Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2127529
C. Campbell
can indeed provide opportunities for alterative and more complex narratives on architecture and culture, as the author suggests, or whether bodily visits will simply reinforce the strong preconceptions that are systematically reinforced by the abundance of virtual exposure is a question that can again be redirected to architectural or tourism histories and other critical scholarship. Perhaps it is not the act of travel that can ultimately ‘shake us out of complacency’ (p. 41) but an increased level of criticality--and thus more critical historical work-about the very ways in which buildings, monuments, and culture are appropriated by tourism trends.
{"title":"The summer trade: a history of tourism on prince Edward Island","authors":"C. Campbell","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2127529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2127529","url":null,"abstract":"can indeed provide opportunities for alterative and more complex narratives on architecture and culture, as the author suggests, or whether bodily visits will simply reinforce the strong preconceptions that are systematically reinforced by the abundance of virtual exposure is a question that can again be redirected to architectural or tourism histories and other critical scholarship. Perhaps it is not the act of travel that can ultimately ‘shake us out of complacency’ (p. 41) but an increased level of criticality--and thus more critical historical work-about the very ways in which buildings, monuments, and culture are appropriated by tourism trends.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44910219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2127928
R. Steele
ABSTRACT This article examines the development of Iran’s tourism sector in the two decades before the revolution of 1979. In this period, the number of tourists visiting Iran each year grew from fewer than 80,000 in 1962 to nearly 700,000 by 1977, and as a result, tourism became an increasingly important sector of Iran’s economy. The article assesses the factors that contributed to the growth of the industry and investigates the extent to which this growth was the direct result of policies enacted by governmental organisations, in particular the Sāzmān-e Jalb-e Sayyāhān (Tourist Organisation), the Plan Organisation and Iran Air. Because Iran’s tourism industry was so underdeveloped in the 1960s, one of the primary tasks of Iran’s tourism planners was to market Iran around the world as an attractive tourist destination. The article evaluates the various advertisement strategies the government employed to attract tourists, particularly tourists from the more lucrative markets in Europe and the United States. It utilises a variety of primary sources in Persian and English, most importantly the three-volume Asnādi az Sanʿat-e Jahāngardi dar Irān (Documents on the Tourism Industry in Iran), which contains a wealth of material on tourism in Iran from 1922 until 1978.
本文考察了1979年革命前20年伊朗旅游业的发展。在此期间，每年访问伊朗的游客人数从1962年的不到8万人增加到1977年的近70万人，因此，旅游业成为伊朗经济中越来越重要的部门。本文评估了促成该行业增长的因素，并调查了这种增长在多大程度上是政府组织(特别是Sāzmān-e Jalb-e Sayyāhān(旅游组织)、Plan组织和伊朗航空公司)制定的政策的直接结果。由于伊朗的旅游业在20世纪60年代非常不发达，伊朗旅游规划者的主要任务之一是向世界推销伊朗作为一个有吸引力的旅游目的地。这篇文章评估了政府为吸引游客而采用的各种广告策略，特别是来自利润更丰厚的欧洲和美国市场的游客。它利用了波斯语和英语的各种主要来源，最重要的是三卷Asnādi az San - at-e Jahāngardi dar Irān(伊朗旅游业文件)，其中包含了从1922年到1978年伊朗旅游业的丰富材料。
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Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2137133
A. Stefan
{"title":"Postcards: the rise and fall of the world’s first social network","authors":"A. Stefan","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2137133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2137133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47556490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2144483
Paul T. Nicholson
ABSTRACT Tourism, photography and ancient monuments are intimately linked and have a history stretching back to the beginnings of photography and to early mass-tourism. However, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many tourists either did not own cameras or preferred to rely on professionally produced photographs. Foreign travel for many was the experience of a lifetime and for those visiting Egypt and the Holy Land the desire to have images of places familiar only from the words of the Bible provided a ready market for commercial photographers. This paper takes a rare surviving collection of images from Egypt and the Holy Land, reconstructs the itinerary which the tourist probably took and examines how the images might have been acquired. In this instance, the images are in the form of lantern slides and to have a complete collection survive is rare, and the images offer a window into a now vanished relationship between the tourist and the commercial photographer whose role it was to provide atmospheric, often iconic, views of the monuments and the countries visited. Part of that role may have been to create scenes corresponding to what has become known as the ‘tourist gaze’.
