Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0365
E. W. Simon, Brent J. Ruswick
abstract:A train left Greenwood Station outside Philadelphia on April 20, 1897. It carried 153 people from the Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children (now Elwyn) to the first government-operated facility for people with intellectual disabilities in Pennsylvania: the State Institution for Feeble-Minded of Western Pennsylvania at Polk (now Polk Training Center). Since 1852 Elwyn, a privately operated school, served as the only long-term out-of-home option in Pennsylvania designed specifically for people with intellectual disabilities. Over the ensuing decades, Polk became part of a statewide institutional system that during the 1960s housed over 13,000 people. Written amidst the context of these state institutions closing in recent years, this article details their beginnings and the lives of the 153 people on that train. Previously unexamined Elwyn and Polk archival material present these stories in the context of the emergent clinical, economic, moral, and political forces that promoted the institutional model.
{"title":"Hellbound Train: The Beginning of The Pennsylvania State Institutional System or People with Intellectual Disabilities","authors":"E. W. Simon, Brent J. Ruswick","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0365","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:A train left Greenwood Station outside Philadelphia on April 20, 1897. It carried 153 people from the Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children (now Elwyn) to the first government-operated facility for people with intellectual disabilities in Pennsylvania: the State Institution for Feeble-Minded of Western Pennsylvania at Polk (now Polk Training Center). Since 1852 Elwyn, a privately operated school, served as the only long-term out-of-home option in Pennsylvania designed specifically for people with intellectual disabilities. Over the ensuing decades, Polk became part of a statewide institutional system that during the 1960s housed over 13,000 people. Written amidst the context of these state institutions closing in recent years, this article details their beginnings and the lives of the 153 people on that train. Previously unexamined Elwyn and Polk archival material present these stories in the context of the emergent clinical, economic, moral, and political forces that promoted the institutional model.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"365 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83377525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0351
Sierra O. Green
abstract:The Heinz History Center was a founding member of the Western Pennsylvania Disability History and Action Consortium. This partnership has resulted in the acquisition of foundational archival and artifact collections connected to local disability history. This article demonstrates how these recently acquired records reflect the pioneering role of Western Pennsylvania in the national struggle for disability rights. Given their recent acquisition and the general paucity of scholarship on Pennsylvania disability history, these records are largely untapped by scholars.
{"title":"Emerging Research Opportunities in Disability History at the Heinz History Center","authors":"Sierra O. Green","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0351","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The Heinz History Center was a founding member of the Western Pennsylvania Disability History and Action Consortium. This partnership has resulted in the acquisition of foundational archival and artifact collections connected to local disability history. This article demonstrates how these recently acquired records reflect the pioneering role of Western Pennsylvania in the national struggle for disability rights. Given their recent acquisition and the general paucity of scholarship on Pennsylvania disability history, these records are largely untapped by scholars.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"63 1","pages":"351 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75634150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0445
Kathryn Fialkowski, Margery N. Sly, Lisa Sonneborn
abstract:Framed by the context of the Intellectual Disability Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, this article highlights perspectives of three practitioners at Temple University as they discuss the complexities of building the documentary record of a movement through both the disability rights collections in the Special Collection Research Center and oral histories through the Visionary Voices program, creative engagement in history with the public, and using humanistic approaches to education in interdisciplinary programming. Each of the authors discusses the benefits of collaboration and the questions that evolve from centering work on humanistic issues and lived experience.
{"title":"Temple University’s Intellectual Disability Collections: Collaboration, Education, and Engagement","authors":"Kathryn Fialkowski, Margery N. Sly, Lisa Sonneborn","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0445","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Framed by the context of the Intellectual Disability Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, this article highlights perspectives of three practitioners at Temple University as they discuss the complexities of building the documentary record of a movement through both the disability rights collections in the Special Collection Research Center and oral histories through the Visionary Voices program, creative engagement in history with the public, and using humanistic approaches to education in interdisciplinary programming. Each of the authors discusses the benefits of collaboration and the questions that evolve from centering work on humanistic issues and lived experience.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"132 1","pages":"445 - 461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76717421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0333
Dennis B. Downey
abstract:A brief conversational presentation that highlights aspects of Pennsylvania disability history. Emphasis is given to the institutional and ideological dimensions of the Commonwealth’s place in a national narrative of disability injustice and disability rights. Due to space constraints, less attention is given to the stories of individuals. The aim is to encourage further research.
