Haemi Choi, Bora Kim, Insoo Kim, Jae-Gu Kang, Yoonjae Lee, Hyowon Lee, Min-Hyeon Park
Digital therapeutics based on software, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, games, and smartphone applications, are in the spotlight as new therapeutic alternatives in child and adolescent psychiatry. It draws attention to overcoming conventional therapeutics' limitations, such as toxicity, cost, and accessibility, and encourages patients to participate in the treatment attractively. The growth potential of the digital therapeutics market for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Korea and abroad has been highlighted. Clinical studies and Food and Drug Administration approvals for digital therapeutics have increased, and cases approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety have emerged in Korea. As seen above, digital transformation in child and adolescent psychiatry will change treatment paradigms significantly. Therefore, as this new field has just begun to emerge, it is necessary to verify the effectiveness and scope of the application of digital therapeutics and consider preparing a compensation system and institutional arrangements. Accordingly, this study analyzed the development trends and application status of digital therapeutics in children and adolescents and presented limitations and development directions from the perspective of application in healthcare. Further, the study is expected to identify the utility and limitations of digital therapeutics for children and adolescents and establish effective application measures.
{"title":"Analysis of the Status and Future Direction for Digital Therapeutics in Children and Adolescent Psychiatry.","authors":"Haemi Choi, Bora Kim, Insoo Kim, Jae-Gu Kang, Yoonjae Lee, Hyowon Lee, Min-Hyeon Park","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230044","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital therapeutics based on software, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, games, and smartphone applications, are in the spotlight as new therapeutic alternatives in child and adolescent psychiatry. It draws attention to overcoming conventional therapeutics' limitations, such as toxicity, cost, and accessibility, and encourages patients to participate in the treatment attractively. The growth potential of the digital therapeutics market for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in Korea and abroad has been highlighted. Clinical studies and Food and Drug Administration approvals for digital therapeutics have increased, and cases approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety have emerged in Korea. As seen above, digital transformation in child and adolescent psychiatry will change treatment paradigms significantly. Therefore, as this new field has just begun to emerge, it is necessary to verify the effectiveness and scope of the application of digital therapeutics and consider preparing a compensation system and institutional arrangements. Accordingly, this study analyzed the development trends and application status of digital therapeutics in children and adolescents and presented limitations and development directions from the perspective of application in healthcare. Further, the study is expected to identify the utility and limitations of digital therapeutics for children and adolescents and establish effective application measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"34 4","pages":"192-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/de/d0/jkacap-34-4-192.PMC10568185.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: Adolescents are at risk of suicide. As suicide is a multifactorial process, risk and protective factors are relevant constructs for suicide prediction. This study explored the effects of risk and protective factors on suicidal ideation in adolescents on the island of São Miguel (Azores).
Methods: A sample of 750 adolescents (male: n=358; 47.7%; mean age=14.67 years; standard deviation=1.85 years) from the island of São Miguel (Azores) completed several measures related to suicidal ideation and associated factors. Using a cross-sectional design, this study conducted descriptive, correlational, predictive, mediation, and moderation analyses.
Results: Adolescents generally displayed high levels of risk and protective factors; an indicative proportion exhibited significant suicidal ideation with females presenting the greatest vulnerability. Furthermore, the results highlight that depression is the best predictor of suicidal ideation, however, the association between these variables is mediated.
Conclusion: The data corroborate that the suicidal reality of adolescents in the Autonomous Region of the Azores is worrisome. Having substantiated the complexity of the suicidal context in young people in the present research, the need to continue studying risk/protective factors in this area is supported.
