Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.6
Maria Mednikova, Andrey Evteev, Olga Chechyotkina, Kristina Petrova, German Manríquez, Anna Tarasova
Introduction. The origin of the Jetyasar culture’s population remains a subject of debate. It was generally accepted that the Xiongnu penetrated into the Aral Sea region and participated in the formation of the local population. Previous studies have shown a complex and admixed origin of the Jetyasar people. But the spread of the head deformation tradition in this population imposes serious limitations on the application of craniometric methods for studying Jetyasar samples. Those limitations can be potentially mitigated with the use of geometric morphometrics (GM). The purpose of this work was to assess the degree of variation in the facial skeleton of the Jetyasar people in comparison with populations of the Early Iron Age and the Hunno-Sarmatian period. Material and methods. Digital, three-dimensional models of the skulls were created. Ten landmarks were placed on each of the models and subjected to general Procrustes analysis (GPA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results. The first PC of the analysis of the total male sample reflects variation in the height of the face, nasal bridge protrusion, and the relative width of the infraorbital region. The second component describes the height of the lateral part of the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the adjacent part of the zygomatic bone. The Kosasar 2 male sample is the most diverse morphologically. This burial ground, according to archeological data, belonged to a migrant population related to the Xiongnu. In the female total sample, high values of the first PC are associated with a tall face, a weak nasal bridge protrusion, and a long zygomatic-maxillary suture. The second PC describes the morphology of the zygomatic process of the upper jaw. The Jetyasar samples are morphologically distinct from the skulls from China, Mongolia, Western Siberia, and Southern Siberia. An exception are the crania from the burial grounds of Kosasar 2, 3, and Altyn-Asar 4t which are similar to the early Iron Age samples from China (inner Mongolia, Warring States period, 5 th – 3rd centuries BC), Mongolia (Xiongnu period), and Tuva (Arzhan-2). Discussion. The Xiongnu migration could become a catalyst for the admixture and ethnogenetic processes in the region. Conclusion. Our study shows that the population of the Jetyasar culture was morphologically heterogeneous at all stages of the culture’s development. The hypothesis about the migrant roots of a part of the population is confirmed by our data.
{"title":"A Geometric Morphometric Study of the Facial Skeleton Variation in the Jetyasar Archaeological Culture Population of the Eastern Aral Region","authors":"Maria Mednikova, Andrey Evteev, Olga Chechyotkina, Kristina Petrova, German Manríquez, Anna Tarasova","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The origin of the Jetyasar culture’s population remains a subject of debate. It was generally accepted that the Xiongnu penetrated into the Aral Sea region and participated in the formation of the local population. Previous studies have shown a complex and admixed origin of the Jetyasar people. But the spread of the head deformation tradition in this population imposes serious limitations on the application of craniometric methods for studying Jetyasar samples. Those limitations can be potentially mitigated with the use of geometric morphometrics (GM). The purpose of this work was to assess the degree of variation in the facial skeleton of the Jetyasar people in comparison with populations of the Early Iron Age and the Hunno-Sarmatian period. Material and methods. Digital, three-dimensional models of the skulls were created. Ten landmarks were placed on each of the models and subjected to general Procrustes analysis (GPA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results. The first PC of the analysis of the total male sample reflects variation in the height of the face, nasal bridge protrusion, and the relative width of the infraorbital region. The second component describes the height of the lateral part of the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the adjacent part of the zygomatic bone. The Kosasar 2 male sample is the most diverse morphologically. This burial ground, according to archeological data, belonged to a migrant population related to the Xiongnu. In the female total sample, high values of the first PC are associated with a tall face, a weak nasal bridge protrusion, and a long zygomatic-maxillary suture. The second PC describes the morphology of the zygomatic process of the upper jaw. The Jetyasar samples are morphologically distinct from the skulls from China, Mongolia, Western Siberia, and Southern Siberia. An exception are the crania from the burial grounds of Kosasar 2, 3, and Altyn-Asar 4t which are similar to the early Iron Age samples from China (inner Mongolia, Warring States period, 5 th – 3rd centuries BC), Mongolia (Xiongnu period), and Tuva (Arzhan-2). Discussion. The Xiongnu migration could become a catalyst for the admixture and ethnogenetic processes in the region. Conclusion. Our study shows that the population of the Jetyasar culture was morphologically heterogeneous at all stages of the culture’s development. The hypothesis about the migrant roots of a part of the population is confirmed by our data.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135002159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.16
Denis Alimov
