{"title":"Justice in Hispanic America: The Case of the Social Uses of Judicial Competence in Chile, 1825-1875","authors":"V. Brangier","doi":"10.30884/seh/2020.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2020.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article considers the issues of war and peace in terms of the social democratic concept. It focuses on the evolution of socialists' views on the issues of origin of wars, their role in state-building and in history, on the means of attaining peace, models of political power and creation of international systems. A comparison is made between the views of theoreticians of the European socialism and positions of modern authors and the leading schools of international relations (concerned with political realism, liberalism and neo-Marxism). The author concludes that the social democratic concept, based on the understanding of war close to that of the school of realism, has been developing, in the aspect of post-war world order, towards liberalism. Recognizing the immense role of wars in the evolution of humankind, theoreticians of socialism sought to work out a model of a global community in which eternal peace would reign supreme. The social democratic theory has significantly contributed to the philosophy of war, not only becoming a core of neo-Marxism, but also enriching with some provisions the theory of political realism and liberalism.
{"title":"The Nature and Origins of War: The Social Democratic Concept","authors":"Yelena N. Yemelyanova","doi":"10.30884/seh/2020.02.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2020.02.04","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the issues of war and peace in terms of the social democratic concept. It focuses on the evolution of socialists' views on the issues of origin of wars, their role in state-building and in history, on the means of attaining peace, models of political power and creation of international systems. A comparison is made between the views of theoreticians of the European socialism and positions of modern authors and the leading schools of international relations (concerned with political realism, liberalism and neo-Marxism). The author concludes that the social democratic concept, based on the understanding of war close to that of the school of realism, has been developing, in the aspect of post-war world order, towards liberalism. Recognizing the immense role of wars in the evolution of humankind, theoreticians of socialism sought to work out a model of a global community in which eternal peace would reign supreme. The social democratic theory has significantly contributed to the philosophy of war, not only becoming a core of neo-Marxism, but also enriching with some provisions the theory of political realism and liberalism.","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Political participation is a key political phenomenon. Each year, we see the publication of many analyses describing and explaining the behaviours through which citizens nowadays seek to influence politics. Typically, researchers focus on the environmental conditions for the behaviours in question, ignoring the effects of genetic factors. The resulting knowledge gap is filled by genopolitical research. This line of research is highly controversial and deals primarily with candidate gene studies. The aim of this article is to present key theoretical and methodological issues concerning genetic explanations of political participation. The paper analyses selected studies suggesting a genetic base for political behaviours, identifies methodological difficulties faced by researchers bringing together knowledge from the fields of molecular genetics, behavioural genetics and political science, and discusses non-scientific arguments against genetic explanations of political participation. Despite numerous doubts, of both scientific and non-scientific nature, expanding our knowledge base regarding political behaviours requires research combining different theoretical and methodological perspectives. For effective interdisciplinary coop-eration to become a reality, it is necessary to aim at bridging the tra-Wróbel ditional divisions and animosities between representatives of different scientific disciplines and to develop institutional mechanisms for the more effective formation of interdisciplinary research teams. oxidase A
{"title":"Some Remarks on the Genetic Explanations of Political Participation","authors":"Sylwester Wróbel, Mateusz Wajzer, Monika Cukier-Syguła","doi":"10.30884/seh/2020.02.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2020.02.05","url":null,"abstract":"Political participation is a key political phenomenon. Each year, we see the publication of many analyses describing and explaining the behaviours through which citizens nowadays seek to influence politics. Typically, researchers focus on the environmental conditions for the behaviours in question, ignoring the effects of genetic factors. The resulting knowledge gap is filled by genopolitical research. This line of research is highly controversial and deals primarily with candidate gene studies. The aim of this article is to present key theoretical and methodological issues concerning genetic explanations of political participation. The paper analyses selected studies suggesting a genetic base for political behaviours, identifies methodological difficulties faced by researchers bringing together knowledge from the fields of molecular genetics, behavioural genetics and political science, and discusses non-scientific arguments against genetic explanations of political participation. Despite numerous doubts, of both scientific and non-scientific nature, expanding our knowledge base regarding political behaviours requires research combining different theoretical and methodological perspectives. For effective interdisciplinary coop-eration to become a reality, it is necessary to aim at bridging the tra-Wróbel ditional divisions and animosities between representatives of different scientific disciplines and to develop institutional mechanisms for the more effective formation of interdisciplinary research teams. oxidase A","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper Vavilov centers, which are crop biodiversity hotspots, are considered as agricultural areas of original crop evolution and crop diversity and therefore as pristine information-based World Systems. The relevant information is the DNA of the cultivars. Therefore, the concept of Vavilov cultures is presented here to identify some enabling and constraining conditions of the developments of regional so-cio-economic systems. These conditions are considered as the regime, such evolutionary processes are subject to. This issue is not clear to the eyes. The conceptual application of Vavilov's law of homologous series to socio-ecological evolution holds true for Vavilov cultures.