{"title":"Psychological Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation: A Study in an Adolescent Sample in an Insular Context.","authors":"Ana Margarida Cunha, Claudia Carmo, Marta Bras","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230031","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Adolescents are at risk of suicide. As suicide is a multifactorial process, risk and protective factors are relevant constructs for suicide prediction. This study explored the effects of risk and protective factors on suicidal ideation in adolescents on the island of São Miguel (Azores).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of 750 adolescents (male: n=358; 47.7%; mean age=14.67 years; standard deviation=1.85 years) from the island of São Miguel (Azores) completed several measures related to suicidal ideation and associated factors. Using a cross-sectional design, this study conducted descriptive, correlational, predictive, mediation, and moderation analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adolescents generally displayed high levels of risk and protective factors; an indicative proportion exhibited significant suicidal ideation with females presenting the greatest vulnerability. Furthermore, the results highlight that depression is the best predictor of suicidal ideation, however, the association between these variables is mediated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data corroborate that the suicidal reality of adolescents in the Autonomous Region of the Azores is worrisome. Having substantiated the complexity of the suicidal context in young people in the present research, the need to continue studying risk/protective factors in this area is supported.</p>","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"34 4","pages":"250-257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/39/26/jkacap-34-4-250.PMC10568188.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the educational system in Korea has faced significant turmoil related to teacher suicides, heightened awareness of the harassment they endure from parents, and their deep frustration and agony regarding the harsh environment they encounter. The school system is an integral part of the daily lives of children and a critical factor in their development. Therefore, I am deeply concerned about the transformations in classroom dynamics, as reported by teachers following these tragic events. Children must learn from both positive and negative experiences to develop into well-rounded individuals. The process of recovering from minor everyday stresses and conflicts, as well as self-reflection on their own behavior, plays an important role in enhancing their mental resilience and ability to navigate life challenges. Similar to doctor-patient relationships, the relationships within the classroom should maintain clear boundaries among teachers, parents, and children to ensure a safe and effective learning environment. However, it appears that some children are becoming overprotected, and some parents are overly eager to shield them from negative experiences in the outer world. At times, heightened parental anxiety leads to projecting conflicts onto potential authorities, even accusing them of any disadvantages faced by their children. The world surrounding children and adolescents is evolving more rapidly than that of adults. Recent decades have brought about changes in the classroom, mirroring the rapid transitions in society, both positive and negative. For example, an overprotective environment may be a unintended consequence of collective efforts to protect people from significant trauma and stress. Instances of school violence and children adopting a sense of entitlement toward authority figures may reflect an unhealthy shift in the social values regarding power and an excessive focus on external factors, rather than fostering self-reflection. The uncontrollable influence of social media, especially the indiscriminate exposure to harmful content before critical thinking abilities fully develop in the brain, poses a significant challenge. Regulating the production, reproduction, and imitation of this content is proving to be as complex as addressing global climate change. Mental health professionals may, at times, feel helpless in the face of this overwhelming tide. In this issue, our journal addresses another major change in the world affecting children, under the theme of “Digital Therapeutics and Digital Adversity.” It includes current knowledge regarding augmented and virtual reality, digital media used for therapeutic purposes, and metaverses, all within the context of their incorporation into the lives of children as a novel dimension of reality. We have strived to provide a multidisciplinary perspective, encompassing both positive and negative aspects of these developments. Often, progress arises dialectically in response to problems or
