Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0552
Peter E. Gilmore
abstract:The poetry of Western Pennsylvanian David Bruce in the 1790s offers a unique perspective on the politics of a turbulent decade in a region emerging from frontier conditions. His advocacy of Federalist politics enjoyed vibrant coloration as verse composed in Scots. His choice of language expressed his own background as a recent Scottish immigrant while allowing him to pose as "the Scots-Irishman." A project that began as an act of political ventriloquism became admonition, reproachment, and condemnation as Bruce used his poetic skill to criticize and ridicule frontier democrats who actually were Irish of Scots cultural legacy. His poetry both gives voice to the concerns of a Federalist shopkeeper and offers pen-portraits of leading "Irish Jacobins" (as Bruce would have seen them) in Washington County and their views in the years between the Whiskey Rebellion and the Democratic-Republic triumph in 1800.
{"title":"\"Hark ye, Sweet Liberty Boys\": David Bruce, Western Pennsylvania's Federalist Frontier Poet","authors":"Peter E. Gilmore","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0552","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The poetry of Western Pennsylvanian David Bruce in the 1790s offers a unique perspective on the politics of a turbulent decade in a region emerging from frontier conditions. His advocacy of Federalist politics enjoyed vibrant coloration as verse composed in Scots. His choice of language expressed his own background as a recent Scottish immigrant while allowing him to pose as \"the Scots-Irishman.\" A project that began as an act of political ventriloquism became admonition, reproachment, and condemnation as Bruce used his poetic skill to criticize and ridicule frontier democrats who actually were Irish of Scots cultural legacy. His poetry both gives voice to the concerns of a Federalist shopkeeper and offers pen-portraits of leading \"Irish Jacobins\" (as Bruce would have seen them) in Washington County and their views in the years between the Whiskey Rebellion and the Democratic-Republic triumph in 1800.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"552 - 579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84379931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0580
Ian Gutgold
abstract:This article examines the divergent responses of Philadelphia sailmaker James Forten (1766–1842) and Liberian governor Jehudi Ashmun (1794–1828) to the question of the destiny of African-descended people in the United States. Forten, a leader in the African American community, came to oppose the American Colonization Society's plans to promote Black emigration to Liberia. Ashmun, a White teacher and editor from New York state, played a significant role in establishing the colony. Although the two men never met, they led intertwined lives and stood enmeshed in rival transatlantic communication networks transmitting information about conditions in the young settlement. Central to understanding their opposing positions on the possibility and desirability of a biracial society are their contrasting conceptions of the "degraded state" of African Americans.
{"title":"Black Destiny in the Minds of Philadelphia Sailmaker James Forten and Liberian Governor Jehudi Ashmun","authors":"Ian Gutgold","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0580","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article examines the divergent responses of Philadelphia sailmaker James Forten (1766–1842) and Liberian governor Jehudi Ashmun (1794–1828) to the question of the destiny of African-descended people in the United States. Forten, a leader in the African American community, came to oppose the American Colonization Society's plans to promote Black emigration to Liberia. Ashmun, a White teacher and editor from New York state, played a significant role in establishing the colony. Although the two men never met, they led intertwined lives and stood enmeshed in rival transatlantic communication networks transmitting information about conditions in the young settlement. Central to understanding their opposing positions on the possibility and desirability of a biracial society are their contrasting conceptions of the \"degraded state\" of African Americans.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"160 5 1","pages":"580 - 621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83266740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0497
Michael Mccoy
abstract:Focusing on Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, this article considers the standard of living among 408 rural laboring men and their families, asking three questions: what were the costs of a typical household budget; did households earn enough to meet their needs; and did they achieve a minimal level of material comfort? The article answers these questions through two means: (1) it constructs a household budget and tests the degree to which households could afford the necessities; and (2) it measures the material conditions of working men and families by constructing an index of basic household goods against which to compare the personal possessions of the working poor. Together, these measures suggest that the region's working poor struggled to achieve and maintain an often-austere standard of living. This examination sheds light on the conditions of the rural working class in the Age of Jackson.
{"title":"The Standard of Living in Jacksonian-Era Rural Pennsylvania: On the Struggles of the Working Poor","authors":"Michael Mccoy","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0497","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Focusing on Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, this article considers the standard of living among 408 rural laboring men and their families, asking three questions: what were the costs of a typical household budget; did households earn enough to meet their needs; and did they achieve a minimal level of material comfort? The article answers these questions through two means: (1) it constructs a household budget and tests the degree to which households could afford the necessities; and (2) it measures the material conditions of working men and families by constructing an index of basic household goods against which to compare the personal possessions of the working poor. Together, these measures suggest that the region's working poor struggled to achieve and maintain an often-austere standard of living. This examination sheds light on the conditions of the rural working class in the Age of Jackson.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"497 - 551"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84826786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0679
J. Wolfinger
{"title":"Workers on Arrival: Black Labor in the Making of America by Joe William Trotter Jr (review)","authors":"J. Wolfinger","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0679","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":"679 - 681"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80888333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0684
C. Kegerise
{"title":"Preservation and Place: Historic Preservation by and of LGBTQ Communities in the United States ed. by Katherine Crawford-Lackey and Megan E. Springate (review)","authors":"C. Kegerise","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0684","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"684 - 686"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74876481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0622
S. Yee
abstract:For more than a century, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has enjoyed the well-deserved reputation for its leading role in US steel production as well as iron, glass, and coal mining. The names Carnegie, Frick, and Westinghouse still resonate in the public imagination and in popular and academic writing. Less well known are businesses that either did not carry long-term name recognition or eventually moved out of the Pittsburgh area yet were important materially and culturally at particular historical moments. One example is the casket industry. The idea of consolidating large casket-manufacturing firms into a single corporate entity originated in Pittsburgh. This article explores the central role the Steel City played in the modernization of the funeral industry between 1865 and 1910, the formative years of the move toward corporatization.
