The culture and organization of human societies encompasses differing levels of complexity. Generally, there are two types of complexity that are most recognizable: first, those represented by the social interactions and cultural practices of everyday life, periodic ceremonial practices as part of religion, and cultural traditions. A second type of complexity is recognizable through social institutions, especially control hierarchies, bureaucratic functions, and networks of interactions across social and political boundaries. Among the pastoralist/nomadic polities of Central and Inner Asia we know many aspects of complexity in general outline, but seldom in detail. Through the use of social theory, document analysis, ethnography, and archaeology new details and interpretations continue to emerge. Taken together, these new forms of information are beginning to allow the kinds of research I propose below. The articles in this volume contribute numerous new details and ways of interpretation within the context of several different theories. In this article I will selectively highlight a few of these ideas by focusing on specific themes that I think will help place our collective work within a global context and in relation to emerging theories and methodologies. The themes I focus on include the concepts of complexity, theories that account for dynamic processes, forms of political power, and comparative analysis concerning how the pastoralist polities fit within general theories of culture change.
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Pub Date : 2019-08-22DOI: 10.6008/CBPC2595-430X.2019.001.0004
Aluísio Vasconcelos de Carvalho
Acervo de poesias composto pelas seguintes: Poesia intitulada “O Novo Paradigma Emergente”, sem data de escrita determinada; Poesia intitulada “Uma Maneira de Pedir Fique Comigo!”, sem data de escrita determinada.
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Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.6008/cbpc2595-430x.2019.001.0003
Aila Sophia Scientia Silva
Poesia intitulada “Diferenças”, escrita em 08 de agosto de 2019, às 14:00 PM.
诗歌《差异》，写于2019年8月8日下午2点。
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Pub Date : 2019-08-16DOI: 10.6008/CBPC2595-430X.2019.001.0002
C. E. Silva
Realizada entre 05 e 07 de julho de 2018, a Expedição Tapajós teve o objetivo de explorar fotograficamente a margem do Rio Tapajós entre Alter do Chão (praia paradisíaca do Pará, Brasil) e a Floresta Nacional do Tapajós. A FLONA Tapajós foi criada em 1974 e desde então protege a biodiversidade do lugar. A região foi foco de intensa exploração da borracha, especialmente na cidade de Belterra, que em 1934 foi fundada por Henry Ford. O expedicionário Carlos Eduardo Silva (Cadu Silva) iniciou os trabalhos na tarde de 05 de julho de 2018, com o reconhecimento da praia de Alter do Chão, contatos logísticos, e uma trilha até a Serra da Piraoca. O dia 06 de julho iniciou com o trajeto fotográfico da Praia do Cajueiro (Alter do Chão) pela margem esquerda de subida do Rio Tapajós até a Comunidade de Jamaraquá na FLONA Tapajós, em trajeto de 38 km de barco com duração de 3,5h ida e 3,5h volta. Na Comunidade Jamaraquá foi possível apreciar o contato com turistas de outras países, culinária local e trilhas pela floresta, com especial destaque para a gigantesca árvore chamada Vovózona. O dia 07 de julho foi utilizado para tratamento das fotografias, e logística de retorno até Aracaju (SE).
tapajos探险队于2018年7月5日至7日举行，旨在通过摄影探索Alter do chao (para的天堂海滩，巴西)和tapajos国家森林之间的tapajos河岸边。FLONA tapajos成立于1974年，从那时起一直在保护当地的生物多样性。该地区一直是橡胶开发的中心，尤其是在1934年由亨利·福特(Henry Ford)创建的贝尔特拉镇(Belterra)。探险队成员卡洛斯·爱德华多·席尔瓦(Cadu Silva)于2018年7月5日下午开始工作，侦察了Alter do chao海滩、后勤联系和通往Serra da Piraoca的小径。7月6日，从卡朱埃罗海滩(Alter do chao)开始摄影之旅，沿着tapajos河的左岸上升到FLONA tapajos的jamaraqua社区，乘船38公里，单程3.5小时，回程3.5小时。在jamaraqua社区，人们可以欣赏到与其他国家游客的接触、当地美食和穿过森林的小径，特别是一棵叫做vovozona的巨大树。7月7日用于照片处理和后勤返回阿拉卡朱(SE)。
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Pub Date : 2019-08-15DOI: 10.6008/cbpc2595-430x.2019.001.0001
Cláudia Divina de Oliveira Brito
Poesia intitulada Liberdade, escrita em 01 de julho de 2019, às 07:17 AM.