{"title":"Early twentieth century tourism and commercial photography in Egypt and the Holy Land","authors":"Paul T. Nicholson","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2144483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2144483","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tourism, photography and ancient monuments are intimately linked and have a history stretching back to the beginnings of photography and to early mass-tourism. However, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many tourists either did not own cameras or preferred to rely on professionally produced photographs. Foreign travel for many was the experience of a lifetime and for those visiting Egypt and the Holy Land the desire to have images of places familiar only from the words of the Bible provided a ready market for commercial photographers. This paper takes a rare surviving collection of images from Egypt and the Holy Land, reconstructs the itinerary which the tourist probably took and examines how the images might have been acquired. In this instance, the images are in the form of lantern slides and to have a complete collection survive is rare, and the images offer a window into a now vanished relationship between the tourist and the commercial photographer whose role it was to provide atmospheric, often iconic, views of the monuments and the countries visited. Part of that role may have been to create scenes corresponding to what has become known as the ‘tourist gaze’.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47991598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2128903
Yannis Yannitsiotis
ABSTRACT Drawing from Greek newspapers from the period 1870–1940, which preceded the advent of the international massive tourism in Greece, this article examines the relationship between bodies and the beaches on the Athenian seafront within the context of sea bathing. The ways in which this relationship was experienced, represented and regulated became inextricably linked with power dynamics articulated in terms of class, gender and sexuality. Similarly, the practice of sea bathing emerged as an activity vested in meaning that was ascribed by doctors, newspaper chroniclers and gymnasts, while beaches became arenas of contention between the authorities and bathers. Over the last decades of the nineteenth century, the naked bodies of working-class men provoked the fierce reactions of middle-class observers. From 1910 onwards, when a vibrant beach culture had already taken shape, the dissemination of bains-mixtes brought to the fore the female body and its spectacularisation. From this perspective, beach could be considered as one of the social arenas where the expression of modern womanhood emerged.
{"title":"Bodies at the beach: sea bathing on the Athenian seafront, 1870–1940","authors":"Yannis Yannitsiotis","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2128903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2128903","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Drawing from Greek newspapers from the period 1870–1940, which preceded the advent of the international massive tourism in Greece, this article examines the relationship between bodies and the beaches on the Athenian seafront within the context of sea bathing. The ways in which this relationship was experienced, represented and regulated became inextricably linked with power dynamics articulated in terms of class, gender and sexuality. Similarly, the practice of sea bathing emerged as an activity vested in meaning that was ascribed by doctors, newspaper chroniclers and gymnasts, while beaches became arenas of contention between the authorities and bathers. Over the last decades of the nineteenth century, the naked bodies of working-class men provoked the fierce reactions of middle-class observers. From 1910 onwards, when a vibrant beach culture had already taken shape, the dissemination of bains-mixtes brought to the fore the female body and its spectacularisation. From this perspective, beach could be considered as one of the social arenas where the expression of modern womanhood emerged.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41256564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2123052
A. Stefan
ABSTRACT This article examines how starting in the 1960s and with the peak in the 1970s and into the early 1980s, the Romanian Black Sea Coast became a hotbed of European tourism with visitors not just from Romania and the neighbouring socialist countries, but also from western capitalist countries. Following the model of more developed tourist countries and lured by the possibility of gaining hard currencies, socialist Romania sought to develop beach tourism so as to attract Western tourists seeking seaside vacations. But, as this article shows, the socialist state was not the only one to benefit from the arrival of Western tourists. The presence of foreign tourists, especially of those from capitalist countries who were in stark majority on the seaside, offered the Romanian citizens the opportunity to mingle and to establish economic and personal relationships that helped them to acquire goods unavailable in ordinary shops, while enabling them to adopt a more cosmopolitan way of life. This article shows that from the mid-1960s until the early 1980s, on the Romanian Black Sea Coast, with the tacit acceptance of local officials, became a space that mingled socialist landscape and values with capitalist material culture.