Introduction. The article discusses the image of the ancestral homeland of the Slavs as described in the early 12th century Old-Russian chronicle known as the “Tale of Bygone Years.” Methods and materials. The focus of the article is on the concept of the Danube Slavic land, which, according to the chronicle, was the ancient homeland of the Slavs. In order to elucidate this concept, the author uses elements of historical-semantic analysis of the text and compares its information with data from other sources relevant for the study of this topic. Analysis. Taking into account the heterogeneity of knowledge underlying the chronicle ethnogenetic construction, the author identifies various elements of this knowledge. Results. The author comes to the conclusion that the image of the Danube homeland of the Slavs was not a bookish construction but a reflection of the ethnic realities of the early Middle Ages, when the Carpathian basin was the core area of the Slavic ethnic identity. According to the author, the formation of the idea that the Middle Danube Slavic land was the primary homeland of the Slavs was also the result of the perception of the Slavs as autochthonous inhabitants of Illyricum and Pannonia, which existed in Rome in the time of the Pannonian diocese of Methodius and probably influenced the formation of Slavic ethnogenetic legends through Cyril’s and Methodius’s cultural and ideological legacy.
{"title":"The Danube Homeland of the Slavs in the Tale of Bygone Years: A Problem of Interpretation","authors":"Denis Alimov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.16","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article discusses the image of the ancestral homeland of the Slavs as described in the early 12th century Old-Russian chronicle known as the “Tale of Bygone Years.” Methods and materials. The focus of the article is on the concept of the Danube Slavic land, which, according to the chronicle, was the ancient homeland of the Slavs. In order to elucidate this concept, the author uses elements of historical-semantic analysis of the text and compares its information with data from other sources relevant for the study of this topic. Analysis. Taking into account the heterogeneity of knowledge underlying the chronicle ethnogenetic construction, the author identifies various elements of this knowledge. Results. The author comes to the conclusion that the image of the Danube homeland of the Slavs was not a bookish construction but a reflection of the ethnic realities of the early Middle Ages, when the Carpathian basin was the core area of the Slavic ethnic identity. According to the author, the formation of the idea that the Middle Danube Slavic land was the primary homeland of the Slavs was also the result of the perception of the Slavs as autochthonous inhabitants of Illyricum and Pannonia, which existed in Rome in the time of the Pannonian diocese of Methodius and probably influenced the formation of Slavic ethnogenetic legends through Cyril’s and Methodius’s cultural and ideological legacy.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135002160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.3
Valeriy Klepikov
Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of the partial robbery of the high-status Middle Sarmatians burials analyzed in the Esaulovsky Aksai River floodplain. The analysis of the burial complexes near the village named Kovalevka revealed an interesting feature. There was partial destruction of the buried Sarmatians bones, but, at the same time, the parts of the bones and accompanying burial equipment remained undisturbed. Typically, these burials had some status artifacts like bronze cast and forged cauldrons, weapons and horse harness items, and ceramics from the Central Caucasus, Kuban, and Lower Don Valley. Methods and materials. The objects of research were not only burials from Kovalevka but also synchronic burial complexes from Zhutovo, Aksai, Peregruznoe, and Oktyabrsky. The research involves using both traditional general scientific methods, including chronological and spatial analysis, and special archaeological research methods, including formal typological, cartographic, and analogy methods, which describe the scientific facts and reconstruct ethnocultural processes. Analysis. These burials are characterized not only by dead-drops under an individual mound but also by a special inventory, where, except for the swords and arrows, there were also spearheads, two-part bits with rodshaped psalms, and horse bones. At the same time, the synchronic Early Sarmatian complexes found in the burial mounds were left intact. Such partial robbery of the high-status Middle Sarmatians burials is also fixed when expanding the area of the neighboring burial grounds of the Esaulovsky Aksai River basin. This observation suggests that a group of well-armed nomads with slightly different traditions characteristic of the Middle Sarmatian culture appeared on the studied territory occupied by the Early Sarmatian population at the turn of the era. Migrants who founded their cemeteries in the floodplain of the Esaulovsky Aksai River aroused the anger of the local Sarmatian groups, which led to the burials desecration of the aliens. Results. We can assume that at the end of the 1st century BC and the beginning of the 1st century AD, in the Don-Volga interfluve, there was a struggle for control over an important transit zone, as indirectly evidenced by a significant number of prestigious imported items discovered in the burials of the investigated territory. Key words: Early Sarmatians, Middle Sarmatians, burial, robbery of burials, Don-Volga interfluve.