{"title":"Vavilov Centers or Vavilov Cultures? Evidence for the Law of Homologous Series in World System Evolution","authors":"Uwe Christian Plachetka","doi":"10.30884/seh/2020.02.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2020.02.07","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper Vavilov centers, which are crop biodiversity hotspots, are considered as agricultural areas of original crop evolution and crop diversity and therefore as pristine information-based World Systems. The relevant information is the DNA of the cultivars. Therefore, the concept of Vavilov cultures is presented here to identify some enabling and constraining conditions of the developments of regional so-cio-economic systems. These conditions are considered as the regime, such evolutionary processes are subject to. This issue is not clear to the eyes. The conceptual application of Vavilov's law of homologous series to socio-ecological evolution holds true for Vavilov cultures.","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When scientific method is not scrupulously followed, we move from objective to subjective knowledge. An example is provided by theistic cosmogonies, such as, the so-called theory (hypothesis, in reality) of ‘intelligent design’ (ID). It claims adequacy with all of the criteria defining scientific theory, thus placing it on an equal footing with evolutionism. Its motto can be summarised as ‘evolution – yes, but by divine design, not by natural selection.’ In this paper, the author ex-pounds some of the thermodynamic and biological arguments imply-ing that ID is an intrinsically religious notion that does not meet any scientific requirements and that simply represents another attempt to make cynical use of science in favour of unscientific postulates. ... the first quality that a living thing must have to be selectable is that of being forced to perish in its natural environment; death can be said to be the agent of perfection, and, ultimately, of the origin of life. The tendency to fall into disorder with the deval-uation of energy, which, as a general law of reality, is stated in said [second] principle of thermodynamics, is what paradoxical-ly determines, under certain conditions, the creation of a growing order. The theory of natural selection explains, then, how, within the evolutionary process of the whole of reality, mutually determines the processes that regulate increasing disorder and those in which a growing order is created, such as biological evolution on Earth [our own translation from Spanish].
{"title":"From Thermodynamics to Biology: A Critical Approach to ‘Intelligent Design’ Hypothesis","authors":"P. Hortolà","doi":"10.30884/seh/2020.02.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2020.02.01","url":null,"abstract":"When scientific method is not scrupulously followed, we move from objective to subjective knowledge. An example is provided by theistic cosmogonies, such as, the so-called theory (hypothesis, in reality) of ‘intelligent design’ (ID). It claims adequacy with all of the criteria defining scientific theory, thus placing it on an equal footing with evolutionism. Its motto can be summarised as ‘evolution – yes, but by divine design, not by natural selection.’ In this paper, the author ex-pounds some of the thermodynamic and biological arguments imply-ing that ID is an intrinsically religious notion that does not meet any scientific requirements and that simply represents another attempt to make cynical use of science in favour of unscientific postulates. ... the first quality that a living thing must have to be selectable is that of being forced to perish in its natural environment; death can be said to be the agent of perfection, and, ultimately, of the origin of life. The tendency to fall into disorder with the deval-uation of energy, which, as a general law of reality, is stated in said [second] principle of thermodynamics, is what paradoxical-ly determines, under