in plasma βHB, total protein, albumin and urea concentrations within the reference intervals. No differences in yield responses were found between the two treatments under the study conditions. Similarly, no effects were observed on milk composition, while a normal energy balance was maintained. Hypophosphatemia was observed in cows fed on diet B.","PeriodicalId":42485,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70330871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4067/s0719-38902019005000103
Marisol Virginia Cuellas, Paula Amoia, Pablo Ricardo Delmazzo
In the Gran La Plata region, around 4,600 ha of agricultural crops are grown undercover on Typic Hapludert and Vertic Argiudol soils, characterized by poor drainage because of their high content of expandable clay. The characteristics of the soils, together with the quality of irrigation water and intensive management lead to physical, chemical and biological degradation associated with the presence of abundant pathogens (diseases and nematodes). Therefore, it is one of the most important challenges to find alternatives for soil disinfection that can be adapted to this type of production system, prevent contamination or degradation of resources, and promote soil improvement. This study evaluated the effect of different soil disinfection treatments on the soil properties (pH, EC, MO, RAS, Ca, Mg) and crop yield. The treatments tested were: solarization, biosolarization with chicken manure (50 t ha-1), biosolarization with mushroom residues (100 t ha-1), biosolarization with cabbage 27 Cuellas et al. Efecto de la desinfección del suelo en las propiedades edáficas residues (80 t ha-1), chemical disinfection and a control. The experiment was conducted during two seasons (2014 and 2015) of a tomato crop. It was observed that biosolarization with chicken manure and mushroom residues increased salinity levels and concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, without a significant improvement in OM levels. Biosolarization with cabbage residues did not affect the soil variables. Solarization and chemical disinfection treatments behaved similarly to the control. Regarding crop yield, chemical disinfection presented the highest values. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between the rest of the treatments.
在大拉普拉塔地区，大约有4600公顷的农作物种植在典型的Hapludert和Vertic Argiudol土壤上，其特点是排水不良，因为它们含有大量的可膨胀粘土。土壤的特性，加上灌溉水的质量和集约化管理，导致与大量病原体(疾病和线虫)存在相关的物理、化学和生物退化。因此，寻找适合这种生产系统的土壤消毒替代品，防止污染或资源退化，促进土壤改良是最重要的挑战之一。本研究评价了不同土壤消毒处理对土壤性质(pH、EC、MO、RAS、Ca、Mg)和作物产量的影响。试验处理为:鸡粪生物晒(50 t hm -1)、蘑菇渣生物晒(100 t hm -1)、白菜生物晒(27 Cuellas等)。对丙酸酯edáficas残留(80 t ha-1)、化学消毒及对照的效果研究desinfección该实验在番茄的两个季节(2014年和2015年)进行。结果表明，鸡粪和蘑菇渣的生物光照提高了土壤盐分水平和Ca2+、Mg2+浓度，但对有机质水平没有显著改善。白菜残茬生物光照对土壤变量没有影响。日光照射和化学消毒处理与对照相似。在作物产量方面，化学消毒效果最高。其余处理间差异无统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
{"title":"EFECTO DE DIFERENTES TRATAMIENTOS DE DESINFECCIÓN DEL SUELO SOBRE LAS PROPIEDADES EDÁFICAS","authors":"Marisol Virginia Cuellas, Paula Amoia, Pablo Ricardo Delmazzo","doi":"10.4067/s0719-38902019005000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0719-38902019005000103","url":null,"abstract":"In the Gran La Plata region, around 4,600 ha of agricultural crops are grown undercover on Typic Hapludert and Vertic Argiudol soils, characterized by poor drainage because of their high content of expandable clay. The characteristics of the soils, together with the quality of irrigation water and intensive management lead to physical, chemical and biological degradation associated with the presence of abundant pathogens (diseases and nematodes). Therefore, it is one of the most important challenges to find alternatives for soil disinfection that can be adapted to this type of production system, prevent contamination or degradation of resources, and promote soil improvement. This study evaluated the effect of different soil disinfection treatments on the soil properties (pH, EC, MO, RAS, Ca, Mg) and crop yield. The treatments tested were: solarization, biosolarization with chicken manure (50 t ha-1), biosolarization with mushroom residues (100 t ha-1), biosolarization with cabbage 27 Cuellas et al. Efecto de la desinfección del suelo en las propiedades edáficas residues (80 t ha-1), chemical disinfection and a control. The experiment was conducted during two seasons (2014 and 2015) of a tomato crop. It was observed that biosolarization with chicken manure and mushroom residues increased salinity levels and concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, without a significant improvement in OM levels. Biosolarization with cabbage residues did not affect the soil variables. Solarization and chemical disinfection treatments behaved similarly to the control. Regarding crop yield, chemical disinfection presented the highest values. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between the rest of the treatments.","PeriodicalId":42485,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4067/s0719-38902019005000103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70330935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0719-38902019005000203
J. M. Guecaimburu, J. Vázquez, Facundo Tancredi, Gisela Reposo, Verónica Rojo, Maximiliano Martínez, R. Introcaso
{"title":"EVOLUCIÓN DEL FÓSFORO DISPONIBLE A DISTINTOS NIVELES DE COMPACTACIÓN POR TRÁFICO AGRÍCOLA EN UN ARGIUDOL TÍPICO","authors":"J. M. Guecaimburu, J. Vázquez, Facundo Tancredi, Gisela Reposo, Verónica Rojo, Maximiliano Martínez, R. Introcaso","doi":"10.4067/S0719-38902019005000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-38902019005000203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42485,"journal":{"name":"Chilean Journal of Agricultural & Animal Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70330728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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