一首名为《自由》的诗，写于2019年7月1日上午07:17。
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A. Akaev, Artícles, A. Rudskoi, A. Sarygulov, V. Sokolov
In order to forecast the macroevolution of the contemporary developed societies it appears essential to take into account the dynamics of a number of economic and technological indicators. In the present paper we undertake such an attempt. Almost ten years after the start of the last economic crisis, the world economy is looking for the most effective plans for recovery. Such recovery is often associated with the fourth industrial revolution, in which the technological factor becomes a key driver of development. However, like any technological breakthrough, it will bring not only ‘roses of prosperity’ but ‘prickly thorns’ of disappointment as well. The key challenges will be the provision of a new quality of economic growth and addressing the associated employment problem. In this paper, we attempt to show the trends in the ratio between capital and output, as well as the possible effects on employment in the industrialized countries and China until 2050. We used a modified production function with labor-saving technological progress. It is shown that by 2050 the capital-output ratio will not undergo significant changes, and in case of a rejection of institutional reforms and legislative diversification of new types of labor activity in different segments of the economy, there may be a decrease in the number of employed by an average of 20 per cent. Social Evolution & History / March 2019 68 INTRODUCTION In order to forecast the macroevolution of the contemporary developed societies it appears essential to take into account the dynamics of a number of economic and technological indicators. Such an attempt is undertaken in the present paper. Despite the considerable efforts made by financial regulators to overcome the consequences of the 2008–2009 crisis, the economies of industrially developed countries show sluggish growth. In the case of the US economy, this was described as ‘secular stagnation’ (Summers 2014). Researchers who analyzed more than ten years of stagnation in the Japanese economy cited low efficiency of capital use as a reason (Ando, Christeris, and Miyagawa 2003; Hayashi 2006). The same process was named ‘Stagnation Traps’ (Benigno and Fornaro 2015), when under conditions of pessimistic expectations, the gap between large volumes of production and low growth rates can coexist. In their joint study, the Japanese and Korean economists consider the extremely low rate of capital expenditures for development as the reason for the stagnation of the Japanese economy. Thus, there is a clear trend that has been defined in economic policy to overcome stagnation: stimulation of aggregate demand, a policy of maintaining a low interest rate, new investments in the economy and a number of other regulatory measures. At the same time, another way has been outlined to solve the problem of economic stagnation: the search for new technological solutions that could qualitatively change the entire economic landscape and give a new impetus to developme
{"title":"A New Era of Machinery: Will the Accumulation of Capital Grow and Labor Intensity Decrease?","authors":"A. Akaev, Artícles, A. Rudskoi, A. Sarygulov, V. Sokolov","doi":"10.30884/SEH/2019.01.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/SEH/2019.01.04","url":null,"abstract":"In order to forecast the macroevolution of the contemporary developed societies it appears essential to take into account the dynamics of a number of economic and technological indicators. In the present paper we undertake such an attempt. Almost ten years after the start of the last economic crisis, the world economy is looking for the most effective plans for recovery. Such recovery is often associated with the fourth industrial revolution, in which the technological factor becomes a key driver of development. However, like any technological breakthrough, it will