certain conditions, the creation of a growing order. The theory of natural selection explains, then, how, within the evolutionary process of the whole of reality, mutually determines the processes that regulate increasing disorder and those in which a growing order is created, such as biological evolution on Earth [our own translation from Spanish].","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present article is devoted to the issue of unity of laws, patterns and mechanisms of evolution at all its stages and levels and also to the place of social evolution in the single and universal process of universal evolution or mega-evolution. Despite the enormous differences between cosmic, planetological, chemical, biological, and social evolutions, there are many similarities. Unfortunately, quite a few works are devoted to their identification. In the present article we will consider a number of such important similarities, which, in our opinion, clearly demonstrate the systemic-structural and functional-evolutionary unity of the world at its different levels and in different areas. The understanding of these similarities deepens our perception of social evolution and its regularities, and leads us away from the false idea that social evolution in all aspects is different from the evolution of previous levels. In the first section our key goal is to give our own definitions of evolution and social evolution which would cover as many variants of evolutionary changes as possible. In the second section we tried to give a rather voluminous and dialectical picture of the unfolding universal evolution instead of a primitive scheme: cosmic – biological – social. There introduce notions of main and transitional phases of universal evolution and show the importance of its planetological and chemical phases. In the third section we show that one can reveal a number of similarities at all levels and phases of mega-evolution, which can be generalized in uniGrinin and Grinin / Social Evolution as a Part of Universal Evolution 21 versal laws, rules, mechanisms, patterns and principles of evolution. One should note that in fact none of the important laws and principles as well as none of important rules of evolution have been ‘lost’ in the process of moving from lower to higher levels. They were only modified and became more complicated, and there also appeared some new principles and rules (in retrospect one can see their rudiments at the lowest levels of evolution). Some of these laws and rules are described in this section. In the fourth section we will try to present some evolutionary and philosophical ideas that explain the profound similarity in the laws and patterns of mega-evolution at all its levels and phases. In the Conclusion we discuss evolutionary and non-evolutionary matter.
本文致力于所有阶段和层次的进化规律、模式和机制的统一性问题，以及社会进化在普遍进化或大进化的单一和普遍过程中的地位。尽管宇宙、行星、化学、生物和社会进化之间存在巨大差异，但也有许多相似之处。不幸的是，相当多的作品致力于他们的识别。在本文中，我们将考虑一些这样重要的相似之处，在我们看来，这些相似之处清楚地表明世界在不同层次和不同领域的系统结构和功能进化的统一性。对这些相似性的认识加深了我们对社会进化及其规律的认识，使我们摆脱了认为各方面的社会进化不同于以往各层次进化的错误观念。在第一部分中，我们的主要目标是给出我们自己对进化和社会进化的定义，这将涵盖尽可能多的进化变化的变体。在第二部分中，我们试图给出一幅相当丰富和辩证的图景，来说明正在展开的普遍进化，而不是一个原始的图式:宇宙-生物-社会。介绍了宇宙演化的主要阶段和过渡阶段的概念，说明了宇宙演化的行星学阶段和化学阶段的重要性。在第三部分中，我们展示了在大进化的所有层次和阶段中可以发现许多相似之处，这些相似之处可以概括为uniGrinin和Grinin / Social Evolution as a Part of Universal Evolution 21普遍的进化规律、规则、机制、模式和原则。人们应该注意到，事实上，在从低级到高级的过程中，没有一个重要的定律和原则，也没有一个重要的进化规则被“丢失”。它们只是经过修改，变得更加复杂，并且还出现了一些新的原则和规则(回顾起来，我们可以看到它们在进化的最低阶段的雏形)。本节将介绍其中的一些法律和规则。在第四部分，我们将尝试提出一些进化论和哲学思想，来解释在所有层次和阶段的大进化的规律和模式的深刻相似性。在结束语中，我们讨论了进化和非进化的问题。
