Following the Second World War, martial arts in East Asia underwent various changes. This study focuses on the change from traditional martial arts to sports-oriented martial arts. It examines the emergence of karate as a sport during the Allied occupation of Japan. Kanbukan, founded in Japan by the Korean Kwaebyeong Yoon, was promoted as a sport version of karate that differed from traditional forms. Consequently, following the end of the war, Kanbukan introduced protective gear, held the first competition, created the first rules of the competition, published the first magazine, and formed the first international organization. “Sport Karate” is a detailed symbolic example of acculturation to a Western-centered culture in East Asian sports history. It is necessary to recall the legacy of Kanbukan and to reflect on the historical significance of Sport Karate, which facilitated the transition of traditional martial arts to sports.
{"title":"“There Is No First Attack in Karate”: The Emergence of “Sport Karate” During the Allied Occupation of Japan","authors":"Jooyoun Kim, Eunjung Kim","doi":"10.1123/shr.2021-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2021-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Following the Second World War, martial arts in East Asia underwent various changes. This study focuses on the change from traditional martial arts to sports-oriented martial arts. It examines the emergence of karate as a sport during the Allied occupation of Japan. Kanbukan, founded in Japan by the Korean Kwaebyeong Yoon, was promoted as a sport version of karate that differed from traditional forms. Consequently, following the end of the war, Kanbukan introduced protective gear, held the first competition, created the first rules of the competition, published the first magazine, and formed the first international organization. “Sport Karate” is a detailed symbolic example of acculturation to a Western-centered culture in East Asian sports history. It is necessary to recall the legacy of Kanbukan and to reflect on the historical significance of Sport Karate, which facilitated the transition of traditional martial arts to sports.","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64166291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyzes the relationship between the life of Li Ning and his journey from the world of athletics to the world of business. The article explores how historical and social context is indispensable to understanding how everyone writes their history. The premise is that we cannot ignore the context of the athletes when assessing their social contributions. Li, who initially gained success as an Olympic gymnast, became a heavyweight entrepreneur, playing a significant role in the collective imagination of Chinese people. The Chinese huge economic transformations generated the opportunities for Li’s journey from athlete to businessman. As a result, the Chinese Communist Party heavily promoted the triumph of Li Ning in both stadiums and markets. The conclusions revisit the debate between determinism and free will and show how the life of Li can offer some insights into this discussion in the context of contemporary China.
{"title":"The Life of Li Ning as a Reflection of China’s Transformation","authors":"Daniel Lemus-Delgado","doi":"10.1123/shr.2021-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2021-0027","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the relationship between the life of Li Ning and his journey from the world of athletics to the world of business. The article explores how historical and social context is indispensable to understanding how everyone writes their history. The premise is that we cannot ignore the context of the athletes when assessing their social contributions. Li, who initially gained success as an Olympic gymnast, became a heavyweight entrepreneur, playing a significant role in the collective imagination of Chinese people. The Chinese huge economic transformations generated the opportunities for Li’s journey from athlete to businessman. As a result, the Chinese Communist Party heavily promoted the triumph of Li Ning in both stadiums and markets. The conclusions revisit the debate between determinism and free will and show how the life of Li can offer some insights into this discussion in the context of contemporary China.","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64166447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rethinking Fandom: How to Beat the Sports-Industrial Complex at Its Own Game","authors":"Ryan Murtha","doi":"10.1123/shr.2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64167348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Backlash against transgender (trans) people has notably extended into sport. Over the past two years, an unprecedented number of sport organizations have banned trans girls and women from competitions. Scholars from across disciplines have highlighted the problems with these prohibitions; yet, a look through the pages of our journals and our conference proceedings shows the invisibility of trans people in our field, as both actors and authors. As Sport History Review Editor Carly Adams points out in her 2022 editorial “‘Home’ to Some, But Not to Others: It’s Time to ‘Step Up,’”much of the work published in our field “continues to value and privilege certain bodies, voices, and analytic foci.” We have largely ignored the experiences and perspectives of trans people. I am responding to Adams’s call for sport historians to “step up” by encouraging us to be more encompassing and inclusive of trans voices. In doing so, I echo sport historian CB Lucas’s call for us to “bring trans and queer perspectives into our work” to recognize “the ways that queerness (in its myriad forms) pushes against, cracks open, and flat out refuses the binary logics of gender.” Political fear mongering and reductive understandings of sex have cleaved the rights of trans individuals. Our ability to provide historical context to inform contemporary conversations is, therefore, more imperative than ever. As scholars Leah DeVun and Zeb Tortorici poignantly argue, “History often lends legitimacy to a community’s claim that it belongs in the here and now.” We have work to do to ensure that sport history is a space for trans people. In writing this response, I acknowledge my positionality affords me power. Transfeminist methodologies encourage scholars to interrogate their identities and motivations when studying topics related to trans figures to recognize “unequal power dynamicswithin the research process.”As aWhite, United States, able-bodied,middleclass, heterosexual, cisgender (cis) scholar, I have navigated both higher education and sports with relative ease. It is unlikely that I will face backlash—personal or professional—for writing this response. I, therefore, hope to use this privilege to offer some thoughts on howwe can “step up” for trans inclusion in sport history. First, I offer responses to some of the obstacles historians encounter in studying trans history, then I use my own scholarship to provide examples of “cissexist pitfalls” to avoid. Some sport historians may suggest that the invisibility of trans figures in our scholarship stems from the contemporaneous nature of the term “transgender.” It is
