Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2123052
A. Stefan
ABSTRACT This article examines how starting in the 1960s and with the peak in the 1970s and into the early 1980s, the Romanian Black Sea Coast became a hotbed of European tourism with visitors not just from Romania and the neighbouring socialist countries, but also from western capitalist countries. Following the model of more developed tourist countries and lured by the possibility of gaining hard currencies, socialist Romania sought to develop beach tourism so as to attract Western tourists seeking seaside vacations. But, as this article shows, the socialist state was not the only one to benefit from the arrival of Western tourists. The presence of foreign tourists, especially of those from capitalist countries who were in stark majority on the seaside, offered the Romanian citizens the opportunity to mingle and to establish economic and personal relationships that helped them to acquire goods unavailable in ordinary shops, while enabling them to adopt a more cosmopolitan way of life. This article shows that from the mid-1960s until the early 1980s, on the Romanian Black Sea Coast, with the tacit acceptance of local officials, became a space that mingled socialist landscape and values with capitalist material culture.
{"title":"Fighting the Cold War on the beach: East–West encounters on the Romanian Black Sea Riviera between the 1960s and the 1980s","authors":"A. Stefan","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2123052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2123052","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines how starting in the 1960s and with the peak in the 1970s and into the early 1980s, the Romanian Black Sea Coast became a hotbed of European tourism with visitors not just from Romania and the neighbouring socialist countries, but also from western capitalist countries. Following the model of more developed tourist countries and lured by the possibility of gaining hard currencies, socialist Romania sought to develop beach tourism so as to attract Western tourists seeking seaside vacations. But, as this article shows, the socialist state was not the only one to benefit from the arrival of Western tourists. The presence of foreign tourists, especially of those from capitalist countries who were in stark majority on the seaside, offered the Romanian citizens the opportunity to mingle and to establish economic and personal relationships that helped them to acquire goods unavailable in ordinary shops, while enabling them to adopt a more cosmopolitan way of life. This article shows that from the mid-1960s until the early 1980s, on the Romanian Black Sea Coast, with the tacit acceptance of local officials, became a space that mingled socialist landscape and values with capitalist material culture.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"123 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43491922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2065366
Mikko Manka
ABSTRACT The creation of the affordable Interrail rail ticket offer in 1972 opened up European railway networks to European youth, enabling unprecedented leisure travel abroad for many young travellers. In the Nordic countries especially, Interrail became a generational European youth experience in the 1970s and 1980s. This article examines how Finnish Interrail travellers reconstruct their experienced senses of belonging when reminiscing on their Interrail journeys between 1972 and 1991. The article is based on a qualitative analysis of Finnish Interrailers’ interviews and written narratives. One month’s travel abroad allowed participants to contemplate their identification with and attachments to various groups. Although many Finnish Interrailers experienced the nation state as one reference point in their identification, these young travellers also felt strong senses of belonging to different transnational groupings, such as youth as their age peers or the interrailing community. These findings demonstrate the multiplicity and situationality of belonging. Identification moreover appears as an ongoing temporal process in which reminiscing is also important.
{"title":"Interrail youth travel (re)producing communities of belonging – memories of Finnish travellers 1972–1991","authors":"Mikko Manka","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2065366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2065366","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The creation of the affordable Interrail rail ticket offer in 1972 opened up European railway networks to European youth, enabling unprecedented leisure travel abroad for many young travellers. In the Nordic countries especially, Interrail became a generational European youth experience in the 1970s and 1980s. This article examines how Finnish Interrail travellers reconstruct their experienced senses of belonging when reminiscing on their Interrail journeys between 1972 and 1991. The article is based on a qualitative analysis of Finnish Interrailers’ interviews and written narratives. One month’s travel abroad allowed participants to contemplate their identification with and attachments to various groups. Although many Finnish Interrailers experienced the nation state as one reference point in their identification, these young travellers also felt strong senses of belonging to different transnational groupings, such as youth as their age peers or the interrailing community. These findings demonstrate the multiplicity and situationality of belonging. Identification moreover appears as an ongoing temporal process in which reminiscing is also important.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"215 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48532218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2118377
Maria C. Puche-Ruiz
ABSTRACT This paper aims to demonstrate that Hollywood film-induced tourism strategies also resonated in Spain in the 1950s, coinciding with the arrival of large contingents of American tourists in historical European cities. The use of these techniques, at a key moment of the diffident opening-up of Franco's regime, was adopted as a new and promising means to diffuse the traditionally Andalusian-inspired brand, combining the wit of Bienvenido Míster Marshall with the flamboyance of Duende y Misterio del Flamenco (both winners at Cannes 1953), and taking as a model pioneering films such as Roman holiday, 1953 and Summertime, 1955. To this end, the promotional strategies of 6 films featuring tourists and shot in Andalusia during the period 1953–1959 are analysed. The results, computerised using NVivo software, suggest, not only the use of wit and flamboyance, but also the display of inductive techniques such as the depiction of an open tourist context, the mobilisation of tourist celebrities (Antonio ‘the dancer’, Pedro de Córdoba, Pastora Imperio, Dolores Vargas or Carmen Sevilla), as well as the portrayal of Spanish culture for foreign tourists in search of authenticity, with characters performed by international players (Geneviève Page, Merle Oberon, Vittorio De Sica or Ludmilla Tchérina).