{"title":"Social Evolution as an Integral Part of Universal Evolution","authors":"L. Grinin, A. Grinin","doi":"10.30884/seh/2020.02.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2020.02.02","url":null,"abstract":"The present article is devoted to the issue of unity of laws, patterns and mechanisms of evolution at all its stages and levels and also to the place of social evolution in the single and universal process of universal evolution or mega-evolution. Despite the enormous differences between cosmic, planetological, chemical, biological, and social evolutions, there are many similarities. Unfortunately, quite a few works are devoted to their identification. In the present article we will consider a number of such important similarities, which, in our opinion, clearly demonstrate the systemic-structural and functional-evolutionary unity of the world at its different levels and in different areas. The understanding of these similarities deepens our perception of social evolution and its regularities, and leads us away from the false idea that social evolution in all aspects is different from the evolution of previous levels. In the first section our key goal is to give our own definitions of evolution and social evolution which would cover as many variants of evolutionary changes as possible. In the second section we tried to give a rather voluminous and dialectical picture of the unfolding universal evolution instead of a primitive scheme: cosmic – biological – social. There introduce notions of main and transitional phases of universal evolution and show the importance of its planetological and chemical phases. In the third section we show that one can reveal a number of similarities at all levels and phases of mega-evolution, which can be generalized in uniGrinin and Grinin / Social Evolution as a Part of Universal Evolution 21 versal laws, rules, mechanisms, patterns and principles of evolution. One should note that in fact none of the important laws and principles as well as none of important rules of evolution have been ‘lost’ in the process of moving from lower to higher levels. They were only modified and became more complicated, and there also appeared some new principles and rules (in retrospect one can see their rudiments at the lowest levels of evolution). Some of these laws and rules are described in this section. In the fourth section we will try to present some evolutionary and philosophical ideas that explain the profound similarity in the laws and patterns of mega-evolution at all its levels and phases. In the Conclusion we discuss evolutionary and non-evolutionary matter.","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-05DOI: 10.6008/cbpc2595-430x.2019.002.0001
Luiz Otávio Silva Reis, Sheldon William Silva, Lucas Rosa Paiva, Pedro dos Santos Portugal Júnior, F. Piurcosky
Este trabalho aborda a evolução do sertanejo caipira até o novo estilo musical denominado sertanejo universitário. O propósito deste estudo é demonstrar como o estilo simples, recatado e do sertão, deu origem ao sertanejo universitário e comprovar a hipótese de que houve um crescimento muito grande desse gênero musical até os dias atuais. Para alcançar este objetivo, a pesquisa, de cunho bibliográfico e documental, utilizará artigos científicos, livros e dados do Escritório Central de Arrecadação (ECAD) entre os anos de 2013 a 2015. O ritmo caipira passou várias etapas durante seu crescimento e superou vários preconceitos para tocar nas emissoras de rádios e cair no gosto popular. A análise demonstrou que o ritmo sertanejo passou por diversas mudanças até chegar no ritmo dos dias atuais, e com isso, concluiu-se que várias dessas fases colaboraram para que esse crescimento do estilo fosse significativo em relação ao seu início caipira, destacando principalmente suas grandes realizações e participações em rádio, televisão, shows, e outras formas de arrecadação. Atualmente, o cenário musical está propício à criação e ao desenvolvimento econômico sustentável de empreendimentos musicais de pequeno e médio porte. O que antes era somente música, agora virou negócio. Um mercado competitivo e nem sempre justo no cenário fonográfico, pois quanto mais investimento correto e efetivo houver, mais êxito terá no negócio e possivelmente o cantor/banda irá conseguir se sobressair aos demais artistas que não estão no mesmo patamar de negócios ou financeiro.