{"title":"From Segregation to Disability Rights: Pennsylvania Disability History in Historical Context","authors":"Dennis B. Downey","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0333","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:A brief conversational presentation that highlights aspects of Pennsylvania disability history. Emphasis is given to the institutional and ideological dimensions of the Commonwealth’s place in a national narrative of disability injustice and disability rights. Due to space constraints, less attention is given to the stories of individuals. The aim is to encourage further research.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"149 1","pages":"333 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86658551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0473
J. Conroy, Dennis B. Downey
abstract:Sometimes a dark period of history must be preserved and publicized in order to avoid repeating the mistakes that led to a human tragedy, and this is the case with the notorious Pennhurst State School and Hospital. America endured a sad century and a half of segregating, isolating, overcrowding, and finally neglecting and abusing millions of its citizens with developmental disabilities. This must not be allowed to be hidden or forgotten, and Pennhurst is serving as an iconic symbol that is clear and simple for everyone to learn about and remember. During the past decade, one organization arose that is devoted to memory of the shameful treatment of citizens with disabilities: the Pennhurst Memorial and Preservation Alliance. The organization has utilized many methods of educate the public, and public officials, about the errors of past segregation and institutionalization.
{"title":"Preserving Pennsylvania’s History of Disability Rights Advocacy: The Pennhurst Memorial and Preservation Alliance","authors":"J. Conroy, Dennis B. Downey","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0473","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Sometimes a dark period of history must be preserved and publicized in order to avoid repeating the mistakes that led to a human tragedy, and this is the case with the notorious Pennhurst State School and Hospital. America endured a sad century and a half of segregating, isolating, overcrowding, and finally neglecting and abusing millions of its citizens with developmental disabilities. This must not be allowed to be hidden or forgotten, and Pennhurst is serving as an iconic symbol that is clear and simple for everyone to learn about and remember. During the past decade, one organization arose that is devoted to memory of the shameful treatment of citizens with disabilities: the Pennhurst Memorial and Preservation Alliance. The organization has utilized many methods of educate the public, and public officials, about the errors of past segregation and institutionalization.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"89 1","pages":"473 - 479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83133355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0462
T. Calabro, Guy Caruso
abstract:The Western Pennsylvania Disability History and Action Consortium is a community-based archives. Founded in 2015, it preserves and honors the historic struggle of Western Pennsylvanians with disabilities to attain human and civil rights. It shares their lived experiences in order to promote community access, participation, and equal opportunity. Written by two founding members, this article describes the Consortium’s mission, goals, activities, and partnerships.
{"title":"The Western Pennsylvania Disability History and Action Consortium","authors":"T. Calabro, Guy Caruso","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0462","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:The Western Pennsylvania Disability History and Action Consortium is a community-based archives. Founded in 2015, it preserves and honors the historic struggle of Western Pennsylvanians with disabilities to attain human and civil rights. It shares their lived experiences in order to promote community access, participation, and equal opportunity. Written by two founding members, this article describes the Consortium’s mission, goals, activities, and partnerships.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"43 1","pages":"462 - 472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84419619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0337
Tyler Stump
abstract:This article discusses archival materials currently held by the Pennsylvania State Archives that are useful for studying the history of disability and institutionalization. The vast majority of these resources contain administrative, patient, and related records from state hospitals and state centers that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has operated from the mid-nineteenth century to the present.
{"title":"Records and Resources: Finding the History of Disability and Institutionalization at the Pennsylvania State Archives","authors":"Tyler Stump","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0337","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article discusses archival materials currently held by the Pennsylvania State Archives that are useful for studying the history of disability and institutionalization. The vast majority of these resources contain administrative, patient, and related records from state hospitals and state centers that the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has operated from the mid-nineteenth century to the present.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"20 1","pages":"337 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91058396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-18DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0480
Chelsea D. Chamberlain, Elliott M. Simon
abstract:Elwyn is found outside Media, Pennsylvania, and houses extensive historical archives that include original source material from four separate organizations. These include Elwyn itself (historically, the Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children), the Vineland Training School (historically, the New Jersey Home for the Education and Care of Feeble-Minded Children), Philadelphia Orphan Society, and Speaking for Ourselves. This article includes a brief description of each organization and then describes the museum and archival holdings in some detail.