本文旨在证明好莱坞电影引发的旅游策略在20世纪50年代的西班牙也产生了共鸣，与此同时，大批美国游客来到欧洲历史名城。这些技术的使用，在佛朗哥政权缺乏自信的开放的关键时刻，被作为一种新的和有前途的方式来传播传统的安达卢西亚风格的品牌，将Bienvenido Míster Marshall的智慧与Duende y Misterio del Flamenco的华丽(1953年戛纳电影节的获奖者)结合起来，并以1953年的《罗马假日》和1955年的《夏日》等先锋电影为榜样。为此，本文分析了1953-1959年期间在安达卢西亚拍摄的6部以游客为主题的电影的宣传策略。使用NVivo软件计算机化的结果表明，不仅使用机智和华丽，而且还展示了诱导技术，例如描绘开放的旅游环境，动员旅游名人(“舞者”安东尼奥，佩德罗·德Córdoba, Pastora Imperio，多洛雷斯·巴尔加斯或卡门·塞维利亚)，以及为寻求真实性的外国游客描绘西班牙文化，由国际演员扮演的角色(genevi Page, Merle Oberon，Vittorio De Sica或Ludmilla tchacriina)。
{"title":"Flamboyance and wit. The promotion of film-induced tourism and Andalusian-inspired ‘brand Spain’ under the Ministry of Information and Tourism (1953-1959)","authors":"Maria C. Puche-Ruiz","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2118377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2118377","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper aims to demonstrate that Hollywood film-induced tourism strategies also resonated in Spain in the 1950s, coinciding with the arrival of large contingents of American tourists in historical European cities. The use of these techniques, at a key moment of the diffident opening-up of Franco's regime, was adopted as a new and promising means to diffuse the traditionally Andalusian-inspired brand, combining the wit of Bienvenido Míster Marshall with the flamboyance of Duende y Misterio del Flamenco (both winners at Cannes 1953), and taking as a model pioneering films such as Roman holiday, 1953 and Summertime, 1955. To this end, the promotional strategies of 6 films featuring tourists and shot in Andalusia during the period 1953–1959 are analysed. The results, computerised using NVivo software, suggest, not only the use of wit and flamboyance, but also the display of inductive techniques such as the depiction of an open tourist context, the mobilisation of tourist celebrities (Antonio ‘the dancer’, Pedro de Córdoba, Pastora Imperio, Dolores Vargas or Carmen Sevilla), as well as the portrayal of Spanish culture for foreign tourists in search of authenticity, with characters performed by international players (Geneviève Page, Merle Oberon, Vittorio De Sica or Ludmilla Tchérina).","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"167 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43933877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2117858
Tibor Gonda, Zoltán Kaposi
ABSTRACT Before the First World War, Pécs, one of the most dynamically developing Hungarian cities, was the largest in the region of Transdanubia. The losses of the world war and the subsequent three-year Serbian occupation caused considerable damage to the city’s economic and social fabric. Besides presenting the economic background of Pécs, the current study also discusses the local boom in tourism, which was developing at a rapid clip in the 1930s. Recognizing the economic role of tourism, local leaders started to develop the sector, establishing the Tourism Committee and Tourism Office in 1933. An enticing promotion campaign was launched, accompanied by conscious product development, focusing primarily on cultural and ecotourism. The tourism product featured local heritage and the natural beauties of the Mecsek mountain range. A high standard characterised the design of venues, including accommodation and restaurants. New transit hubs were established: direct airline connections were inaugurated to Budapest and Kaposvár and a rail connection to Vienna opened. In making urban development decisions, factors taken into account included the needs of tourism, embracing such still fashionable activities as the integration of local products into the tourism supply. The developments of the 1930s have an impact even on the contemporary tourism of the city.