{"title":"A evolução do estilo musical sertanejo nos dias atuais: do caipira ao universitário","authors":"Luiz Otávio Silva Reis, Sheldon William Silva, Lucas Rosa Paiva, Pedro dos Santos Portugal Júnior, F. Piurcosky","doi":"10.6008/cbpc2595-430x.2019.002.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2595-430x.2019.002.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Este trabalho aborda a evolução do sertanejo caipira até o novo estilo musical denominado sertanejo universitário. O propósito deste estudo é demonstrar como o estilo simples, recatado e do sertão, deu origem ao sertanejo universitário e comprovar a hipótese de que houve um crescimento muito grande desse gênero musical até os dias atuais. Para alcançar este objetivo, a pesquisa, de cunho bibliográfico e documental, utilizará artigos científicos, livros e dados do Escritório Central de Arrecadação (ECAD) entre os anos de 2013 a 2015. O ritmo caipira passou várias etapas durante seu crescimento e superou vários preconceitos para tocar nas emissoras de rádios e cair no gosto popular. A análise demonstrou que o ritmo sertanejo passou por diversas mudanças até chegar no ritmo dos dias atuais, e com isso, concluiu-se que várias dessas fases colaboraram para que esse crescimento do estilo fosse significativo em relação ao seu início caipira, destacando principalmente suas grandes realizações e participações em rádio, televisão, shows, e outras formas de arrecadação. Atualmente, o cenário musical está propício à criação e ao desenvolvimento econômico sustentável de empreendimentos musicais de pequeno e médio porte. O que antes era somente música, agora virou negócio. Um mercado competitivo e nem sempre justo no cenário fonográfico, pois quanto mais investimento correto e efetivo houver, mais êxito terá no negócio e possivelmente o cantor/banda irá conseguir se sobressair aos demais artistas que não estão no mesmo patamar de negócios ou financeiro.","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74106849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article concerns various aspects of the social interpretation of funeral complexes of the early medieval Türks (dating to the second half of the first millennium AD). The results of the analysis of sites excavated in the Altai, Tuva and Minusinsk basin are presented here. The available material, along with theoretical and practical experience of Russian and foreign scientists allowed for the development of an original social research program. We also define the features of gender and age differentiation of the early medieval Turkic society and consider opportunities of modeling the vertical structure of society. In the article we also distinguish the groups of burials showing the heterogeneity of nomads in the Altai-Sayan region in the second half of the first millennium AD. The results obtained through social analyses of funeral complexes are combined with data from written sources, in particular with the Chinese chronicles and Turks runic texts.
{"title":"Social Structure of the Early Medieval Turks in Altai-Sayan Region: Archaeological Perspectives","authors":"N. Seregin","doi":"10.30884/seh/2019.02.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2019.02.07","url":null,"abstract":"The article concerns various aspects of the social interpretation of funeral complexes of the early medieval Türks (dating to the second half of the first millennium AD). The results of the analysis of sites excavated in the Altai, Tuva and Minusinsk basin are presented here. The available material, along with theoretical and practical experience of Russian and foreign scientists allowed for the development of an original social research program. We also define the features of gender and age differentiation of the early medieval Turkic society and consider opportunities of modeling the vertical structure of society. In the article we also distinguish the groups of burials showing the heterogeneity of nomads in the Altai-Sayan region in the second half of the first millennium AD. The results obtained through social analyses of funeral complexes are combined with data from