{"title":"The Partial Destruction of the Sarmatians Burials of the Esaulovsky Aksai (Is It a Robbery or a Ritual Desecration?)","authors":"Valeriy Klepikov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of the partial robbery of the high-status Middle Sarmatians burials analyzed in the Esaulovsky Aksai River floodplain. The analysis of the burial complexes near the village named Kovalevka revealed an interesting feature. There was partial destruction of the buried Sarmatians bones, but, at the same time, the parts of the bones and accompanying burial equipment remained undisturbed. Typically, these burials had some status artifacts like bronze cast and forged cauldrons, weapons and horse harness items, and ceramics from the Central Caucasus, Kuban, and Lower Don Valley. Methods and materials. The objects of research were not only burials from Kovalevka but also synchronic burial complexes from Zhutovo, Aksai, Peregruznoe, and Oktyabrsky. The research involves using both traditional general scientific methods, including chronological and spatial analysis, and special archaeological research methods, including formal typological, cartographic, and analogy methods, which describe the scientific facts and reconstruct ethnocultural processes. Analysis. These burials are characterized not only by dead-drops under an individual mound but also by a special inventory, where, except for the swords and arrows, there were also spearheads, two-part bits with rodshaped psalms, and horse bones. At the same time, the synchronic Early Sarmatian complexes found in the burial mounds were left intact. Such partial robbery of the high-status Middle Sarmatians burials is also fixed when expanding the area of the neighboring burial grounds of the Esaulovsky Aksai River basin. This observation suggests that a group of well-armed nomads with slightly different traditions characteristic of the Middle Sarmatian culture appeared on the studied territory occupied by the Early Sarmatian population at the turn of the era. Migrants who founded their cemeteries in the floodplain of the Esaulovsky Aksai River aroused the anger of the local Sarmatian groups, which led to the burials desecration of the aliens. Results. We can assume that at the end of the 1st century BC and the beginning of the 1st century AD, in the Don-Volga interfluve, there was a struggle for control over an important transit zone, as indirectly evidenced by a significant number of prestigious imported items discovered in the burials of the investigated territory. Key words: Early Sarmatians, Middle Sarmatians, burial, robbery of burials, Don-Volga interfluve.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135002758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.9
Taisiya Yudina
Introduction. Meeting the housing needs of the Soviet population during industrialization lagged behind the pace of the construction of industrial enterprises in the country. The Stalingrad population was no exception. The increasing need for housing was due to the intensive growth of the urban population due to the massive influx of peasants to industrial construction sites. The shortage of housing was observed at all Stalingrad enterprises. For its resolution, housing construction began to be carried out in Stalingrad through the efforts of industrial enterprises with the involvement of construction organizations. Methods and materials. The study, based on historical-comparative and historical-descriptive methods, used published documentary materials and sources from the State Archive of the Volgograd region. The information presented is based on these materials. It covers the role of central and local authorities in resolving the housing crisis of the Stalingrad population and the difficulties of Stalingraders with housing issues. Analysis. The article deals with the provisions for housing workers in various large industrial enterprises in Stalingrad; the protocols and letters of the authorities on resolving the housing crisis, identifying the reasons for non-fulfillment of housing construction plans, are analyzed; and it is mentioned about the use of “extra” living space for workers in institutions, red corners, clubs, prayer houses, and churches. According to the decision of local authorities, 10% of the living space in private households was provided to newly arriving workers at enterprises to provide housing. But there was still not enough housing; besides, the living conditions also testified to the severity of the problem. The availability of living space for the urban population, primarily workers, was low; living conditions were unfavorable. Results. Nevertheless, despite the fact that among all the largest industrial cities of the USSR, Stalingrad was distinguished by the lowest provision of living space for urban residents, since the mid-1930s, the average norm of living space per Stalingrad resident has increased, which indicates a weakening of the severity of the housing crisis and an improvement in the lives of Stalingraders.