{"title":"Innovative tourism development in a Hungarian regional centre in the 1930s","authors":"Tibor Gonda, Zoltán Kaposi","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2117858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2117858","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Before the First World War, Pécs, one of the most dynamically developing Hungarian cities, was the largest in the region of Transdanubia. The losses of the world war and the subsequent three-year Serbian occupation caused considerable damage to the city’s economic and social fabric. Besides presenting the economic background of Pécs, the current study also discusses the local boom in tourism, which was developing at a rapid clip in the 1930s. Recognizing the economic role of tourism, local leaders started to develop the sector, establishing the Tourism Committee and Tourism Office in 1933. An enticing promotion campaign was launched, accompanied by conscious product development, focusing primarily on cultural and ecotourism. The tourism product featured local heritage and the natural beauties of the Mecsek mountain range. A high standard characterised the design of venues, including accommodation and restaurants. New transit hubs were established: direct airline connections were inaugurated to Budapest and Kaposvár and a rail connection to Vienna opened. In making urban development decisions, factors taken into account included the needs of tourism, embracing such still fashionable activities as the integration of local products into the tourism supply. The developments of the 1930s have an impact even on the contemporary tourism of the city.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"202 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43859413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2091667
E. Ward
ABSTRACT This article narrates Singaporean tourism development vis-à-vis conventional hotel-based and expensive public relations campaign models of tourism development championed by Western multi-lateral and private institutions in the postcolonial period. Using documents from the National Archives of Singapore, this article contends that Singapore opted for an infrastructure-led, aviation-based tourism development model, which culminated in the creation of an airport – Changi – which was as much a destination as a transit point. In achieving this approach to travel as tourism, the People’s Action Party highlighted the global advantages of an attractive airport and traveller amenities that made it an ideal global transit point in Southeast Asia.
{"title":"‘An Entrepot for Tourism’: from developmental tourism to gateway travel in Singapore, 1937–2019","authors":"E. Ward","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2091667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2091667","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article narrates Singaporean tourism development vis-à-vis conventional hotel-based and expensive public relations campaign models of tourism development championed by Western multi-lateral and private institutions in the postcolonial period. Using documents from the National Archives of Singapore, this article contends that Singapore opted for an infrastructure-led, aviation-based tourism development model, which culminated in the creation of an airport – Changi – which was as much a destination as a transit point. In achieving this approach to travel as tourism, the People’s Action Party highlighted the global advantages of an attractive airport and traveller amenities that made it an ideal global transit point in Southeast Asia.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"1 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44315087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182x.2022.2089314
Brian Tsui
{"title":"Touring China: A History of Travel Culture, 1912–1949","authors":"Brian Tsui","doi":"10.1080/1755182x.2022.2089314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182x.2022.2089314","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"120 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47412454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2048699
Per Catharina Backhuis
ABSTRACT From the 1970s onwards, media commentators, politicians and a wide range of other actors increasingly criticised Western mass tourism to the Global South and highlighted how the perceived misbehaviour of tourists was causing socio-cultural problems. This article analyzes how in the Federal Republic of Germany, social scientists sought to change the perceptions and behaviour of mass tourists in such a way that it benefitted both the tourists and the host community. Focusing on various interventions these scientists implemented to regulate the encounters between tourists and residents during the 1970s and 1980s, this article explores the intersection of mass tourism and global international relations in a postcolonial context. In doing so, this article links the historiography of global mass tourism with the more established historiography of international relations and cultural diplomacy, highlighting the central role of social scientists and the ‘scientization of the social’ in steering post war mass tourism.