{"title":"Coping With Changes in the World Affecting Children.","authors":"Hee Jeong Yoo","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230060","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230060","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the educational system in Korea has faced significant turmoil related to teacher suicides, heightened awareness of the harassment they endure from parents, and their deep frustration and agony regarding the harsh environment they encounter. The school system is an integral part of the daily lives of children and a critical factor in their development. Therefore, I am deeply concerned about the transformations in classroom dynamics, as reported by teachers following these tragic events. Children must learn from both positive and negative experiences to develop into well-rounded individuals. The process of recovering from minor everyday stresses and conflicts, as well as self-reflection on their own behavior, plays an important role in enhancing their mental resilience and ability to navigate life challenges. Similar to doctor-patient relationships, the relationships within the classroom should maintain clear boundaries among teachers, parents, and children to ensure a safe and effective learning environment. However, it appears that some children are becoming overprotected, and some parents are overly eager to shield them from negative experiences in the outer world. At times, heightened parental anxiety leads to projecting conflicts onto potential authorities, even accusing them of any disadvantages faced by their children. The world surrounding children and adolescents is evolving more rapidly than that of adults. Recent decades have brought about changes in the classroom, mirroring the rapid transitions in society, both positive and negative. For example, an overprotective environment may be a unintended consequence of collective efforts to protect people from significant trauma and stress. Instances of school violence and children adopting a sense of entitlement toward authority figures may reflect an unhealthy shift in the social values regarding power and an excessive focus on external factors, rather than fostering self-reflection. The uncontrollable influence of social media, especially the indiscriminate exposure to harmful content before critical thinking abilities fully develop in the brain, poses a significant challenge. Regulating the production, reproduction, and imitation of this content is proving to be as complex as addressing global climate change. Mental health professionals may, at times, feel helpless in the face of this overwhelming tide. In this issue, our journal addresses another major change in the world affecting children, under the theme of “Digital Therapeutics and Digital Adversity.” It includes current knowledge regarding augmented and virtual reality, digital media used for therapeutic purposes, and metaverses, all within the context of their incorporation into the lives of children as a novel dimension of reality. We have strived to provide a multidisciplinary perspective, encompassing both positive and negative aspects of these developments. Often, progress arises dialectically in response to problems or","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"34 4","pages":"189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/eb/c5/jkacap-34-4-189.PMC10568190.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital Solutions for Mental Health: A Critical Look at the Present Reality.","authors":"Eunjoo Kim","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.230059","DOIUrl":"10.5765/jkacap.230059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"34 4","pages":"190-191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e0/5a/jkacap-34-4-190.PMC10568187.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41239666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Through accurate observation and the results of experimental studies using great apes, the author tells us exactly what we have not known about human communication. The author persuasively conveys to the reader the grand history of developing from great apes’ gestures to human gestures, to human speech. Given that great apes and human gestures were the origin of human voice language, we have once again realized that our language is, after all, an “embodied language.”
{"title":"How Well Did We Know About Our Communication? “Origins of Human Communication”","authors":"Jung-Woo Son","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.220042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.220042","url":null,"abstract":"Through accurate observation and the results of experimental studies using great apes, the author tells us exactly what we have not known about human communication. The author persuasively conveys to the reader the grand history of developing from great apes’ gestures to human gestures, to human speech. Given that great apes and human gestures were the origin of human voice language, we have once again realized that our language is, after all, an “embodied language.”","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"46 1","pages":"57 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80019798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stimulants, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate, are one of the most effective treatment modalities for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and may cause various movement disorders. This review discusses various movement disorders related to stimulant use in the treatment of ADHD. We reviewed the current knowledge on various movement disorders that may be related to the therapeutic use of stimulants in patients with ADHD. Recent findings suggest that the use of stimulants and the onset/aggravation of tics are more likely to be coincidental. In rare cases, stimulants may cause stereotypies, chorea, and dyskinesia, in addition to tics. Some epidemiological studies have suggested that stimulants used for the treatment of ADHD may cause Parkinson’s disease (PD) after adulthood. However, there is still a lack of evidence that the use of stimulants in patients with ADHD may cause PD, and related studies are only in the early stages. As stimulants are one of the most commonly used medications in children and adolescents, close observations and studies are necessary to assess the effects of stimulants on various movement disorders, including tic disorders and Parkinson’s disease.