{"title":"Industrialization of Stalingrad and the Solution of the Housing Problem of the Urban Population","authors":"Taisiya Yudina","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.9","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Meeting the housing needs of the Soviet population during industrialization lagged behind the pace of the construction of industrial enterprises in the country. The Stalingrad population was no exception. The increasing need for housing was due to the intensive growth of the urban population due to the massive influx of peasants to industrial construction sites. The shortage of housing was observed at all Stalingrad enterprises. For its resolution, housing construction began to be carried out in Stalingrad through the efforts of industrial enterprises with the involvement of construction organizations. Methods and materials. The study, based on historical-comparative and historical-descriptive methods, used published documentary materials and sources from the State Archive of the Volgograd region. The information presented is based on these materials. It covers the role of central and local authorities in resolving the housing crisis of the Stalingrad population and the difficulties of Stalingraders with housing issues. Analysis. The article deals with the provisions for housing workers in various large industrial enterprises in Stalingrad; the protocols and letters of the authorities on resolving the housing crisis, identifying the reasons for non-fulfillment of housing construction plans, are analyzed; and it is mentioned about the use of “extra” living space for workers in institutions, red corners, clubs, prayer houses, and churches. According to the decision of local authorities, 10% of the living space in private households was provided to newly arriving workers at enterprises to provide housing. But there was still not enough housing; besides, the living conditions also testified to the severity of the problem. The availability of living space for the urban population, primarily workers, was low; living conditions were unfavorable. Results. Nevertheless, despite the fact that among all the largest industrial cities of the USSR, Stalingrad was distinguished by the lowest provision of living space for urban residents, since the mid-1930s, the average norm of living space per Stalingrad resident has increased, which indicates a weakening of the severity of the housing crisis and an improvement in the lives of Stalingraders.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135003955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.5
Evgeniy Pererva
Introduction. Intentional artificial head deformation is one of the most striking features of the late Sarmatian nomads from the Eastern European steppes. For quite a long time, archaeologists and anthropologists tried to solve the issues associated with this custom’s emergence and existence in the population of the 2nd – 4 th centuries AD. Later, the question of the deforming structure’s impact on the normal life of a person became a separate research line for the phenomenon of artificial cranial deformation in the late Sarmatians. Methods and materials. 155 craniums of sexually mature late Sarmatian populations (2nd – 4th centuries AD) originating from under the burial mounds in the territory of the Lower Volga region were the material for the study. Comparison of pathological conditions occurrence between the deformed and undeformed skull groups was carried out using nonparametric tests: Pearson’s chi-squared test (χ2) and Fisher’s exact test. Results. Comparative analysis of pathological conditions occurrence on deformed and undeformed skulls in late Sarmatian time has shown that the only deviation in which the compared series differ significantly is temporomandibular joint arthritis. Discussion. The frequency and degree of articular disease development in late Sarmatians with intentional artificial head deformities increase with age. The age-related variability of arthrotic changes in the mandibular joint area indicates the involutionary nature of this condition. At the same time, the absence of statistical differences between age groups in the distribution frequencies of this pathology and its wide distribution in young individuals under 35 years of age suggest that artificial skull deformation is one of the factors stimulating its development. Conclusions. Degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joint area are a statistically more widespread pathology in deformed skulls. The absence of gender differences between the deformed and undeformed skulls in the late Sarmatians, as well as the groups of pathologies associated with diet and the degree of negative factors impacting the natural and social environment, indicates that this custom in the late Sarmatian society did not carry the function of gender or social differentiation. The use of a modifying structure for deliberate artificial cranial deformation is quite compatible with normal human life, and its use did not subsequently lead to the development of serious skull and brain pathologies.