{"title":"The Elwyn Archives and Museum","authors":"Chelsea D. Chamberlain, Elliott M. Simon","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.3.0480","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Elwyn is found outside Media, Pennsylvania, and houses extensive historical archives that include original source material from four separate organizations. These include Elwyn itself (historically, the Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children), the Vineland Training School (historically, the New Jersey Home for the Education and Care of Feeble-Minded Children), Philadelphia Orphan Society, and Speaking for Ourselves. This article includes a brief description of each organization and then describes the museum and archival holdings in some detail.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"71 1","pages":"480 - 486"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91155523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.2.0273
Alice Padula
abstract:In The Philadelphia Negro, published in 1899, W. E. B. Du Bois created a detailed sociological study to communicate that the "Negro problem" was not due to a perceived inferiority of Black people, but instead the result of structural racism in society. While his work did not immediately improve the lives of Black Philadelphians, it contributed both to advancing the field of sociology and to changing the way Americans understood race. Du Bois emphasized the importance of acknowledging Black people as individuals and that the problems within Philadelphia's Black population were a "symptom" of the society and not the cause of the society's problems. The spread of Du Bois's perspective continues today as America again grapples with understanding all of the ways racism is manifested in society.
W. E. B.杜波依斯在1899年出版的《费城黑人》一书中通过详细的社会学研究表明，“黑人问题”并不是因为人们认为黑人自卑感，而是社会结构性种族主义的结果。虽然他的工作并没有立即改善费城黑人的生活，但它对推进社会学领域和改变美国人对种族的理解方式做出了贡献。杜波依斯强调承认黑人作为个体的重要性，并强调费城黑人人口中的问题是社会的“症状”，而不是社会问题的原因。杜波依斯的观点今天仍在继续传播，因为美国再次努力理解种族主义在社会中表现出来的所有方式。
{"title":"\"The World Was Thinking Wrong About Race\": W. E. B. Du Bois's The Philadelphia Negro","authors":"Alice Padula","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.2.0273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.2.0273","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:In The Philadelphia Negro, published in 1899, W. E. B. Du Bois created a detailed sociological study to communicate that the \"Negro problem\" was not due to a perceived inferiority of Black people, but instead the result of structural racism in society. While his work did not immediately improve the lives of Black Philadelphians, it contributed both to advancing the field of sociology and to changing the way Americans understood race. Du Bois emphasized the importance of acknowledging Black people as individuals and that the problems within Philadelphia's Black population were a \"symptom\" of the society and not the cause of the society's problems. The spread of Du Bois's perspective continues today as America again grapples with understanding all of the ways racism is manifested in society.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"273 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89026068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13DOI: 10.5325/pennhistory.89.2.0227
S. Nolt, Jean-Paul Benowitz
abstract:In 1895 Pennsylvania passed the so-called "Garb Law" prohibiting public school teachers from wearing religiously distinctive clothing. Although aimed at Catholic nuns in western Pennsylvania, the law was first enforced in Lancaster County against plain-dressed Mennonite and Brethren school teachers. The 1908 prosecution of Mennonite Lillian Risser and the school board that hired her was the first case to test the law. Although the district court ruled in Risser's favor, the Superior and Supreme Courts reversed that judgement and upheld the Garb Law, drawing on the precedents provided by John Banister Gibson, a prominent antebellum Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice whose legal legacy had produced a remarkably narrow view of religious free exercise. Risser's legal challenge remains an important episode in the ongoing debate over the boundaries of religious liberty in Pennsylvania. It also recalls an early example of legal engagement on the part of Pennsylvania's plain people.
{"title":"Plain Dress in the Docket: Lillian Risser, the Pennsylvania Garb Law, and the Free Exercise of Anabaptist Religion, 1908–1910","authors":"S. Nolt, Jean-Paul Benowitz","doi":"10.5325/pennhistory.89.2.0227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.2.0227","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:In 1895 Pennsylvania passed the so-called \"Garb Law\" prohibiting public school teachers from wearing religiously distinctive clothing. Although aimed at Catholic nuns in western Pennsylvania, the law was first enforced in Lancaster County against plain-dressed Mennonite and Brethren school teachers. The 1908 prosecution of Mennonite Lillian Risser and the school board that hired her was the first case to test the law. Although the district court ruled in Risser's favor, the Superior and Supreme Courts reversed that judgement and upheld the Garb Law, drawing on the precedents provided by John Banister Gibson, a prominent antebellum Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice whose legal legacy had produced a remarkably narrow view of religious free exercise. Risser's legal challenge remains an important episode in the ongoing debate over the boundaries of religious liberty in Pennsylvania. It also recalls an early example of legal engagement on the part of Pennsylvania's plain people.","PeriodicalId":42553,"journal":{"name":"Pennsylvania History-A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"227 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87967102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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