{"title":"Undertaking Pittsburgh: The Makings of the Casket Industry in the Steel City, 1865–1910","authors":"S. Yee","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.4.0622","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:For more than a century, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has enjoyed the well-deserved reputation for its leading role in US steel production as well as iron, glass, and coal mining. The names Carnegie, Frick, and Westinghouse still resonate in the public imagination and in popular and academic writing. Less well known are businesses that either did not carry long-term name recognition or eventually moved out of the Pittsburgh area yet were important materially and culturally at particular historical moments. One example is the casket industry. The idea of consolidating large casket-manufacturing firms into a single corporate entity originated in Pittsburgh. This article explores the central role the Steel City played in the modernization of the funeral industry between 1865 and 1910, the formative years of the move toward corporatization.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"622 - 647"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77847950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0429
Mary B. Schreiner
abstract:Pennsylvania citizens who were residents of Pennhurst, a state institution opened in 1908 for the “feeble-minded” of society, had unique life experiences. These experiences might seem ordinary but are extraordinary until one considers the setting in which they occurred or when one grasps the profound meaning of what happened there. Interviews with survivors of life in this institution, along with close examination of available archival records about others who lived at Pennhurst, yielded stories and memories that unveiled surprising realities about people with disabilities, both yesterday and today.
{"title":"Realities of Life in an Institution: Dispelling Misconceptions of Disability","authors":"Mary B. Schreiner","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0429","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Pennsylvania citizens who were residents of Pennhurst, a state institution opened in 1908 for the “feeble-minded” of society, had unique life experiences. These experiences might seem ordinary but are extraordinary until one considers the setting in which they occurred or when one grasps the profound meaning of what happened there. Interviews with survivors of life in this institution, along with close examination of available archival records about others who lived at Pennhurst, yielded stories and memories that unveiled surprising realities about people with disabilities, both yesterday and today.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"5 1","pages":"429 - 444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88523045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0412
Katrina N. Jirik
abstract:The time span between 1876 and 1916 was important in establishing America’s institutions for the feeble-minded. The public rhetoric of the institutional superintendents advocated eugenic principles in determining admission to an institution. The views of parents, legislators, and concerned others is a neglected, yet important, perspective. While superintendents had some influence over who was accepted into the institution, they were not in control of the pool of applicants from which admission decisions were made. This work focuses on, but is not exclusively about, New Jersey. Parents who were unable to pay the costs had to supply reasons for applying for warrants to have the New Jersey state government pay the fees. In addition, at least until 1916, even superintendents, when determining admissions, based many of their decisions on multiple considerations (not just the eugenic ones that were prominent in their public rhetoric). The institutional records are valuable resources for gaining a more nuanced understanding of the rise of centers for the feeble-minded.
{"title":"Parents, Superintendents, and Lawmakers in the Creation of Institutions for the Feeble-Minded, 1876–1916","authors":"Katrina N. Jirik","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0412","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The time span between 1876 and 1916 was important in establishing America’s institutions for the feeble-minded. The public rhetoric of the institutional superintendents advocated eugenic principles in determining admission to an institution. The views of parents, legislators, and concerned others is a neglected, yet important, perspective. While superintendents had some influence over who was accepted into the institution, they were not in control of the pool of applicants from which admission decisions were made. This work focuses on, but is not exclusively about, New Jersey. Parents who were unable to pay the costs had to supply reasons for applying for warrants to have the New Jersey state government pay the fees. In addition, at least until 1916, even superintendents, when determining admissions, based many of their decisions on multiple considerations (not just the eugenic ones that were prominent in their public rhetoric). The institutional records are valuable resources for gaining a more nuanced understanding of the rise of centers for the feeble-minded.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"412 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76033418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0385
Kathryn Yelinek
abstract:The South Mountain Restoration Center currently is a Pennsylvania state-owned long-term care center, but it traces its beginnings to a small camp for consumptives in the early 1900s. From this camp, high atop a mountain in rural southcentral Pennsylvania, the Center transformed itself in the 1930s into a state-of-the art tuberculosis sanatorium. In the 1960s it reinvented itself as a geriatric center that stood at the forefront of the Commonwealth’s services for the aging. An examination of the pivotal years 1965–68, when the sanatorium gave way to the restoration center, will show how the state government’s rush to empty overcrowded state schools and hospitals led to the successful creation of the Center, even though its rural location meant it did not meet all of the state’s criteria. This article demonstrates the challenges the state experienced in transitioning the facility from one type to another.
{"title":"“It Can Be Done Much Faster!”: The Transition from the Samuel G. Dixon State Hospital to the South Mountain Restoration Center","authors":"Kathryn Yelinek","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0385","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The South Mountain Restoration Center currently is a Pennsylvania state-owned long-term care center, but it traces its beginnings to a small camp for consumptives in the early 1900s. From this camp, high atop a mountain in rural southcentral Pennsylvania, the Center transformed itself in the 1930s into a state-of-the art tuberculosis sanatorium. In the 1960s it reinvented itself as a geriatric center that stood at the forefront of the Commonwealth’s services for the aging. An examination of the pivotal years 1965–68, when the sanatorium gave way to the restoration center, will show how the state government’s rush to empty overcrowded state schools and hospitals led to the successful creation of the Center, even though its rural location meant it did not meet all of the state’s criteria. This article demonstrates the challenges the state experienced in transitioning the facility from one type to another.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"44 1","pages":"385 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80927843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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