{"title":"Intentional Artifiсial Cranial Deformation in the Late Sarmatian Population (Paleopathological Aspect)","authors":"Evgeniy Pererva","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Intentional artificial head deformation is one of the most striking features of the late Sarmatian nomads from the Eastern European steppes. For quite a long time, archaeologists and anthropologists tried to solve the issues associated with this custom’s emergence and existence in the population of the 2nd – 4 th centuries AD. Later, the question of the deforming structure’s impact on the normal life of a person became a separate research line for the phenomenon of artificial cranial deformation in the late Sarmatians. Methods and materials. 155 craniums of sexually mature late Sarmatian populations (2nd – 4th centuries AD) originating from under the burial mounds in the territory of the Lower Volga region were the material for the study. Comparison of pathological conditions occurrence between the deformed and undeformed skull groups was carried out using nonparametric tests: Pearson’s chi-squared test (χ2) and Fisher’s exact test. Results. Comparative analysis of pathological conditions occurrence on deformed and undeformed skulls in late Sarmatian time has shown that the only deviation in which the compared series differ significantly is temporomandibular joint arthritis. Discussion. The frequency and degree of articular disease development in late Sarmatians with intentional artificial head deformities increase with age. The age-related variability of arthrotic changes in the mandibular joint area indicates the involutionary nature of this condition. At the same time, the absence of statistical differences between age groups in the distribution frequencies of this pathology and its wide distribution in young individuals under 35 years of age suggest that artificial skull deformation is one of the factors stimulating its development. Conclusions. Degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joint area are a statistically more widespread pathology in deformed skulls. The absence of gender differences between the deformed and undeformed skulls in the late Sarmatians, as well as the groups of pathologies associated with diet and the degree of negative factors impacting the natural and social environment, indicates that this custom in the late Sarmatian society did not carry the function of gender or social differentiation. The use of a modifying structure for deliberate artificial cranial deformation is quite compatible with normal human life, and its use did not subsequently lead to the development of serious skull and brain pathologies.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"110 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135001900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.19
Nikolay Nikolaev, Sergei Ramazanov
Introduction. The article considers the trends in the development of Soviet historiography of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Analysis. The interrelation of the evolution of the views of Soviet researchers on pre-revolutionary pacifism with socio-political changes in the USSR is revealed. The negative assessments of “bourgeois pacifism” expressed by V.I. Lenin had a significant impact on the study of peacekeeping in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Methods and materials. In the existing historiography, only certain aspects of the problem are considered. Among the most important methods and approaches used in writing this work are the historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods. The source base of the study was primarily scientific works, reference and encyclopedic publications, and journalistic materials. Results. The authors propose to single out three stages in the history of the study of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries in Soviet times. The most distinct features of the first stage (lack of significant research on the topic, harshness, and categorical assessments) emerged in the mid-1920s and were traced until the mid-1950s. Against the background of political changes in the USSR and the growth of public interest in the problem of maintaining peace, there was a serious increase in research interest in the history of Russian anti-war thought. Peacekeeping ideas were considered during this period primarily within the framework of legal, historical, and philosophical studies. The third stage became noticeable at the end of the 1980s, which manifested itself in a significant increase in works on the history of domestic pacifism and its terminological “rehabilitation.” Authors’ contribution. N.Yu. Nikolaev revealed the trends in the development of Soviet historiography of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. S.P. Ramazanov analyzed methodological approaches and carried out general scientific editing of the article.
