Often quoted as the queen of an oasian region, namely the Zibans, Biskra, a southern Algerian city, was a famous winter station renowned for its tourist character during the French colonization (1830-1962). This stimulated the colonizing authorities to build several hospitality buildings, the largest of which were edified using imported constructive techniques, but with local constructive materials and several local spatial organizations and regional decorative motives. In continuation of previous research work carried out by the first author of this article, this study aims to analyse and classify Biskra’s main hotels to draw up an architectural typology using Philippe Panerai’s method. As a result, four models were identified within the corpus of the study, including seven (7) hotels. Its findings could be considered as strong, helpful support for future research in the field of architectural heritage, regardless of building typology, as well as an appropriate database for the heritage buildings’ practical preservation. Moreover, such research work should inform about other various underrated and misjudged heritage buildings dating from the colonial era in Algeria.
{"title":"Hotel Architecture in the French Colonization Era","authors":"Amdjed Islam Dali, A. Belakehal","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).2","url":null,"abstract":"Often quoted as the queen of an oasian region, namely the Zibans, Biskra, a southern Algerian city, was a famous winter station renowned for its tourist character during the French colonization (1830-1962). This stimulated the colonizing authorities to build several hospitality buildings, the largest of which were edified using imported constructive techniques, but with local constructive materials and several local spatial organizations and regional decorative motives. In continuation of previous research work carried out by the first author of this article, this study aims to analyse and classify Biskra’s main hotels to draw up an architectural typology using Philippe Panerai’s method. As a result, four models were identified within the corpus of the study, including seven (7) hotels. Its findings could be considered as strong, helpful support for future research in the field of architectural heritage, regardless of building typology, as well as an appropriate database for the heritage buildings’ practical preservation. Moreover, such research work should inform about other various underrated and misjudged heritage buildings dating from the colonial era in Algeria.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Derelict, dilapidated buildings in various states of ruin have always been present in our built environment. Theoretical approaches to the issue of ruins within the field of architecture have been changing continuously in response to shifting social, political, economic, and cultural conditions. Although origins of the debates on ruins can be traced centuries back, the topic came into focus with renewed intensity following the mass destruction in the wake of World War II. This paper discusses relevant perspectives on the phenomenon of decay in architecture from the 1950s to the 2020s, and offers a critical synthesis of their diverse viewpoints, thus enabling further formulations of contemporary positions and design strategies concerning this increasingly significant subject matter.
{"title":"On the Phenomenon of Decay in Architecture","authors":"Jana Horvat, Karin Šerman","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).3","url":null,"abstract":"Derelict, dilapidated buildings in various states of ruin have always been present in our built environment. Theoretical approaches to the issue of ruins within the field of architecture have been changing continuously in response to shifting social, political, economic, and cultural conditions. Although origins of the debates on ruins can be traced centuries back, the topic came into focus with renewed intensity following the mass destruction in the wake of World War II. This paper discusses relevant perspectives on the phenomenon of decay in architecture from the 1950s to the 2020s, and offers a critical synthesis of their diverse viewpoints, thus enabling further formulations of contemporary positions and design strategies concerning this increasingly significant subject matter.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the 1960s and 1970s, interdisciplinary collaborations among architects, designers, and artists represented an important aspect of Croatian architecture. This paper examines the institutional frameworks and conditions that facilitated such integrative practices. It recognizes the key participants and underscores a change in the underlying motives and other contributing factors for their collaborations across the decades. The paper also classifies the predominant building types resulting from such collaborations and prevalent social and political ambitions. Specific examples, such as institutional buildings, tourist facilities, and commercial buildings, illustrate the outcomes of these interdisciplinary endeavours. The analysis offers insights into the underlying factors and significance of these collaborations in shaping Croatian architectural practices during this period.