bring not only ‘roses of prosperity’ but ‘prickly thorns’ of disappointment as well. The key challenges will be the provision of a new quality of economic growth and addressing the associated employment problem. In this paper, we attempt to show the trends in the ratio between capital and output, as well as the possible effects on employment in the industrialized countries and China until 2050. We used a modified production function with labor-saving technological progress. It is shown that by 2050 the capital-output ratio will not undergo significant changes, and in case of a rejection of institutional reforms and legislative diversification of new types of labor activity in different segments of the economy, there may be a decrease in the number of employed by an average of 20 per cent. Social Evolution & History / March 2019 68 INTRODUCTION In order to forecast the macroevolution of the contemporary developed societies it appears essential to take into account the dynamics of a number of economic and technological indicators. Such an attempt is undertaken in the present paper. Despite the considerable efforts made by financial regulators to overcome the consequences of the 2008–2009 crisis, the economies of industrially developed countries show sluggish growth. In the case of the US economy, this was described as ‘secular stagnation’ (Summers 2014). Researchers who analyzed more than ten years of stagnation in the Japanese economy cited low efficiency of capital use as a reason (Ando, Christeris, and Miyagawa 2003; Hayashi 2006). The same process was named ‘Stagnation Traps’ (Benigno and Fornaro 2015), when under conditions of pessimistic expectations, the gap between large volumes of production and low growth rates can coexist. In their joint study, the Japanese and Korean economists consider the extremely low rate of capital expenditures for development as the reason for the stagnation of the Japanese economy. Thus, there is a clear trend that has been defined in economic policy to overcome stagnation: stimulation of aggregate demand, a policy of maintaining a low interest rate, new investments in the economy and a number of other regulatory measures. At the same time, another way has been outlined to solve the problem of economic stagnation: the search for new technological solutions that could qualitatively change the entire economic landscape and give a new impetus to developme","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46417667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is widely accepted by scholars from China and overseas that China has entered the phase of state in Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties (though some foreign scholars do not acknowledge the existence of Xia dynasty). However, they were best categorized as early states, since they held some vestiges of pre-state. Specifically, kinships and correspondent organizations adopted from primitive clan society still played important and expansive functions, which was imprinted on the community administrative organizations of the three dynasties and reflected in the management and manipulation of the state over these organizations. ‘Bang’ (chiefdom), inherited from clan society, was the unit of the community administrative organization in that era. The central management over chiefdoms was a ‘ji fu’ (or ‘fu’) system, which, based on differences in consanguinity, stipulated and distributed a gradient of obligations to ‘inner and outer domains’ (see part 3 and 4). It was clearly different from the region-based family registry system developed in mature states in the Warring States period, and Qin and Han dynasties. The following passages will explore relevant historical records and provide a detailed analysis on the community administrative organization in Chinese early states. ‘THE LAND UNDER HEAVEN’ WITH MYRIAD CHIEFDOMS People in the three dynasties named their states as the ‘tian xia’ (the land under heaven), which comprised ‘zhong yang’ (the center) and ‘si fang’ (the four quarters). ‘Tian xia’ was formed by many ‘bang’ Shen Changyun / ‘Bang’ as the Community Administrative Organization 181 with different sizes, so they were also referred as ‘tian xia wan bang’ (myriad chiefdoms on the land under heaven). During Chinese early states, a major chiefdom in the center reigned minor chiefdoms at its periphery. Records and documents of Zhou dynasty indicate that the ‘tian xia wan bang’ pattern was well-established. For instance, Qiang pan, a famous bronze vessel (basin) manufactured in Zhou dynasty has an inscription, saying that ‘The heavenly King Wen... humbly owned the land under heaven, and unified myriad chiefdoms’. It shows that the government of King Wen was extoled by chiefdoms; while people in Zhou considered King Wen as the founder of their state. ‘Luogao’ (Announcement Concerning Luo; 洛诰) in Shangshu (The Book of Documents) records the comment of Zhougong (the Duke of Zhou) on the significance of Luoyi (Luo) that ‘from this time, by the government administered in this central spot, all the states will be conducted to repose.’ Myriad chiefdoms would be perfectly governed by Zhou's officers from the center of the land. The poem ‘Daya: Wenwang’ (Greater Odes of the Kingdom: King Wen; 大雅文王 · ), in Shijing (The Book of Poetry) says that ‘The doings of High Heaven, / Have neither sound nor smell. / Take your pattern from king Wen, / And the myriad regions will repose confidence in you.’ The logos is subtle, but if one imitates the deed of King Wen, he would
中外学者普遍认为，中国已进入夏、商、周时期的国家阶段(尽管一些外国学者不承认夏朝的存在)。然而，它们最好被归类为早期状态，因为它们保留了一些前状态的痕迹。具体而言，从原始氏族社会中继承的亲属关系和往来组织仍然发挥着重要而广泛的作用，这一特点在三朝的社区行政组织中得到了深刻的烙印，并体现在国家对这些组织的管理和操纵上。“邦”是继承于氏族社会的社区行政组织单位。对酋邦的中央管理是一种“赋”(或“赋”)制度，它基于血缘的差异，规定并分配了对“内外域”的梯度义务(见第3部分和第4部分)。这与战国时期和秦汉时期成熟国家发展的以区域为基础的户籍制度明显不同。本文将对相关历史记录进行梳理，并对中国早期国家的社区行政组织进行详细分析。“天下的土地”,无数酋长制三个朝代的人叫它们的状态为“田夏”(土地天下),它由“钟阳”(中心)和“四方”(四个季度)。“天下”是由许多“邦”沈长云/“邦”组成的大小不一的共同体管理组织181，所以它们也被称为“天下万邦”(天下无数酋邦)。在中国早期的国家中，中心的大酋长统治着周边的小酋长。周代的记录和文献表明，“天下万邦”模式已经确立。例如，周代制造的著名青铜器(盆)羌盘上就有“天文王……谦卑地拥有天下的土地，统一了无数的酋邦。这说明文王的政府受到了各酋邦的赞扬;而周国人则认为文王是他们的国父。“罗高”(关于罗的公告;《尚书》(The Book of Documents)记载了周公(Duke of Zhou)对洛邑(Luo)的意义的评论:“从此，由这个中心的政府管理，所有的国家都将被引导休息。”周国的官员将会从国家的中心完美地治理无数的酋邦。《大雅:文王》诗;《诗经》中说:“上天之作为，无声无香。”向文王学习，万邦都必信赖你。“道理是微妙的，但如果一个人模仿文王的行为，他就会得到天下无数酋长的信任。西周末年，类似的颂词也出现在对显要统治者的颂词中，如《小雅六月》;《世经》称赞:“宜和宜战，乃吉福，天下之范本。”殷继夫是诸侯国的典范。“万”(无数)不是一个确切的数字;相反，它只是表明了大量的酋长管辖地。因此，它有时被“多”(许多)或“数”(各种)所取代。例如，“大通知”(Great Announcement;“反奢”和“反奢”;《尚书》中分别写道:“王说:‘嗬!我有一件大事要宣布给你们，许多国家的王子们，还有你们，我的事务的管理者们……“文王不敢去远足或他过度狩猎,和各种状态,他将仅接收正确的出资额。“多邦”也被称为“多坊”(许多地区)，因为发音相近。例如，在《多方》中;《尚书》是周公向征服了湘商两族的诸侯发出的诏书，它的开头是这样说的:“我向你们宣布四邦和众多的地区……社会演变与历史/ 2019年3月182这个习俗是从商朝人那里继承下来的。在甲骨文卜筮的记载中，商代将酋邦称为“坊”，如“土坊”、“桂坊”、“强坊”、“琼坊”、“人坊”、“靖坊”、“马坊”、“玉坊”、“林坊”、“周坊”、“少坊”、“卫坊”、“阴坊”等，统称为“多坊”。例如:在“叮你”的日子里，(国王)问(是否幸运)召集许多“芳”集会……(郭1999:第28008号)占卜:(是否幸运)指定明领许多‘方’……(李1982:不。 (528)在后世的文学中，商周时期的“邦”或“方”被称为“诸侯”或“国”。《战国策:齐策》(《战国志》);齐宣王(齐安王)的同辈晏楚(晏楚)说:“我听说，在Yü(禹)大王的时候，有贵族统治万国……到了唐朝，贵族有三千人。<s:1>史春秋:永民(Lü)编年史:人的使用;)概括了这句话:“大禹时，天下诸国林立;唐代只有三千多只。由此可以推断，“多酋邦”模式在夏代也很盛行。实际上，这种政治模式源于建国前的传奇时代。据文献记载，五帝时期的特点是有无数的酋邦。《尧典》;(尧)《尚书》记载了姚的成就，说他“从此开始与九族所有的人相爱，他们因此变得和谐。”他还规范和磨炼(他的领域)的人，他们都变得聪明伶俐。(最后)他统一和协调了无数的国家;所以黑头发的人被改变了。结果是(普遍的)和谐。《史记》:《武帝本纪》;)，类似的概念被改写为“诸国太平”。与此同时，《史记》还记载了黄帝时期的“诸侯国”，“立大副，天下太平……”此外，“高尧摩”(“高尧摩”);《尚书》(www.谟)提到了舜时代的“无数酋邦”:“我[禹]敦促他们[人民](进一步)以物换物，并处理他们积累的储备。”(这样)所有的人都有粮食吃，无数的地区开始得到良好的统治……和“到目前为止还好!”帝啊，愿你的光普照天下，普照海滨的每一个草叶葱葱的角落，普照万邦最值得尊敬的人民，愿沈昌云“邦”作为社区行政组织的183人，都作你的大臣。所有的引语都表明，五帝时代“无数酋邦”的概念在古代文献中是一致的。换句话说，“无数酋邦”的阶段在中国早文明时代就已经建立起来了。另一方面，宗族社会的“bang”的性质是否与三朝社会相同?答案是肯定的。除了西周时期周朝建立的几个诸侯国(它们被称为“邦”，但应被认为是次要的)，其余“邦”的内部或外部结构与它们的前身并没有根本的不同。唯一不同的是，在三个朝代，一个国家开始形成，作为一个伟大的“bang”统治所有其他酋长的世袭主权。虽然所有酋邦都应接受中央对主权的管理，但其性质并没有根本改变。此外，大中央酋邦(或王权酋邦)仍然是天下无数酋邦中的一个“邦”，其结构和性质也没有改变。它不是一个独立于其他酋长领地的国家;取而代之的是，由国王的酋长领地和其他酋长领地组成的联邦，由伟大的统治者控制。赵伯雄对这一问题的分析堪称典范。虽然他只讨论了周朝的国家性质，但也可以适用于夏商朝。由于分布在土地上的所有酋邦都服从于单一主权的权力，因此有理由认为它们是隶属于以中央酋邦为代表的国家的行政组织。正如《紫菜》(Rottlera的木材;梓材)、Shangshu国王发布法令首领,他们必须确保人民服从这些订单。’楚王说:‘冯啊，为了与广大的臣民、大臣和大家族搞好关系，确保他所管辖的所有臣民，以及君主之间的平等，是一个国家统治者的职责。如果你有规律地下达命令……这是秦王对康公封的劝告，他的命令应该定期地从大家族传到臣民，从朝廷传到他的大臣。《大高》还说:“王说:嗬!我有一件大事要宣布给你们，许多国家的王子，还有你们，我的事务的管理者。 ’”而《多方》记载说:“王说:‘嗬!我向你们宣布一件事