{"title":"“From Default to Interest”: Domestic Anti-War Thought in the Second Half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Centuries in Soviet Historiography","authors":"Nikolay Nikolaev, Sergei Ramazanov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.19","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article considers the trends in the development of Soviet historiography of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Analysis. The interrelation of the evolution of the views of Soviet researchers on pre-revolutionary pacifism with socio-political changes in the USSR is revealed. The negative assessments of “bourgeois pacifism” expressed by V.I. Lenin had a significant impact on the study of peacekeeping in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Methods and materials. In the existing historiography, only certain aspects of the problem are considered. Among the most important methods and approaches used in writing this work are the historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods. The source base of the study was primarily scientific works, reference and encyclopedic publications, and journalistic materials. Results. The authors propose to single out three stages in the history of the study of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries in Soviet times. The most distinct features of the first stage (lack of significant research on the topic, harshness, and categorical assessments) emerged in the mid-1920s and were traced until the mid-1950s. Against the background of political changes in the USSR and the growth of public interest in the problem of maintaining peace, there was a serious increase in research interest in the history of Russian anti-war thought. Peacekeeping ideas were considered during this period primarily within the framework of legal, historical, and philosophical studies. The third stage became noticeable at the end of the 1980s, which manifested itself in a significant increase in works on the history of domestic pacifism and its terminological “rehabilitation.” Authors’ contribution. N.Yu. Nikolaev revealed the trends in the development of Soviet historiography of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. S.P. Ramazanov analyzed methodological approaches and carried out general scientific editing of the article.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135001896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.1
Tatiana Grechkina, Alexandr Vybornov
Introduction. The Lower Volga region attracts the attention of specialists because the ancient cultures of this region had a great influence on neighboring regions. This also applies to the Neolithic era, when the inhabitants of this territory had the oldest ceramic production and cattle breeding. A number of questions remain open, as new sources are required. One of them is the site of Priozernaya in the southern part of the Lower Volga region. Methods and materials. Planographic and stratigraphic methods are used to identify the nature of the monument. According to the results of the technical and technological analysis, the ceramics are made of silt. The results of the typological method reveal flat-bottomed vessels ornamented with receding incisions in a geometric style. Stone tools are represented by scrapers, spikes, and knives. Spears and spearheads are made of bones. According to the results of archeozoological analysis, tur, kulan, saiga, tarpan, etc. are represented. According to the results of radiocarbon analysis, dates are obtained. It is 6700–6600 years BP for animal bones and ceramics. Results. The results of the spatial analysis reveal the presence of remnants of dwelling structures. The manufacturing technology and typology of ceramics and stone tools allow us to attribute the monument to the Tentexor type of the late stage of the Neolithic of the Northern Caspian. The results of the faunal analysis confirm the presence of only wild animal species. The hypothesis about the appearance of a producing economy in this region at the late stage of the Neolithic has not been confirmed. Only the dog belongs to the domesticated animals. According to the results of radiocarbon analysis, the site functioned in the second quarter of the 6th millennium BC. The monument is a short-lived hunting camp. The pattern application techniques and the nature of ornamental compositions allow us to detect similarities with the ceramics of the Caspian culture. This suggests assuming the participation of the local Neolithic population in the genesis of the bearers of the Eneolithic tradition. Authors contribution. T.Yu. Grechkina wrote sections about planographic and stratigraphic methods. A.A. Vybornov described ceramic and stone tools. The results are written together.
{"title":"New Neolithic Site of Priozernaya in the Lower Volga Region","authors":"Tatiana Grechkina, Alexandr Vybornov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The Lower Volga region attracts the attention of specialists because the ancient cultures of this region had a great influence on neighboring regions. This also applies to the Neolithic era, when the inhabitants of this territory had the oldest ceramic production and cattle breeding. A number of questions remain open, as new sources are required. One of them is the site of Priozernaya in the southern part of the Lower Volga region. Methods and materials. Planographic and stratigraphic methods are used to identify the nature of the monument. According to the results of the technical and technological analysis, the ceramics are made of silt. The results of the typological method reveal flat-bottomed vessels ornamented with receding incisions in a geometric style. Stone tools are represented by scrapers, spikes, and knives. Spears and spearheads are made of bones. According to the results of archeozoological analysis, tur, kulan, saiga, tarpan, etc. are represented. According to the results of radiocarbon analysis, dates are obtained. It is 6700–6600 years BP for animal bones and ceramics. Results. The results of the spatial analysis reveal the presence of remnants of dwelling structures. The manufacturing technology and typology of ceramics and stone tools allow us to attribute the monument to the Tentexor type of the late stage of the Neolithic of the Northern Caspian. The results of the faunal analysis confirm the presence of only wild animal species. The hypothesis about the appearance of a producing economy in this region at the late stage of the Neolithic has not been confirmed. Only the dog belongs to the domesticated animals. According to the results of radiocarbon analysis, the site functioned in the second quarter of the 6th millennium BC. The monument is a short-lived hunting camp. The pattern application techniques and the nature of ornamental compositions allow us to detect similarities with the ceramics of the Caspian culture. This suggests assuming the participation of the local Neolithic population in the genesis of the bearers of the Eneolithic tradition. Authors contribution. T.Yu. Grechkina wrote sections about planographic and stratigraphic methods. A.A. Vybornov described ceramic and stone tools. The results are written together.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135001904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.2