{"title":"Fighting the Cold War on the beach: East–West encounters on the Romanian Black Sea Riviera between the 1960s and the 1980s","authors":"A. Stefan","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2123052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2123052","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines how starting in the 1960s and with the peak in the 1970s and into the early 1980s, the Romanian Black Sea Coast became a hotbed of European tourism with visitors not just from Romania and the neighbouring socialist countries, but also from western capitalist countries. Following the model of more developed tourist countries and lured by the possibility of gaining hard currencies, socialist Romania sought to develop beach tourism so as to attract Western tourists seeking seaside vacations. But, as this article shows, the socialist state was not the only one to benefit from the arrival of Western tourists. The presence of foreign tourists, especially of those from capitalist countries who were in stark majority on the seaside, offered the Romanian citizens the opportunity to mingle and to establish economic and personal relationships that helped them to acquire goods unavailable in ordinary shops, while enabling them to adopt a more cosmopolitan way of life. This article shows that from the mid-1960s until the early 1980s, on the Romanian Black Sea Coast, with the tacit acceptance of local officials, became a space that mingled socialist landscape and values with capitalist material culture.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43491922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2117858
Tibor Gonda, Zoltán Kaposi
ABSTRACT Before the First World War, Pécs, one of the most dynamically developing Hungarian cities, was the largest in the region of Transdanubia. The losses of the world war and the subsequent three-year Serbian occupation caused considerable damage to the city’s economic and social fabric. Besides presenting the economic background of Pécs, the current study also discusses the local boom in tourism, which was developing at a rapid clip in the 1930s. Recognizing the economic role of tourism, local leaders started to develop the sector, establishing the Tourism Committee and Tourism Office in 1933. An enticing promotion campaign was launched, accompanied by conscious product development, focusing primarily on cultural and ecotourism. The tourism product featured local heritage and the natural beauties of the Mecsek mountain range. A high standard characterised the design of venues, including accommodation and restaurants. New transit hubs were established: direct airline connections were inaugurated to Budapest and Kaposvár and a rail connection to Vienna opened. In making urban development decisions, factors taken into account included the needs of tourism, embracing such still fashionable activities as the integration of local products into the tourism supply. The developments of the 1930s have an impact even on the contemporary tourism of the city.
{"title":"Innovative tourism development in a Hungarian regional centre in the 1930s","authors":"Tibor Gonda, Zoltán Kaposi","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2117858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2117858","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Before the First World War, Pécs, one of the most dynamically developing Hungarian cities, was the largest in the region of Transdanubia. The losses of the world war and the subsequent three-year Serbian occupation caused considerable damage to the city’s economic and social fabric. Besides presenting the economic background of Pécs, the current study also discusses the local boom in tourism, which was developing at a rapid clip in the 1930s. Recognizing the economic role of tourism, local leaders started to develop the sector, establishing the Tourism Committee and Tourism Office in 1933. An enticing promotion campaign was launched, accompanied by conscious product development, focusing primarily on cultural and ecotourism. The tourism product featured local heritage and the natural beauties of the Mecsek mountain range. A high standard characterised the design of venues, including accommodation and restaurants. New transit hubs were established: direct airline connections were inaugurated to Budapest and Kaposvár and a rail connection to Vienna opened. In making urban development decisions, factors taken into account included the needs of tourism, embracing such still fashionable activities as the integration of local products into the tourism supply. The developments of the 1930s have an impact even on the contemporary tourism of the city.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43859413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2118377
Maria C. Puche-Ruiz
ABSTRACT This paper aims to demonstrate that Hollywood film-induced tourism strategies also resonated in Spain in the 1950s, coinciding with the arrival of large contingents of American tourists in historical European cities. The use of these techniques, at a key moment of the diffident opening-up of Franco's regime, was adopted as a new and promising means to diffuse the traditionally Andalusian-inspired brand, combining the wit of Bienvenido Míster Marshall with the flamboyance of Duende y Misterio del Flamenco (both winners at Cannes 1953), and taking as a model pioneering films such as Roman holiday, 1953 and Summertime, 1955. To this end, the promotional strategies of 6 films featuring tourists and shot in Andalusia during the period 1953–1959 are analysed. The results, computerised using NVivo software, suggest, not only the use of wit and flamboyance, but also the display of inductive techniques such as the depiction of an open tourist context, the mobilisation of tourist celebrities (Antonio ‘the dancer’, Pedro de Córdoba, Pastora Imperio, Dolores Vargas or Carmen Sevilla), as well as the portrayal of Spanish culture for foreign tourists in search of authenticity, with characters performed by international players (Geneviève Page, Merle Oberon, Vittorio De Sica or Ludmilla Tchérina).
