{"title":"Vince L. Bantu. 2020. A Multitude of All Peoples: Engaging Ancient Christianity's Global Identity","authors":"Easten Law","doi":"10.3366/swc.2022.0382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2022.0382","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45142036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ever since the theory of orality and literacy was introduced, it has provided scholars with a deeper understanding of the intertwined nature of culture and communication, as well as an appreciated tool for analysis. This is true also for the field of World Christianity. As the era of digital media emerged, the theory was developed as a tool to interpret digital culture as a ‘secondary orality’. This article critiques and cultivates this theory, by showing how the analytical tool of orality, literacy and secondary orality might be sharpened. This is done in dialogue with the practice of female preachers. Preaching thus serves as an example for a wider discussion on the development of the theory. The sharpening of the tool is done through letting the complexity of practices inform the theory. Through historical case studies of three strategically chosen female preachers, four questions are identified that would be important to consider when the theory and its developments are used in analysis: genre of communication, the categories of body and space, and how authority is construed. Finally, the cultivated theory is applied in the analysis of a female preacher in a digital culture and space.
{"title":"From the Amphitheatre to Twitter: Cultivating Secondary Orality in Dialogue with Female Preachers","authors":"Frida Mannerfelt","doi":"10.3366/swc.2022.0368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2022.0368","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since the theory of orality and literacy was introduced, it has provided scholars with a deeper understanding of the intertwined nature of culture and communication, as well as an appreciated tool for analysis. This is true also for the field of World Christianity. As the era of digital media emerged, the theory was developed as a tool to interpret digital culture as a ‘secondary orality’. This article critiques and cultivates this theory, by showing how the analytical tool of orality, literacy and secondary orality might be sharpened. This is done in dialogue with the practice of female preachers. Preaching thus serves as an example for a wider discussion on the development of the theory. The sharpening of the tool is done through letting the complexity of practices inform the theory. Through historical case studies of three strategically chosen female preachers, four questions are identified that would be important to consider when the theory and its developments are used in analysis: genre of communication, the categories of body and space, and how authority is construed. Finally, the cultivated theory is applied in the analysis of a female preacher in a digital culture and space.","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69503181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the songs circulated in the first Christian woman’s magazine in China, Nü duo (1912–1951). Its first editor, American missionary Laura M. White (1867–1937), played a crucial role in creating a wide range of music for Chinese girls through journalism. White used print media to circulate songs that were viewed as an integral part of the spiritual life of ideal womanhood. Unlike the hymnody confined to congregational worship, the music circulated through Nü duo aimed to promote a vocalised expression of Christian faith in everyday life. This spiritual life was interwoven with secular concerns about the nation, social issues and home life. An exploration of music literature published in Nü duo shows how Western music was translated into local language that aimed to reach female Christians in mission schools and at home. It provided an alternative to the dominant indigenous development of Protestant hymnody in the Republican era. It went beyond the foreign and local dichotomy with a concept of universal modern citizenship. Furthermore, it added a gendered perspective to Christian sacred music that was linked to the creation of a sense of a female fellowship.
本文以中国第一本基督教女性杂志《Nü duo》(1912-1951)中流传的歌曲为研究对象。它的第一位编辑是美国传教士劳拉·m·怀特(Laura M. White, 1867-1937)，她通过新闻为中国女孩创造了广泛的音乐，在这方面发挥了至关重要的作用。怀特利用印刷媒体传播歌曲，这些歌曲被视为理想女性精神生活的组成部分。与仅限于教会崇拜的赞美诗不同，这些音乐通过Nü duo传播，旨在促进基督教信仰在日常生活中的发声表达。这种精神生活与世俗对国家、社会问题和家庭生活的关注交织在一起。在Nü duo网站上发表的一篇音乐文学探索文章展示了西方音乐是如何被翻译成当地语言的，目的是让教会学校和家庭中的女性基督徒了解。它为共和时期新教赞美诗的本土发展提供了另一种选择。它超越了外国和本地的二分法，提出了普遍的现代公民概念。此外，它还为基督教神圣音乐增添了性别视角，这与女性团契感的创造有关。
{"title":"Singing a New Song: Christian Musical Literature for Chinese Women in the Republican Era","authors":"Yun Zhou","doi":"10.3366/swc.2022.0369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2022.0369","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the songs circulated in the first Christian woman’s magazine in China, Nü duo (1912–1951). Its first editor, American missionary Laura M. White (1867–1937), played a crucial role in creating a wide range of music for Chinese girls through journalism. White used print media to circulate songs that were viewed as an integral part of the spiritual life of ideal womanhood. Unlike the hymnody confined to congregational worship, the music circulated through Nü duo aimed to promote a vocalised expression of Christian faith in everyday life. This spiritual life was interwoven with secular concerns about the nation, social issues and home life. An exploration of