{"title":"Stimulant Induced Movement Disorders in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","authors":"S. Nam, M. Lim, T. Park","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.210034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.210034","url":null,"abstract":"Stimulants, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate, are one of the most effective treatment modalities for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and may cause various movement disorders. This review discusses various movement disorders related to stimulant use in the treatment of ADHD. We reviewed the current knowledge on various movement disorders that may be related to the therapeutic use of stimulants in patients with ADHD. Recent findings suggest that the use of stimulants and the onset/aggravation of tics are more likely to be coincidental. In rare cases, stimulants may cause stereotypies, chorea, and dyskinesia, in addition to tics. Some epidemiological studies have suggested that stimulants used for the treatment of ADHD may cause Parkinson’s disease (PD) after adulthood. However, there is still a lack of evidence that the use of stimulants in patients with ADHD may cause PD, and related studies are only in the early stages. As stimulants are one of the most commonly used medications in children and adolescents, close observations and studies are necessary to assess the effects of stimulants on various movement disorders, including tic disorders and Parkinson’s disease.","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"44 1","pages":"27 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85533935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Da-Yea Song, Dabin Kim, Hannah J. Lee, Guiyoung Bong, Jae Hyun Han, H. Yoo
Objectives Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core symptom in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The complexity of behavioral patterns has called for the creation of phenotypically homogeneous subgroups among individuals with ASD. The purpose of this study was 1) to investigate the different types of RRBs and 2) to explore whether subgroups created by RRBs would show unique levels of functioning in toddlers and young children with ASD. Methods A total of 313 children with ASD, aged 12–42 months were included in the analysis. The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised was used to obtain information on the different types of RRBs by grouping 15 items into six categories. The Vineland Adaptive Behaviors Scale, a parent-reported questionnaire, was used to measure adaptive functioning. A portion of the children were analyzed separately for verbal-related RRBs based on their expressive language level. Two-step cluster analysis using RRB groups as features was used to create subgroups. Analysis of covariance while covarying for age and language was performed to explore the clinical characteristics of each cluster group. Results Sensory-related RRBs were the most prevalent, followed by circumscribed interests, interest in objects, resistance to change, and repetitive body movements. A subset of the children was analyzed separately to explore verbal-related RRBs. Four cluster groups were created based on reported RRBs, with multiple RRBs demonstrating significant delays in adaptive functioning. Conclusion Heterogeneity of RRBs emerges at a young age. The different patterns of RRBs can be used as valuable information to determine developmental trajectories with better implications for treatment approaches.
{"title":"Patterns of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Toddlers and Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"Da-Yea Song, Dabin Kim, Hannah J. Lee, Guiyoung Bong, Jae Hyun Han, H. Yoo","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.220001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.220001","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core symptom in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The complexity of behavioral patterns has called for the creation of phenotypically homogeneous subgroups among individuals with ASD. The purpose of this study was 1) to investigate the different types of RRBs and 2) to explore whether subgroups created by RRBs would show unique levels of functioning in toddlers and young children with ASD. Methods A total of 313 children with ASD, aged 12–42 months were included in the analysis. The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised was used to obtain information on the different types of RRBs by grouping 15 items into six categories. The Vineland Adaptive Behaviors Scale, a parent-reported questionnaire, was used to measure adaptive functioning. A portion of the children were analyzed separately for verbal-related RRBs based on their expressive language level. Two-step cluster analysis using RRB groups as features was used to create subgroups. Analysis of covariance while covarying for age and language was performed to explore the clinical characteristics of each cluster group. Results Sensory-related RRBs were the most prevalent, followed by circumscribed interests, interest in objects, resistance to change, and repetitive body movements. A subset of the children was analyzed separately to explore verbal-related RRBs. Four cluster groups were created based on reported RRBs, with multiple RRBs demonstrating significant delays in adaptive functioning. Conclusion Heterogeneity of RRBs emerges at a young age. The different patterns of RRBs can be used as valuable information to determine developmental trajectories with better implications for treatment approaches.","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"77 1","pages":"35 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83134514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Guarantee of Rights and Support for Persons with Developmental Disabilities Act was enacted and revised in 2014. However, national measures for persons with developmental disabilities remain insufficient. In the film, “Grown Up,” director Hyeyoung Jang filmed the daily life of her sister, who has developmental disabilities. She raised not only the issue of institutionalization in people with developmental disabilities in Korea but also the issue of a lack of policies that would be essential to them and their family members. In the future, I hope that as experts, child and adolescent psychiatrists in Korea will pay more attention to the lives of people with developmental disabilities outside the clinic and propose policies to help them and their family members.