written sources, in particular with the Chinese chronicles and Turks runic texts.","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46644097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the form of the Ancient Turks family in the context of original source data. The conclusions of the Marxist scholars were mostly artificial and speculative, while in the rest of the scientific world the problem received little attention. Through consideration of the issues under discussion, involving original source data, the author points to a nuclear form of the Ancient Turks family, which is typical of nomadic societies in general. The problem of family organization as a social institution of nomadic societies has remained relevant throughout all periods of the study of nomadism. However, the views of scientists on the form of family of nomads had evolved in the context of the enlargement of both the source and methodological bases used for these studies. The family institution in the social life of Inner Asian nomads of the Old Turks Period (the sixth – the tenth centuries AD), and of the Türks in particular, have not yet become a subject of special research, although they have been touched upon by researchers in the context of various problems of the social history both of the Türks or other nomadic societies. Under the influence of Marxism, an evolutionary stadial approach to the study of socio-economic relations among nomads was established in historiography, according to which nomadic economic activity and societal structures of nomads were considered on the basis of ideas about the existence of unified scheme of the historical process. Therefore, based on the classic work of Friedrich Engels Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats, Aleksandr N. Bernshtam argued that the main economic unit among the Türks was a patriarchal family (Bernshtam 1946: 88, 94). This idea was further supported by other Soviet researchers (Abramzon 1951: 152–155; Lashuk 1967: 119; Markov 1976: 79; etc.). Sergei P. Tolstov wrote about ‘large patriarchal families characterized by Social Evolution & History / September 2019 116 polygamy, a developed institution of adoption and ... a highly developed clientela’ (Tolstov 1938: 32; 1948: 264). Sergei G. Klyashtorny also adhered to the traditional idea that ‘the basic cell of production of any nomadic society’, including the Türkic one, was the ‘family household.’ However, he characterized it as being patriarchal (Klyashtorny 2003: 483; etc.). Lev N. Gumilyov believed that the Türks had a pairing family (Gumilyov 1967: 70, 74), although in another passage, discussing the Tiělè 鐡勒 tribes, he wrote about ‘large families’ and about the tranformation of those ‘large families’ into tribes (Ibid.: 61). In the opinion of Yury A. Zuev, originally ‘the smallest economic unit and the basis of the social structure of the ancient Turks society was a large-family community, whose obligatory attributes were a common dwelling (at an early stage), a common pot, and a patriarch-housekeeper’ (Zuev 1967: 71; 1977: 331). His argument in favor of this was found in sources discussing cattle, which
本文在原始原始资料的背景下讨论了古突厥族的形态。马克思主义学者的结论大多是人为的和推测性的，而在科学界的其他地方，这个问题很少受到关注。通过对讨论中的问题的考虑，涉及原始的原始资料，作者指出了古突厥家庭的一种核心形式，这是一般游牧社会的典型。作为游牧社会的一种社会制度，家庭组织的问题在游牧研究的各个时期始终具有相关性。然而，科学家对游牧民族家庭形式的看法是在这些研究的来源和方法基础扩大的背景下发展起来的。古突厥时期(公元6 - 10世纪)内亚游牧民族社会生活中的家庭制度，特别是土制<s:1>游牧民族的家庭制度，还没有成为专门研究的主题，尽管研究人员已经在土制<s:1>游牧民族或其他游牧民族社会历史的各种问题的背景下触及了它们。在马克思主义的影响下，史学建立了一种研究游牧民族社会经济关系的演化理论，认为游牧民族的经济活动和社会结构是建立在历史进程存在统一图式的基础上的。因此，Aleksandr N. Bernshtam根据恩格斯的经典著作《论家庭、私有制和国家》认为，<s:1> rks中的主要经济单位是父权制家庭(Bernshtam 1946: 88,94)。这一观点得到了其他苏联研究者的进一步支持(Abramzon 1951: 152-155;拉舒克1967:119;Markov 1976: 79;等等)。谢尔盖·p·托尔斯泰写过“以社会进化和历史为特征的大父系家庭”/ 2019年9月116一夫多妻制，一个发达的收养制度和……高度发达的客户”(托尔斯泰1938:32;1948: 264)。Sergei G. Klyashtorny还坚持传统观念，即“任何游牧社会的基本生产单元”，包括游牧民族社会，都是“家庭”。然而，他将其描述为父权制(Klyashtorny 2003: 483;等等)。Lev N. Gumilyov认为t<s:1> rks有一个配对家庭(Gumilyov 1967: 70,74)，尽管在另一篇讨论Tiělè鐡部落的文章中，他写到了“大家庭”以及这些“大家庭”向部落的转变(同上:61)。尤里·a·祖埃夫(Yury a . Zuev)认为，最初“古代土耳其社会最小的经济单位和社会结构的基础是一个大家庭共同体，其义务属性是共同的住所(在早期阶段)、共同的锅和族长管家”(Zuev 1967: 71;1977: 331)。