music literature published in Nü duo shows how Western music was translated into local language that aimed to reach female Christians in mission schools and at home. It provided an alternative to the dominant indigenous development of Protestant hymnody in the Republican era. It went beyond the foreign and local dichotomy with a concept of universal modern citizenship. Furthermore, it added a gendered perspective to Christian sacred music that was linked to the creation of a sense of a female fellowship.","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44803277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dubbing Euro-American Jesus films and using them for world evangelisation has reached an unprecedented popularity to the extent that global audiences are now more likely to be introduced to the biblical message in film, rather than text. Dubbed Jesus films are widely perceived as biblically accurate and authoritative as long as they use translated biblical texts and claim to be historical. The communicative contribution of their images, notably how they portray Jesus in looks and behaviour, is largely neglected. Consequently, dubbing leads to an awkward co-cultural fusion of foreign images and local speech, which can generate new and often unanticipated meaning that deviates from the intended meaning of original Jesus films. This dubbing dissonance increases with the socio-cultural distance between foreign images and local speech. Dubbing, then, leads to new media products that assume their own communicative dynamics and stand between Bible translation and transmediation. Just as Bible translation has been localised in recent decades, I propose that Bible transmediation from text to film equally needs to be localised by promoting the idea that different language communities produce their own media products.
{"title":"Jesus Films for World Evangelisation: Dubbing Dissonance and Bible Transmediation","authors":"J. Merz","doi":"10.3366/swc.2022.0373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2022.0373","url":null,"abstract":"Dubbing Euro-American Jesus films and using them for world evangelisation has reached an unprecedented popularity to the extent that global audiences are now more likely to be introduced to the biblical message in film, rather than text. Dubbed Jesus films are widely perceived as biblically accurate and authoritative as long as they use translated biblical texts and claim to be historical. The communicative contribution of their images, notably how they portray Jesus in looks and behaviour, is largely neglected. Consequently, dubbing leads to an awkward co-cultural fusion of foreign images and local speech, which can generate new and often unanticipated meaning that deviates from the intended meaning of original Jesus films. This dubbing dissonance increases with the socio-cultural distance between foreign images and local speech. Dubbing, then, leads to new media products that assume their own communicative dynamics and stand between Bible translation and transmediation. Just as Bible translation has been localised in recent decades, I propose that Bible transmediation from text to film equally needs to be localised by promoting the idea that different language communities produce their own media products.","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47274869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jason A. Carter. 2017. Inside the Whirlwind: The Book of Job through African Eyes","authors":"Adrian M Deese","doi":"10.3366/swc.2022.0380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2022.0380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48309741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jean DeBernardi. 2020. Christian Circulations: Global Christianity and the Local Church in Penang and Singapore, 1819-2000","authors":"Seng‐Guan Yeoh","doi":"10.3366/swc.2022.0377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2022.0377","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45165488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The incursion of globalisation presents both opportunities and challenges for mission in Africa. This is especially visible among the younger generation whose cultural perspectives have been influenced by global digital cultures. Although the youth in Africa are very much aware of their indigenous identities, they also participate actively with their peers elsewhere around the globe. As a result of these global interactions, many of the pre-colonial theological metaphors which have been accepted as authentic grassroots African theologies seem to have become less meaningful to emerging generations. Analysing contemporary oral sources such as music, prayers, poetry and everyday conversation among young Africans, this paper argues that there is a seismic shift in theological metaphors that speak meaningfully to the contexts of emerging Africans. The paper argues that many young people in contemporary Ghana, for example, do not see mmoatia (dwarfs) and sasabonsam (forest monster) as symbols of threat: they have new threats. A theology that describes Jesus as a hunter could be so impotent in the face of contemporary realities of some young people in Ghana, as Western theologies made a corresponding adjustment in Majority World countries a few decades ago. The paper concludes that these changing metaphors have implications for local theologies in Africa and must be engaged by theologians, missionaries and all who are interested in African theologies for the purpose of meaningful contextualisation in contemporary African Christianity.