{"title":"‘Bang’ as the Community Administrative Organization in the Chinese Early States","authors":"Shen Changyun","doi":"10.30884/SEH/2019.01.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/SEH/2019.01.10","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely accepted by scholars from China and overseas that China has entered the phase of state in Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties (though some foreign scholars do not acknowledge the existence of Xia dynasty). However, they were best categorized as early states, since they held some vestiges of pre-state. Specifically, kinships and correspondent organizations adopted from primitive clan society still played important and expansive functions, which was imprinted on the community administrative organizations of the three dynasties and reflected in the management and manipulation of the state over these organizations. ‘Bang’ (chiefdom), inherited from clan society, was the unit of the community administrative organization in that era. The central management over chiefdoms was a ‘ji fu’ (or ‘fu’) system, which, based on differences in consanguinity, stipulated and distributed a gradient of obligations to ‘inner and outer domains’ (see part 3 and 4). It was clearly different from the region-based family registry system developed in mature states in the Warring States period, and Qin and Han dynasties. The following passages will explore relevant historical records and provide a detailed analysis on the community administrative organization in Chinese early states. ‘THE LAND UNDER HEAVEN’ WITH MYRIAD CHIEFDOMS People in the three dynasties named their states as the ‘tian xia’ (the land under heaven), which comprised ‘zhong yang’ (the center) and ‘si fang’ (the four quarters). ‘Tian xia’ was formed by many ‘bang’ Shen Changyun / ‘Bang’ as the Community Administrative Organization 181 with different sizes, so they were also referred as ‘tian xia wan bang’ (myriad chiefdoms on the land under heaven). During Chinese early states, a major chiefdom in the center reigned minor chiefdoms at its periphery. Records and documents of Zhou dynasty indicate that the ‘tian xia wan bang’ pattern was well-established. For instance, Qiang pan, a famous bronze vessel (basin) manufactured in Zhou dynasty has an inscription, saying that ‘The heavenly King Wen... humbly owned the land under heaven, and unified myriad chiefdoms’. It shows that the government of King Wen was extoled by chiefdoms; while people in Zhou considered King Wen as the founder of their state. ‘Luogao’ (Announcement Concerning Luo; 洛诰) in Shangshu (The Book of Documents) records the comment of Zhougong (the Duke of Zhou) on the significance of Luoyi (Luo) that ‘from this time, by the government administered in this central spot, all the states will be conducted to repose.’ Myriad chiefdoms would be perfectly governed by Zhou's officers from the center of the land. The poem ‘Daya: Wenwang’ (Greater Odes of the Kingdom: King Wen; 大雅文王 · ), in Shijing (The Book of Poetry) says that ‘The doings of High Heaven, / Have neither sound nor smell. / Take your pattern from king Wen, / And the myriad regions will repose confidence in you.’ The logos is subtle, but if one imitates the deed of King Wen, he would","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Early Mesopotamia in practical use refers to ancient Mesopotamia from the Late Uruk Period to the Ur III Period or the Old Babylonian Period and geographically it includes the watersheds of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun Rivers, now divided between Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey (Pournelle 2013; cf. Sherratt 2004; Wright and Johnson 1975). Regarded as one of the few regions in the world that saw civilization, early Mesopotamia has been featuring heavy