{"title":"Rooting Art-Based Interdisciplinary Practice","authors":"Tihana Hrastar, Mia Roth-Čerina","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).4","url":null,"abstract":"During the 1960s and 1970s, interdisciplinary collaborations among architects, designers, and artists represented an important aspect of Croatian architecture. This paper examines the institutional frameworks and conditions that facilitated such integrative practices. It recognizes the key participants and underscores a change in the underlying motives and other contributing factors for their collaborations across the decades. The paper also classifies the predominant building types resulting from such collaborations and prevalent social and political ambitions. Specific examples, such as institutional buildings, tourist facilities, and commercial buildings, illustrate the outcomes of these interdisciplinary endeavours. The analysis offers insights into the underlying factors and significance of these collaborations in shaping Croatian architectural practices during this period.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the historical development of military sites and their impact on land use in the European context. Reflecting broader social, political, and technological changes, the impact of military sites on urban and rural areas has undergone a notable transformation. By employing qualitative research methods, this study investigates demilitarisation challenges, transformations, and the integration of military sites into urban environments. It reveals societal perceptions, regulatory complexities, and spatial dynamics, thereby illuminating the potential of repurposing military sites for sustainable urban development. It uncovers the interplay between the military and civilian spheres through nuanced analysis, offering valuable insights into modern city development strategies. As this research unveils historical dynamics, it also provides crucial knowledge that can be employed in planning the future development of cities, considering the evolving relationship between military and urban spaces.
{"title":"Historical Development of Military Sites and Their Impact on Urban and Rural Land Use in the European Context","authors":"Kristina Perkov, Tihomir Jukić","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).9","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the historical development of military sites and their impact on land use in the European context. Reflecting broader social, political, and technological changes, the impact of military sites on urban and rural areas has undergone a notable transformation. By employing qualitative research methods, this study investigates demilitarisation challenges, transformations, and the integration of military sites into urban environments. It reveals societal perceptions, regulatory complexities, and spatial dynamics, thereby illuminating the potential of repurposing military sites for sustainable urban development. It uncovers the interplay between the military and civilian spheres through nuanced analysis, offering valuable insights into modern city development strategies. As this research unveils historical dynamics, it also provides crucial knowledge that can be employed in planning the future development of cities, considering the evolving relationship between military and urban spaces.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mateja Volgemut, Alenka Fikfak, Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek
Despite all the principles of sustainable urban design, more and more spaces in small town centres are getting dedicated to traffic. Public open spaces (POS) in these towns are mainly reserved for car traffic, and social activities have been in decline. All at the expense of transportation space and built-up areas. As a result, there are fewer and fewer POS, which provide well-being and comfort to people, are accessible to all and are also attractively designed, allowing the development of a wide range of activities, and contributing to a town’s good image. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine the state of provision of POS in the centres of selected small towns in Slovenia and to assess the image of these town centres. Using various methods and instruments, we tested the hypothesis of whether there is a relationship between POS and the image of town centres. We used a cartographic method and a questionnaire survey, as well as statistical methods, in order to confirm the hypothesis. The study has revealed that groups of morphologically similar small towns are statistically different from each other in terms of observed relationships between POS and the image of the town centre. Therefore, a morphological analysis approach is very important in terms of evaluating the relationship between POS and the image of town centres. In conclusion, recommendations are given for the design of POS in small town centres.
{"title":"The Impact of Public Open Space on the Image of Small Towns Centres in Slovenia","authors":"Mateja Volgemut, Alenka Fikfak, Alma Zavodnik Lamovšek","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).1","url":null,"abstract":"Despite all the principles of sustainable urban design, more and more spaces in small town centres are getting dedicated to traffic. Public open spaces (POS) in these towns are mainly reserved for car traffic, and social activities have been in decline. All at the expense of transportation space and built-up areas. As a result, there are fewer and fewer POS, which provide well-being and comfort to people, are accessible to all and are also attractively designed, allowing the development of a wide range of activities, and contributing to a town’s good image. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine the state of provision of POS in the centres of selected small towns in Slovenia and to assess the image of these town centres. Using various methods and instruments, we tested the hypothesis of whether there is a relationship between POS and the image of town centres. We used a cartographic method and a questionnaire survey, as well as statistical methods, in order to confirm the hypothesis. The study has revealed that groups of morphologically similar small towns are statistically different from each other in terms of observed relationships between POS and the image of the town centre. Therefore, a morphological analysis approach is very important in terms of evaluating the relationship between POS and the image of town centres. In conclusion, recommendations are given for the design of POS in small town centres.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to centuries of rich experience, vernacular architecture offers significant lessons on sustainable building practices. This style competes exceptionally well with contemporary designs because of its efficiency, adept functionality, environmental compatibility, and harmonious relationship with human societies. The M'zab Valley in Ghardaia, Algeria, deserves to be classified as a World Heritage Site because it features original vernacular architecture that expresses smart building concepts while blending seamlessly into natural landscapes. In this paper, we validate the hypothesis that traditional Ghardaia housing in the Ksour reflects high energy efficiency and low reliance on active heating and cooling. We shall conduct a comparative study between a traditional dwelling belonging to vernacular architecture in the ancient Ksar Beni Isguen and a modern residence in Ksar Tafilelt. Through this comparison and simulation method, we seek to determine the most efficient architectural style in terms of energy use and the provision of thermal comfort in order to draw lessons and contribute to reducing the excessive consumption of non-renewable energies.