本文旨在证明好莱坞电影引发的旅游策略在20世纪50年代的西班牙也产生了共鸣，与此同时，大批美国游客来到欧洲历史名城。这些技术的使用，在佛朗哥政权缺乏自信的开放的关键时刻，被作为一种新的和有前途的方式来传播传统的安达卢西亚风格的品牌，将Bienvenido Míster Marshall的智慧与Duende y Misterio del Flamenco的华丽(1953年戛纳电影节的获奖者)结合起来，并以1953年的《罗马假日》和1955年的《夏日》等先锋电影为榜样。为此，本文分析了1953-1959年期间在安达卢西亚拍摄的6部以游客为主题的电影的宣传策略。使用NVivo软件计算机化的结果表明，不仅使用机智和华丽，而且还展示了诱导技术，例如描绘开放的旅游环境，动员旅游名人(“舞者”安东尼奥，佩德罗·德Córdoba, Pastora Imperio，多洛雷斯·巴尔加斯或卡门·塞维利亚)，以及为寻求真实性的外国游客描绘西班牙文化，由国际演员扮演的角色(genevi Page, Merle Oberon，Vittorio De Sica或Ludmilla tchacriina)。
{"title":"Flamboyance and wit. The promotion of film-induced tourism and Andalusian-inspired ‘brand Spain’ under the Ministry of Information and Tourism (1953-1959)","authors":"Maria C. Puche-Ruiz","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2118377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2118377","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper aims to demonstrate that Hollywood film-induced tourism strategies also resonated in Spain in the 1950s, coinciding with the arrival of large contingents of American tourists in historical European cities. The use of these techniques, at a key moment of the diffident opening-up of Franco's regime, was adopted as a new and promising means to diffuse the traditionally Andalusian-inspired brand, combining the wit of Bienvenido Míster Marshall with the flamboyance of Duende y Misterio del Flamenco (both winners at Cannes 1953), and taking as a model pioneering films such as Roman holiday, 1953 and Summertime, 1955. To this end, the promotional strategies of 6 films featuring tourists and shot in Andalusia during the period 1953–1959 are analysed. The results, computerised using NVivo software, suggest, not only the use of wit and flamboyance, but also the display of inductive techniques such as the depiction of an open tourist context, the mobilisation of tourist celebrities (Antonio ‘the dancer’, Pedro de Córdoba, Pastora Imperio, Dolores Vargas or Carmen Sevilla), as well as the portrayal of Spanish culture for foreign tourists in search of authenticity, with characters performed by international players (Geneviève Page, Merle Oberon, Vittorio De Sica or Ludmilla Tchérina).","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43933877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2022.2065366
Mikko Manka
ABSTRACT The creation of the affordable Interrail rail ticket offer in 1972 opened up European railway networks to European youth, enabling unprecedented leisure travel abroad for many young travellers. In the Nordic countries especially, Interrail became a generational European youth experience in the 1970s and 1980s. This article examines how Finnish Interrail travellers reconstruct their experienced senses of belonging when reminiscing on their Interrail journeys between 1972 and 1991. The article is based on a qualitative analysis of Finnish Interrailers’ interviews and written narratives. One month’s travel abroad allowed participants to contemplate their identification with and attachments to various groups. Although many Finnish Interrailers experienced the nation state as one reference point in their identification, these young travellers also felt strong senses of belonging to different transnational groupings, such as youth as their age peers or the interrailing community. These findings demonstrate the multiplicity and situationality of belonging. Identification moreover appears as an ongoing temporal process in which reminiscing is also important.
{"title":"Interrail youth travel (re)producing communities of belonging – memories of Finnish travellers 1972–1991","authors":"Mikko Manka","doi":"10.1080/1755182X.2022.2065366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2022.2065366","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The creation of the affordable Interrail rail ticket offer in 1972 opened up European railway networks to European youth, enabling unprecedented leisure travel abroad for many young travellers. In the Nordic countries especially, Interrail became a generational European youth experience in the 1970s and 1980s. This article examines how Finnish Interrail travellers reconstruct their experienced senses of belonging when reminiscing on their Interrail journeys between 1972 and 1991. The article is based on a qualitative analysis of Finnish Interrailers’ interviews and written narratives. One month’s travel abroad allowed participants to contemplate their identification with and attachments to various groups. Although many Finnish Interrailers experienced the nation state as one reference point in their identification, these young travellers also felt strong senses of belonging to different transnational groupings, such as youth as their age peers or the interrailing community. These findings demonstrate the multiplicity and situationality of belonging. Identification moreover appears as an ongoing temporal process in which reminiscing is also important.","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48532218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1755182x.2022.2089314
Brian Tsui
{"title":"Touring China: A History of Travel Culture, 1912–1949","authors":"Brian Tsui","doi":"10.1080/1755182x.2022.2089314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182x.2022.2089314","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tourism History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47412454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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