{"title":"How Must We Prepare in the Next Decades When Caring for Those With Developmental Disabilities: “Grown Up” (2018)","authors":"Jun-Won Hwang","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.220007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.220007","url":null,"abstract":"The Guarantee of Rights and Support for Persons with Developmental Disabilities Act was enacted and revised in 2014. However, national measures for persons with developmental disabilities remain insufficient. In the film, “Grown Up,” director Hyeyoung Jang filmed the daily life of her sister, who has developmental disabilities. She raised not only the issue of institutionalization in people with developmental disabilities in Korea but also the issue of a lack of policies that would be essential to them and their family members. In the future, I hope that as experts, child and adolescent psychiatrists in Korea will pay more attention to the lives of people with developmental disabilities outside the clinic and propose policies to help them and their family members.","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"82 1","pages":"55 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87223964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives Among adolescent development tasks, being independent of parents is an essential process for emotional and physical separation. There are many conflicts of separation and individuation between parents and adolescents; however, most clinicians explore the process of separation and individuation only from adolescents’ perspective. Whether simultaneously or sequentially, separation-individuation occurs between adolescents and parents, respectively. The authors have already introduced the theory of synchronized individuation in a clinical case to explain the concept of this intersubjective phenomena. This study also attempts to prove the synchronized individuation theory through the interaction of characters in a movie and a fairy tale. Methods The authors present the basis for the theory of synchronized individuation of adolescence through the growing process of Mason Junior, the main character of the movie “Boyhood,” and from the process of the separation of a hen, Sprout, and an orphaned duckling in “The hen who dreamed she could fly.” Results Synchronized individuation was developed and observed from Mason, the son’s perspective in “Boyhood,” and Sprout, the mother’s subjective perspective in the story of the hen. Conclusion Increasing conflict and mutual impact in the relationship between adolescents and parents, ambivalent feelings for separation, selective identification of each other, mutual respect through mutual recognition, and role changes in relationship position were confirmed. Sons and mothers were individualized with synchronization.
{"title":"Concept of Synchronized Individuation Based on the Characters in a Movie and a Fairy Tale","authors":"D. Moon, G. Bahn","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.220004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.220004","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Among adolescent development tasks, being independent of parents is an essential process for emotional and physical separation. There are many conflicts of separation and individuation between parents and adolescents; however, most clinicians explore the process of separation and individuation only from adolescents’ perspective. Whether simultaneously or sequentially, separation-individuation occurs between adolescents and parents, respectively. The authors have already introduced the theory of synchronized individuation in a clinical case to explain the concept of this intersubjective phenomena. This study also attempts to prove the synchronized individuation theory through the interaction of characters in a movie and a fairy tale. Methods The authors present the basis for the theory of synchronized individuation of adolescence through the growing process of Mason Junior, the main character of the movie “Boyhood,” and from the process of the separation of a hen, Sprout, and an orphaned duckling in “The hen who dreamed she could fly.” Results Synchronized individuation was developed and observed from Mason, the son’s perspective in “Boyhood,” and Sprout, the mother’s subjective perspective in the story of the hen. Conclusion Increasing conflict and mutual impact in the relationship between adolescents and parents, ambivalent feelings for separation, selective identification of each other, mutual respect through mutual recognition, and role changes in relationship position were confirmed. Sons and mothers were individualized with synchronization.","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"7 1","pages":"48 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90520575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Statistics based on measurable data protect us from the temptation of saying our intuition is true. However, they cannot sometimes reveal the truths hidden behind a phenomenon. Sometimes, data cannot be collected in the middle of an ongoing phenomenon. Many factors make the process hard, including practical difficulties in data collection, available measures, age of participants, various biases of data collection, and representativeness of the sample. For example, how can we measure the active changes in the brain of very young infants when they are developing basic social emotions, learning a language at the single word level, and consolidating secured attachment with their primary caregivers? How can we quantify ever-changing emotional