{"title":"A Strategy to Improve Comfort Level and Optimize the Thermal Behavior of the Building","authors":"Abdelwahab Messaitfa, M. Bencherif","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).6","url":null,"abstract":"Due to centuries of rich experience, vernacular architecture offers significant lessons on sustainable building practices. This style competes exceptionally well with contemporary designs because of its efficiency, adept functionality, environmental compatibility, and harmonious relationship with human societies. The M'zab Valley in Ghardaia, Algeria, deserves to be classified as a World Heritage Site because it features original vernacular architecture that expresses smart building concepts while blending seamlessly into natural landscapes. In this paper, we validate the hypothesis that traditional Ghardaia housing in the Ksour reflects high energy efficiency and low reliance on active heating and cooling. We shall conduct a comparative study between a traditional dwelling belonging to vernacular architecture in the ancient Ksar Beni Isguen and a modern residence in Ksar Tafilelt. Through this comparison and simulation method, we seek to determine the most efficient architectural style in terms of energy use and the provision of thermal comfort in order to draw lessons and contribute to reducing the excessive consumption of non-renewable energies.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chair design is one of the most demanding and most challenging tasks for designers, to which creative efforts of numerous architects have been continuously linked. Since the beginning of the twentieth century the intensity of these efforts has not diminished. By creating an ideal microcosm around an essential everyday object, architects also express their understanding of space and time. A chair, like architecture, occupies a position in space that it also defines. The paper analyses three groups of chairs characteristic of the 20th century, different in terms of typology and morphology. Their architectonics are marked by a specific functional, formal and constructive idea, by concrete production possibilities and by technological procedures in the working of individual materials. Notably, reclining chairs, cantilever chairs with steel tube constructions and office chairs. The model of analysis put forward could also serve as a point of departure for future more extensive research into the same, or different, typological and morphological design. Three Croatian chair models are placed in the context of the pertaining design.
{"title":"Chair Architectonics","authors":"Dina Vulin Ileković, Boris Ileković","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).7","url":null,"abstract":"Chair design is one of the most demanding and most challenging tasks for designers, to which creative efforts of numerous architects have been continuously linked. Since the beginning of the twentieth century the intensity of these efforts has not diminished. By creating an ideal microcosm around an essential everyday object, architects also express their understanding of space and time. A chair, like architecture, occupies a position in space that it also defines. The paper analyses three groups of chairs characteristic of the 20th century, different in terms of typology and morphology. Their architectonics are marked by a specific functional, formal and constructive idea, by concrete production possibilities and by technological procedures in the working of individual materials. Notably, reclining chairs, cantilever chairs with steel tube constructions and office chairs. The model of analysis put forward could also serve as a point of departure for future more extensive research into the same, or different, typological and morphological design. Three Croatian chair models are placed in the context of the pertaining design.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of the research was to establish a complete overview of summer residences, villas and (family) houses in Zagreb, exclusively on the basis of listing criteria. 60 listed buildings were identified, all located in the northern part of Zagreb, on the southern slopes of Medvednica. The paper provides a review of listed building locations, authors, time of construction, historical stylistic classification, analysis of the pertaining listing documentation and literature review. Summer residences for an occasional stay were built during the 18th and 19th century in secluded hilly locations surrounded by vineyards and orchards. In the 20th century, the construction of summer residences decreased, while the construction of villas for permanent residence begins forming elite residential parts of the city. With a transition from a semi-rural to a semi-urban context, accompanied by the disappearance of the term summer residence and the introduction of the terms villa and (family) house, the stylistic transition from historicism to functionalism and modern architecture is evident. Three main historical-stylistic periods have been recognized and all the researched buildings have been classified accordingly.