{"title":"“Stepping Up” for Trans Inclusion in Sport","authors":"Lindsay Parks Pieper","doi":"10.1123/shr.2022-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2022-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Backlash against transgender (trans) people has notably extended into sport. Over the past two years, an unprecedented number of sport organizations have banned trans girls and women from competitions. Scholars from across disciplines have highlighted the problems with these prohibitions; yet, a look through the pages of our journals and our conference proceedings shows the invisibility of trans people in our field, as both actors and authors. As Sport History Review Editor Carly Adams points out in her 2022 editorial “‘Home’ to Some, But Not to Others: It’s Time to ‘Step Up,’”much of the work published in our field “continues to value and privilege certain bodies, voices, and analytic foci.” We have largely ignored the experiences and perspectives of trans people. I am responding to Adams’s call for sport historians to “step up” by encouraging us to be more encompassing and inclusive of trans voices. In doing so, I echo sport historian CB Lucas’s call for us to “bring trans and queer perspectives into our work” to recognize “the ways that queerness (in its myriad forms) pushes against, cracks open, and flat out refuses the binary logics of gender.” Political fear mongering and reductive understandings of sex have cleaved the rights of trans individuals. Our ability to provide historical context to inform contemporary conversations is, therefore, more imperative than ever. As scholars Leah DeVun and Zeb Tortorici poignantly argue, “History often lends legitimacy to a community’s claim that it belongs in the here and now.” We have work to do to ensure that sport history is a space for trans people. In writing this response, I acknowledge my positionality affords me power. Transfeminist methodologies encourage scholars to interrogate their identities and motivations when studying topics related to trans figures to recognize “unequal power dynamicswithin the research process.”As aWhite, United States, able-bodied,middleclass, heterosexual, cisgender (cis) scholar, I have navigated both higher education and sports with relative ease. It is unlikely that I will face backlash—personal or professional—for writing this response. I, therefore, hope to use this privilege to offer some thoughts on howwe can “step up” for trans inclusion in sport history. First, I offer responses to some of the obstacles historians encounter in studying trans history, then I use my own scholarship to provide examples of “cissexist pitfalls” to avoid. Some sport historians may suggest that the invisibility of trans figures in our scholarship stems from the contemporaneous nature of the term “transgender.” It is","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64168147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dismantling the Established: Materiality, Ideology, and Affectivity","authors":"M. MacLean","doi":"10.1123/shr.2022-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2022-0024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64167664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reclaiming Tom Longboat: Indigenous Self-Determination in Canadian Sport","authors":"Taylor McKee","doi":"10.1123/shr.2022-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2022-0031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64167908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prizefighting and Civilization: A Cultural History of Boxing, Race, and Masculinity in Mexico and Cuba, 1840–1940","authors":"Logan Bevis","doi":"10.1123/shr.2022-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2022-0032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64167957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the mid-1960s, how did a small French mountain village become a high performance international Olympic training center? This article intends to answer this question by examining the social conditions behind the center’s creation. The sporting and political context of the Olympic Games in Tokyo (1964) and Mexico (1968) proved fertile ground for the rationalization of sports through stabilizing a medical and sporting administration and implementing a stronger scientific framework. From this perspective, the medicalization of athletic performance in the 1960s played a central role in the conversion of Font-Romeu, transformed from an acclimatization station in the early 1960s into a renowned international altitude training center just a few years later. The article will take a comprehensive look at the construction and management of such a center, and how it became a game changer in the international movement of sportspersons and sports-related personnel the world over.
{"title":"Font-Romeu (1964–1972): A Review of the Social Conditions Behind the Creation of an “International” Sports Center","authors":"S. Fleuriel, Bruno Papin, Baptiste Viaud","doi":"10.1123/shr.2021-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2021-0019","url":null,"abstract":"In the mid-1960s, how did a small French mountain village become a high performance international Olympic training center? This article intends to answer this question by examining the social conditions behind the center’s creation. The sporting and political context of the Olympic Games in Tokyo (1964) and Mexico (1968) proved fertile ground for the rationalization of sports through stabilizing a medical and sporting administration and implementing a stronger scientific framework. From this perspective, the medicalization of athletic performance in the 1960s played a central role in the conversion of Font-Romeu, transformed from an acclimatization station in the early 1960s into a renowned international altitude training center just a few years later. The article will take a comprehensive look at the construction and management of such a center, and how it became a game changer in the international movement of sportspersons and sports-related personnel the world over.","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64166838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Myth of the Amateur: A History of College Athletic Scholarships","authors":"J. Watkins","doi":"10.1123/shr.2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64167108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Moving Boarders: Skateboarding and the Changing Landscape of Urban Youth Sports","authors":"Tolga Ozyurtcu","doi":"10.1123/shr.2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/shr.2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42546,"journal":{"name":"Sport History Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64167060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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