reciprocity during the rapprochement period of 2-year-old toddlers and their parents? Even if we can capture a certain aspect of brain activities during the early developmental stage, a more robust story and context are attenuated within the data, and its implication in development might lose its depth. As another example, it has been more than 2 years since the COVID-19 pandemic started, and while some children are experiencing both physical and mental issues, others are not; statistics have not been able to capture or integrate what we experience and feel in everyday life. There has been a tremendous increase in cases of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, in the last four decades. Nonetheless, the statistics per se are insufficient to understand the situation without knowing the why behind the rapid increase, which is extremely hard to answer clearly. We know that children in Ukraine are facing tremendous crises in the face of war, and the data are unavailable and even powerless in such a rigorous existential reality. An in-depth understanding of typical developmental trajectories is an essential research area for atypical development and decoding psychopathology in child psychiatry. Studies have tried to prove the developmental process both in behavior and at the brain level. Many outstanding longitudinal studies examining developmental brain structure or connectivity changes have been published, with some examining brain changes associated with specific traits, such as reading, arithmetic ability, and preterm birth [1-3]. Prospective follow-up databases for brain development have been launched to set up more comprehensive insight into human brain development in an unbiased setting [4]. Various experimental models were developed and utilized to reproduce developmental processes in laboratory settings, from classic examples such as Ainsworth’s strange situation procedure to examine mother-child attachment patterns and false belief tasks to test the theory of mind to more complicated cognitive tasks. These might be researchers’ trials to make more abstract issues more concrete and transform further intersubjective phenomena into more visible, ubiquitous ones. With these attempts, w
{"title":"Beyond Statistics","authors":"H. Yoo","doi":"10.5765/jkacap.220010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.220010","url":null,"abstract":"Statistics based on measurable data protect us from the temptation of saying our intuition is true. However, they cannot sometimes reveal the truths hidden behind a phenomenon. Sometimes, data cannot be collected in the middle of an ongoing phenomenon. Many factors make the process hard, including practical difficulties in data collection, available measures, age of participants, various biases of data collection, and representativeness of the sample. For example, how can we measure the active changes in the brain of very young infants when they are developing basic social emotions, learning a language at the single word level, and consolidating secured attachment with their primary caregivers? How can we quantify ever-changing emotional reciprocity during the rapprochement period of 2-year-old toddlers and their parents? Even if we can capture a certain aspect of brain activities during the early developmental stage, a more robust story and context are attenuated within the data, and its implication in development might lose its depth. As another example, it has been more than 2 years since the COVID-19 pandemic started, and while some children are experiencing both physical and mental issues, others are not; statistics have not been able to capture or integrate what we experience and feel in everyday life. There has been a tremendous increase in cases of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, in the last four decades. Nonetheless, the statistics per se are insufficient to understand the situation without knowing the why behind the rapid increase, which is extremely hard to answer clearly. We know that children in Ukraine are facing tremendous crises in the face of war, and the data are unavailable and even powerless in such a rigorous existential reality. An in-depth understanding of typical developmental trajectories is an essential research area for atypical development and decoding psychopathology in child psychiatry. Studies have tried to prove the developmental process both in behavior and at the brain level. Many outstanding longitudinal studies examining developmental brain structure or connectivity changes have been published, with some examining brain changes associated with specific traits, such as reading, arithmetic ability, and preterm birth [1-3]. Prospective follow-up databases for brain development have been launched to set up more comprehensive insight into human brain development in an unbiased setting [4]. Various experimental models were developed and utilized to reproduce developmental processes in laboratory settings, from classic examples such as Ainsworth’s strange situation procedure to examine mother-child attachment patterns and false belief tasks to test the theory of mind to more complicated cognitive tasks. These might be researchers’ trials to make more abstract issues more concrete and transform further intersubjective phenomena into more visible, ubiquitous ones. With these attempts, w","PeriodicalId":42806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":"101 1","pages":"25 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77892858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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