in discussions of the important ‘firsts’, the most significant of which would be the emergence of the primary state (Childe 1952; Trigger 2003; Wittfogel 1957). In our division of academic labour, the emergence of the primary state is mostly a topic for the archaeologists and anthropologists, while the traditional historian seldom gets his hands dirty in such theoretical issues. In light of recent rethinkings of fundamental assumptions in modern historiography (Smail 2005; Smail and Shryock 2013), however, it becomes urgent to look for an integrated view of history from its rightful beginning. The following is one attempt as such at the dynamic emergence and the characteristics of the earliest state societies in early Mesopotamia with special attention to the integration of theoretical discussions and insights from philological research (cf. Forest 2005; Postgate 1994a; Stein 2005).
早期美索不达米亚在实际使用中是指从乌鲁克晚期到乌尔三世时期或古巴比伦时期的古美索不达米亚，在地理上它包括幼发拉底河、底格里斯河和卡伦河流域，现在分为伊朗、伊拉克、叙利亚和土耳其(Pournelle 2013;cf. Sherratt 2004;Wright and Johnson 1975)。早期的美索不达米亚被认为是世界上少数几个看到文明的地区之一，在关于重要的“第一”的讨论中，美索不达米亚一直是一个重要的特征，其中最重要的是初级国家的出现(Childe 1952;触发2003;魏特夫用其1957)。在我们的学术分工中，初级国家的出现主要是考古学家和人类学家的研究课题，而传统历史学家很少涉足这类理论问题。鉴于最近对现代史学基本假设的重新思考(Smail 2005;Smail and Shryock 2013)，然而，从历史的正当开端寻找一个综合的历史观变得迫切。以下是对早期美索不达米亚最早的国家社会的动态出现和特征的一次尝试，特别关注理论讨论和语言学研究见解的整合(cf. Forest 2005;Postgate 1994;斯坦2005)。
{"title":"State and Empire in Early Mesopotamia","authors":"Xianhua Wang","doi":"10.30884/SEH/2019.01.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/SEH/2019.01.11","url":null,"abstract":"Early Mesopotamia in practical use refers to ancient Mesopotamia from the Late Uruk Period to the Ur III Period or the Old Babylonian Period and geographically it includes the watersheds of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun Rivers, now divided between Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey (Pournelle 2013; cf. Sherratt 2004; Wright and Johnson 1975). Regarded as one of the few regions in the world that saw civilization, early Mesopotamia has been featuring heavy in discussions of the important ‘firsts’, the most significant of which would be the emergence of the primary state (Childe 1952; Trigger 2003; Wittfogel 1957). In our division of academic labour, the emergence of the primary state is mostly a topic for the archaeologists and anthropologists, while the traditional historian seldom gets his hands dirty in such theoretical issues. In light of recent rethinkings of fundamental assumptions in modern historiography (Smail 2005; Smail and Shryock 2013), however, it becomes urgent to look for an integrated view of history from its rightful beginning. The following is one attempt as such at the dynamic emergence and the characteristics of the earliest state societies in early Mesopotamia with special attention to the integration of theoretical discussions and insights from philological research (cf. Forest 2005; Postgate 1994a; Stein 2005).","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69741423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Precession of Simulacra of the Great Terror and Dissolution of the Communist Party of Poland (1936–1938)","authors":"I. Rymar","doi":"10.30884/seh/2019.01.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2019.01.03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49542334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Currency of the Russian Empire in the Culture of the Yugra Indi- genous Peoples: Practical Aspects of Colonialism and Reflections on Multiculturalism","authors":"O. Naumenko, Julia A. Bortnikova, E. E. Naumenko","doi":"10.30884/SEH/2019.01.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30884/SEH/2019.01.09","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42677,"journal":{"name":"Social Evolution & History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42122056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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