{"title":"‘Noble helpers or evil exploiters?’ Contesting and negotiating West-German mass tourism to the global south, 1970–1985","authors":"Per Catharina Backhuis","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2048699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2048699","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT From the 1970s onwards, media commentators, politicians and a wide range of other actors increasingly criticised Western mass tourism to the Global South and highlighted how the perceived misbehaviour of tourists was causing socio-cultural problems. This article analyzes how in the Federal Republic of Germany, social scientists sought to change the perceptions and behaviour of mass tourists in such a way that it benefitted both the tourists and the host community. Focusing on various interventions these scientists implemented to regulate the encounters between tourists and residents during the 1970s and 1980s, this article explores the intersection of mass tourism and global international relations in a postcolonial context. In doing so, this article links the historiography of global mass tourism with the more established historiography of international relations and cultural diplomacy, highlighting the central role of social scientists and the ‘scientization of the social’ in steering post war mass tourism.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"47 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42954850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182x.2022.2092268
L. Mcreynolds
{"title":"Contested Russian Tourism: Cosmopolitanism, Nation, and Empire in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"L. Mcreynolds","doi":"10.1080/1755182x.2022.2092268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182x.2022.2092268","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"118 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42445959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2092222
S. Pack
ABSTRACT This article reviews recent literature that contributes to the project of locating tourism in a broader conceptual framework of travel. From analyzing the findings of these works, it adopts a critical posture toward categorical definitions of tourism and suggests ways to apply insights from tourism history to understand other forms of travel, including those practiced in times and places outside of modern Europe.
{"title":"Tourism and the history of travel","authors":"S. Pack","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2092222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2092222","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article reviews recent literature that contributes to the project of locating tourism in a broader conceptual framework of travel. From analyzing the findings of these works, it adopts a critical posture toward categorical definitions of tourism and suggests ways to apply insights from tourism history to understand other forms of travel, including those practiced in times and places outside of modern Europe.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"103 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47346113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2085817
R. C. Capistrano, Kyrie Eleison Muñoz
ABSTRACT Tourism played a significant role in Philippine socio-economic development. However, scholarly interest on the history of tourism in the country is not pervasive, considering the scant literature focusing only on the evolution and development of Philippine tourism in the 1950s. The limited knowledge on tourism history in the country failed to recognise the existence of travel and tourism activities through prevalent movements during precolonial and colonial Philippines as documented by historiographic literature. Given this academic gap, this paper explores and discusses the history of Philippine tourism using historiographical analysis under the theoretical guidance of tourism mobilities. Findings reveal compelling evidence on the earliest forms of travel and tourism activities through movements related to trade and business during the precolonial period (800–1565); migration, leisure, recreation, and education during the Spanish colonial period (1565–1898); and tourism-oriented infrastructures during the American colonial period (1898–1946). Significantly, this study provides novelty by pioneering the discussion on Philippine tourism history pre-1950s and thus arguing that even though no tourism organisation existed during the precolonial and colonial eras, the movement of individuals along with tangible and intangible materials around them enabled travel and tourism to exist through the concept of mobility.
{"title":"Tourism mobilities in the Philippines: a historiographical analysis of travel and tourism activities from pre-1950s","authors":"R. C. Capistrano, Kyrie Eleison Muñoz","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2085817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2085817","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tourism played a significant role in Philippine socio-economic development. However, scholarly interest on the history of tourism in the country is not pervasive, considering the scant literature focusing only on the evolution and development of Philippine tourism in the 1950s. The limited knowledge on tourism history in the country failed to recognise the existence of travel and tourism activities through prevalent movements during precolonial and colonial Philippines as documented by historiographic literature. Given this academic gap, this paper explores and discusses the history of Philippine tourism using historiographical analysis under the theoretical guidance of tourism mobilities. Findings reveal compelling evidence on the earliest forms of travel and tourism activities through movements related to trade and business during the precolonial period (800–1565); migration, leisure, recreation, and education during the Spanish colonial period (1565–1898); and tourism-oriented infrastructures during the American colonial period (1898–1946). Significantly, this study provides novelty by pioneering the discussion on Philippine tourism history pre-1950s and thus arguing that even though no tourism organisation existed during the precolonial and colonial eras, the movement of individuals along with tangible and intangible materials around them enabled travel and tourism to exist through the concept of mobility.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":"14 1","pages":"28 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46578697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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