{"title":"An Overview of Listed Summer Residences and Villas in Zagreb","authors":"Mark Miščević, Mladen Obad Šćitaroci","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).10","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the research was to establish a complete overview of summer residences, villas and (family) houses in Zagreb, exclusively on the basis of listing criteria. 60 listed buildings were identified, all located in the northern part of Zagreb, on the southern slopes of Medvednica. The paper provides a review of listed building locations, authors, time of construction, historical stylistic classification, analysis of the pertaining listing documentation and literature review. Summer residences for an occasional stay were built during the 18th and 19th century in secluded hilly locations surrounded by vineyards and orchards. In the 20th century, the construction of summer residences decreased, while the construction of villas for permanent residence begins forming elite residential parts of the city. With a transition from a semi-rural to a semi-urban context, accompanied by the disappearance of the term summer residence and the introduction of the terms villa and (family) house, the stylistic transition from historicism to functionalism and modern architecture is evident. Three main historical-stylistic periods have been recognized and all the researched buildings have been classified accordingly.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article explores the process of central planning development and dome-bearing systems analysis in mosques belonging to Classical Ottoman Architecture, focusing on the typological plan variations found in Sinan the Architect’s octagonal-based central domes. It is aimed to determine the spatial typology of these octagonal based central domes, as they play a crucial role in creating a central space in mosques. The typology studies focused on the load-bearing systems in central dome designs of eighteen surviving mosques designed by Sinan the Architect. The study method involves scanning scientific publications, state archives, and photographing mosques. Mosques ground floor plans, including their dome projections and sectional drawings, have been examined. Gathering all the data from analysing the transfer of the dome load enabled a categorisation of eighteen mosques that can be classified into two primary groups and three sub-groups within each group.
{"title":"Sinan the Architect’s Process of Creating Spatial Typology","authors":"Didem Erten Bilgiç, Kadir Bingöl","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).11","url":null,"abstract":"The article explores the process of central planning development and dome-bearing systems analysis in mosques belonging to Classical Ottoman Architecture, focusing on the typological plan variations found in Sinan the Architect’s octagonal-based central domes. It is aimed to determine the spatial typology of these octagonal based central domes, as they play a crucial role in creating a central space in mosques. The typology studies focused on the load-bearing systems in central dome designs of eighteen surviving mosques designed by Sinan the Architect. The study method involves scanning scientific publications, state archives, and photographing mosques. Mosques ground floor plans, including their dome projections and sectional drawings, have been examined. Gathering all the data from analysing the transfer of the dome load enabled a categorisation of eighteen mosques that can be classified into two primary groups and three sub-groups within each group.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the impact of internships and the influence of construction site manager (CSM) as a role model on students' educational and career paths, employing Kolb's experiential learning theory as a theoretical framework. To address the research objectives, a questionnaire was conducted on 93 architecture students, focusing on four key research questions: (1) Does the internship experience affect students' perception of CSMs? (2) Does it influence their career goals related to CSM positions? (3) Does the internship experience alter the career aspirations of intern students regarding the career as a construction site manager? and (4) Do students perceive CSMs as role models after completing their internships? The findings show how internships significantly affect students, improving their comprehension of the CSM role, influencing their aspirations for their careers, and offering life-changing experiences. It is anticipated that these findings will significantly advance the field of architecture education and have applications in curriculum development, internship program design and execution, and career counseling services, especially in underdeveloped or developing countries.
{"title":"The The Influence of Construction Site Internships in Architecture Education","authors":"İkbal Erbaş","doi":"10.31522/p.31.2(66).12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31522/p.31.2(66).12","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of internships and the influence of construction site manager (CSM) as a role model on students' educational and career paths, employing Kolb's experiential learning theory as a theoretical framework. To address the research objectives, a questionnaire was conducted on 93 architecture students, focusing on four key research questions: (1) Does the internship experience affect students' perception of CSMs? (2) Does it influence their career goals related to CSM positions? (3) Does the internship experience alter the career aspirations of intern students regarding the career as a construction site manager? and (4) Do students perceive CSMs as role models after completing their internships? The findings show how internships significantly affect students, improving their comprehension of the CSM role, influencing their aspirations for their careers, and offering life-changing experiences. It is anticipated that these findings will significantly advance the field of architecture education and have applications in curriculum development, internship program design and execution, and career counseling services, especially in underdeveloped or developing countries.","PeriodicalId":42738,"journal":{"name":"Prostor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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