{"title":"Changing Metaphors in African Theologies: Influences from Digital Cultures","authors":"Christian Tsekpoe","doi":"10.3366/swc.2022.0371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2022.0371","url":null,"abstract":"The incursion of globalisation presents both opportunities and challenges for mission in Africa. This is especially visible among the younger generation whose cultural perspectives have been influenced by global digital cultures. Although the youth in Africa are very much aware of their indigenous identities, they also participate actively with their peers elsewhere around the globe. As a result of these global interactions, many of the pre-colonial theological metaphors which have been accepted as authentic grassroots African theologies seem to have become less meaningful to emerging generations. Analysing contemporary oral sources such as music, prayers, poetry and everyday conversation among young Africans, this paper argues that there is a seismic shift in theological metaphors that speak meaningfully to the contexts of emerging Africans. The paper argues that many young people in contemporary Ghana, for example, do not see mmoatia (dwarfs) and sasabonsam (forest monster) as symbols of threat: they have new threats. A theology that describes Jesus as a hunter could be so impotent in the face of contemporary realities of some young people in Ghana, as Western theologies made a corresponding adjustment in Majority World countries a few decades ago. The paper concludes that these changing metaphors have implications for local theologies in Africa and must be engaged by theologians, missionaries and all who are interested in African theologies for the purpose of meaningful contextualisation in contemporary African Christianity.","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43390538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Li Ma, Religious Entrepreneurism in China's Urban House Churches: The Rise and Fall of Early Rain Reformed Presbyterian Church","authors":"Ma Xue","doi":"10.3366/swc.2021.0358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2021.0358","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48535010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As messengers of a peaceful gospel, the ‘Christian soldiers’ put in charge of expanding the remit of the London Missionary Society to South-east Asia and, eventually, to South China frequently found themselves at war with each other. Based on the personal correspondence of missionaries stationed at Melaka, Batavia and Guangzhou, the present article analyses both the challenges faced by the missionary circle as well as the disagreements which developed. The Protestant missionaries sailed in the wake of the Dutch and British navies after the Napoleonic wars. They thus found themselves both protected and held at ransom by the colonial politics which ensued, resulting in personal decisions which could pit individual missionaries against each other. Not a few missionaries were of continental European origin – for example, Thomsen, Brückner and Gützlaff – accentuating rivalries between the colonial enterprises and between competing missionary societies. Differences in personality, such as Robert Morrison’s proverbial severity or the schoolmastery of William Milne, did little to alleviate such tensions. But arguably the most important reason for the ‘murmurings and disputings’ observed by Robert Morrison was radically different outlooks concerning the objectives of the mission. These related to conversion methods, to the educational paradigm of the Christian missions, and methods of outreach, pitting a highly mobile ‘entrepreneurial’ approach against the stability of the mission stations. Importantly in the polyethnic composition of south-eastern Asia, opinions differed on the utility of the Malayan languages, South Chinese vernaculars or the language used by Chinese officials. Dissension within the Ultra-Ganges Missions arose from the essential bifurcation between life in the ‘here & now’ and a future destiny in China.
{"title":"Early Nineteenth-Century ‘Murmurings and Disputings’ in the Ultra-Ganges Missions","authors":"R. Tiedemann","doi":"10.3366/swc.2021.0351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2021.0351","url":null,"abstract":"As messengers of a peaceful gospel, the ‘Christian soldiers’ put in charge of expanding the remit of the London Missionary Society to South-east Asia and, eventually, to South China frequently found themselves at war with each other. Based on the personal correspondence of missionaries stationed at Melaka, Batavia and Guangzhou, the present article analyses both the challenges faced by the missionary circle as well as the disagreements which developed. The Protestant missionaries sailed in the wake of the Dutch and British navies after the Napoleonic wars. They thus found themselves both protected and held at ransom by the colonial politics which ensued, resulting in personal decisions which could pit individual missionaries against each other. Not a few missionaries were of continental European origin – for example, Thomsen, Brückner and Gützlaff – accentuating rivalries between the colonial enterprises and between competing missionary societies. Differences in personality, such as Robert Morrison’s proverbial severity or the schoolmastery of William Milne, did little to alleviate such tensions. But arguably the most important reason for the ‘murmurings and disputings’ observed by Robert Morrison was radically different outlooks concerning the objectives of the mission. These related to conversion methods, to the educational paradigm of the Christian missions, and methods of outreach, pitting a highly mobile ‘entrepreneurial’ approach against the stability of the mission stations. Importantly in the polyethnic composition of south-eastern Asia, opinions differed on the utility of the Malayan languages, South Chinese vernaculars or the language used by Chinese officials. Dissension within the Ultra-Ganges Missions arose from the essential bifurcation between life in the ‘here & now’ and a future destiny in China.","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49213099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hilary M. Carey, Empire of Hell: Religion and the Campaign to End Convict Transportation in the British Empire, 1788–1875","authors":"G. Atkins","doi":"10.3366/swc.2021.0360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2021.0360","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42820,"journal":{"name":"Studies in World Christianity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43748153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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