他支持这一观点的论据可以在讨论牛的资料中找到，牛需要马厩，因此它们的存在意味着<s:1> rks人的生活方式是久坐不动的(Idem 1967: 72)。Zuev根据Tōng Diǎn(801)的第197章翻译了这段话，其中他翻译了<s:1> rkic标题Yí kèhán，“house kagan”(同上:71-72;1977: 331):易建联yǒu kehan魏哉yehu xiahuo yǒu jūjiā大兴xi zh型ětāng hū魏易建联kehanū爵hūwū魏及其wūkehan yě亦有可汗位在葉護下或有居家大姓相呼為遺可汗者突厥呼屋為遺言屋可汗也(引用在Taşğıl 2003: 200 (tōng Diǎn, ch。197年,p . 1068,行研讨会])。将“yí”字误认为土耳其语“äb”或“äv”(“房子”)是1958年由刘茂蔡(1958:9,498 - 499)提出的。49])。他将这段话翻译为:“Es gab auch Khagane die im Range niedriger standen als der Ye-hu (Yabgu)”。“我爱你，我爱你，我爱你，我爱你，我爱你。”Die T'u- k<e:1> e sagten f<e:1> r den Raum (order das Haus) [M]。ywi ] (altturkischab ~ av)。“Der Titel bedeutete also Raum(oder Haus-) Khagan”，然而，这个翻译被Zuev批评，他注意到没有短语“大家庭，呆在家里，即不主持公务”(Zuev 1998: 159;2002: 289)。在祖夫的第一个翻译版本中，它是“……碰巧住在房子里(或家庭里，中国)。jii ā)在大家庭中彼此称“uv-qa - γan”;<s:1> rks语称房子为uv，意思是房子qaγan’(Zuev 1967: 71-72)。他后来对同一篇文章的翻译是:“有比yabγu级别低的qaγ γans。生活在大族(原:罗达米族)的家庭中，他们的头被称为uyqaγan;房子被当地人称为<s:1> rks the <e:1>;这意味着house qaγan’(Zuev 1977: 331)。Vsevolod S. Taskin提出的翻译仍然是Tishin / A Study of Ancient Turks Family 117不同:“也有站在比yèhù低的位置的qaγans(站立)，也有住在家里的大家庭的代表，他们互相称呼yí kèhán (qaγan)。” Tūjué称房子为yí，这个名称的意思是房子是qaγan’(Taskin 1984a: 68, 305[注释46])。塔斯金注意到，yí这个符号也可以读作yú，把它与突厥语单词<e:2> y“房子”联系起来，并认为yú kèhán这个短语是用来形容一个人自己的家庭或氏族的首领(同上:68,306[评论46])。然而，在最近的文献中，形式<e:1> y被描述为语音转换的结果(见Sevortian 1974: 513-515)。根据Zuev的说法，在<s:1> rks族过渡到游牧生活方式后，社区内出现了个体家庭的“自治化”，这一过程导致了社区的解体，但并没有失去这些小家庭之间的联系。这一过程的结果是，社区经济的共同性被打破，传统形式的大家族社区与游牧经济不相容，开始向父系社会转变(Zuev 1967: 80 - 83,194)。在父权制大家庭社会中，由于妇女在游牧经济中所扮演的重要角色，或者氏族-部落群体之间关系的特殊性，母亲和父亲的亲属关系得以保留。由于经济条件的变化和社会关系的特点，家庭的父权类型没有机会变得根深蒂固(同上:83-84)。根据Zuev的说法，支持变化中的<s:1> rks经济假说的论据之一是，其中出现了一种新型住宅，即蒙古包(käräkü;俄文。(同上:77-79)。他认为中国文献中提到的qiónglú是对大型蒙古包的描述，这些蒙古包是棚屋成为主要居住类型时代的遗迹(同上:74 - 75,76)。祖埃夫引用了早期游牧民族的信息，或者引用了Tàipíng huányǔ jì (Qïrqïz (Xiájiásī黠戛))上的数据，这些人被描述为“有一个共同的房子，一张床，一条毯子”(Kyuner 1961: 60)。然而，早期的qiónglú(字面意思是“圆顶小屋”)在Xiōngnú时期是一个圆顶的柳条小屋，屋顶覆盖着毛毡(Weinstein 1976: 46;1993: 45 - 50;温斯坦和克留科夫1976:146-14
{"title":"A Study of the Ancient Turks Family","authors":"V. Tishin","doi":"10.30884/seh/2019.02.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2019.02.06","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the form of the Ancient Turks family in the context of original source data. The conclusions of the Marxist scholars were mostly artificial and speculative, while in the rest of the scientific world the problem received little attention. Through consideration of the issues under discussion, involving original source data, the author points to a nuclear form of the Ancient Turks family, which is typical of nomadic societies in general. The problem of family organization as a social institution of nomadic societies has remained relevant throughout all periods of the study of nomadism. However, the views of scientists on the form of family of nomads had evolved in the context of the enlargement of both the source and methodological bases used for these studies. The family institution in the social life of Inner Asian nomads of the Old Turks Period (the sixth – the tenth centuries AD), and of the Türks in particular, have not yet become a subject of special research, although they have been touched upon by researchers in the context of various problems of the social history both of the Türks or other nomadic societies. Under the influence of Marxism, an evolutionary stadial approach to the study of socio-economic relations among nomads was established in historiography, according to which nomadic economic activity and societal structures of nomads were considered on the basis of ideas about the existence of unified scheme of the historical process. Therefore, based on the classic work of Friedrich Engels Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats, Aleksandr N. Bernshtam argued that the main economic unit among the Türks was a patriarchal family (Bernshtam 1946: 88, 94). This idea was further supported by other Soviet researchers (Abramzon 1951: 152–155; Lashuk 1967: 119; Markov 1976: 79; etc.). Sergei P. Tolstov wrote about ‘large patriarchal families characterized by Social Evolution & History / September 2019 116 polygamy, a developed institution of adoption and ... a highly developed clientela’ (Tolstov 1938: 32; 1948: 264). Sergei G. Klyashtorny also adhered to the traditional idea that ‘the basic cell of production of any nomadic society’, including the Türkic one, was the ‘family household.’ However, he characterized it as being patriarchal (Klyashtorny 2003: 483; etc.). Lev N. Gumilyov believed that the Türks had a pairing family (Gumilyov 1967: 70, 74), although in another passage, discussing the Tiělè 鐡勒 tribes, he wrote about ‘large families’ and about the tranformation of those ‘large families’ into tribes (Ibid.: 61). In the opinion of Yury A. Zuev, originally ‘the smallest economic unit and the basis of the social structure of the ancient Turks society was a large-family community, whose obligatory attributes were a common dwelling (at an early stage), a common pot, and a patriarch-housekeeper’ (Zuev 1967: 71; 1977: 331). His argument in favor of this was found in sources discussing cattle, which","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44495428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The question of complex socio-political organization among pastoral nomadic groups has long posed a theoretical challenge for anthropologists, historians, and archaeologists alike. The problems arise from a disciplinary tendency to view pastoralists within a narrow economic and ecological framework but, in addition to this, the basic conception of ‘complexity’ has itself proven problematic. The definitions of complexity built originally upon systems theory and political economy place emphasis on organizational criteria derived primarily from sedentary societies with class stratification, intensive subsistence economies, and centralized administration. In this paper we argue that these classic definitions of complexity have not provided a good fit for analyzing the kinds of political organizations constructed by pastoral nomads of the Eurasian steppe zone. For that reason, we explore new ways of conceptualizing complex organization based on processes of integration, scale, and mobility. This approach offers a better explanation for material patterns documented across two neighboring valleys in northern Mongolia and provides substantial insight to the sub-regional polities preceding the rise of the Xiongnu state during the late first millennium BCE. Social Evolution & History / September 2019 56
{"title":"Complexity as Integration: Pastoral Mobility and Community Building in Ancient Mongolia","authors":"Jargalan Burentogtokh, W. Honeychurch, W. Gardner","doi":"10.30884/seh/2019.02.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2019.02.03","url":null,"abstract":"The question of complex socio-political organization among pastoral nomadic groups has long posed a theoretical challenge for anthropologists, historians, and archaeologists alike. The problems arise from a disciplinary tendency to view pastoralists within a narrow economic and ecological framework but, in addition to this, the basic conception of ‘complexity’ has itself proven problematic. The definitions of complexity built originally upon systems theory and political economy place emphasis on organizational criteria derived primarily from sedentary societies with class stratification, intensive subsistence economies, and centralized administration. In this paper we argue that these classic definitions of complexity have not provided a good fit for analyzing the kinds of political organizations constructed by pastoral nomads of the Eurasian steppe zone. For that reason, we explore new ways of conceptualizing complex organization based on processes of integration, scale, and mobility. This approach offers a better explanation for material patterns documented across two neighboring valleys in northern Mongolia and provides substantial insight to the sub-regional polities preceding the rise of the Xiongnu state during the late first millennium BCE. Social Evolution & History / September 2019 56","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47397573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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