Mariya Balabanova
Introduction. The problem of studying the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of ancient and medieval peoples appeared immediately after the formation of archaeology as a science. At first, archaeologists tried to identify the bearers of archaeological cultures with specific ethnic groups, and then they began to determine cultural-historical communities and color them ethnically. In the anthropological context, cultural-historical communities exist in the form of paleopopulations or samples. The question of the relationship between the materials of the monument and the sample is legitimate since often the archaeological and anthropological contexts do not coincide. Methods and materials. The work is based on a comparison of data from an anthropological sample (paleopopulation) and cultural and chronological definitions of archaeological complexes from where the material originated. For this, both the results of studies published by the author and new data, which were studied by the methods of simple and multivariate statistics, were used. Analysis and discussion. Comparative analysis of the Sauromat-Sarmatian materials shows that the series of previous and subsequent cultures often show great similarity, which can be explained not only by the continuity of the population but also by the fact that the chronological groups are members of the same paleopopulation. In addition, there are a number of complexes of the transitional period that are culturally defined by different archaeologists in different ways. Another aspect, which is considered in the article, is connected with the materials of the same burial ground or even a mound-cemetery of the Middle and Late Bronze Age. With the relative synchronism of the burials, a different cultural interpretation (variant, culture) is given, which leads to significant difficulties in the study of anthropological materials, the results of which also allow us to assume that all individuals belong to the same population. Conclusions. The problem associated with the procedure of sampling for bioarchaeological research has a long history, and it needs to be solved in the context of the archaeological source being studied. It is necessary to constantly compare the monument data with the results of the sample study, rethink, revise, and test them, and determine how reliable they are and whether they fall into the confidence interval.
{"title":"The Problem of Forming a Sample for Bioarchaeological Research (Based on the Results of the Study of Paleoanthropological Materials of the Lower Volga Region)","authors":"Mariya Balabanova","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The problem of studying the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of ancient and medieval peoples appeared immediately after the formation of archaeology as a science. At first, archaeologists tried to identify the bearers of archaeological cultures with specific ethnic groups, and then they began to determine cultural-historical communities and color them ethnically. In the anthropological context, cultural-historical communities exist in the form of paleopopulations or samples. The question of the relationship between the materials of the monument and the sample is legitimate since often the archaeological and anthropological contexts do not coincide. Methods and materials. The work is based on a comparison of data from an anthropological sample (paleopopulation) and cultural and chronological definitions of archaeological complexes from where the material originated. For this, both the results of studies published by the author and new data, which were studied by the methods of simple and multivariate statistics, were used. Analysis and discussion. Comparative analysis of the Sauromat-Sarmatian materials shows that the series of previous and subsequent cultures often show great similarity, which can be explained not only by the continuity of the population but also by the fact that the chronological groups are members of the same paleopopulation. In addition, there are a number of complexes of the transitional period that are culturally defined by different archaeologists in different ways. Another aspect, which is considered in the article, is connected with the materials of the same burial ground or even a mound-cemetery of the Middle and Late Bronze Age. With the relative synchronism of the burials, a different cultural interpretation (variant, culture) is given, which leads to significant difficulties in the study of anthropological materials, the results of which also allow us to assume that all individuals belong to the same population. Conclusions. The problem associated with the procedure of sampling for bioarchaeological research has a long history, and it needs to be solved in the context of the archaeological source being studied. It is necessary to constantly compare the monument data with the results of the sample study, rethink, revise, and test them, and determine how reliable they are and whether they fall into the confidence interval.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135002154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.7
Leonard Nedashkovsky, Maria Kochanova, Anna Aleshinskaya, Elena Spiridonova
Introduction. The article considers archaeobotanical data obtained as a result of the analysis of plant macro- and microremains from the settlements of the Golden Horde epoch in the central part of the Saratov Volga region. Methods and materials. The results of the analyses of flotation samples allow us to obtain data on the plant food of the settled population. The interpretation of spore-pollen analyses allows us to trace the process of growth of the territory of monuments, the nature of the lands surrounding them, and the natural conditions and occupations of the population. Analysis. Finds of ear fragments were noted – traces of the threshing of cereals by the population of the studied monuments. On the Bagaevka settlement, six samples from trench I of 2012 were studied by the palynological method, and according to the results of the analysis, three spore-pollen complexes were allocated. Results. The rural economy of the settled population of the Saratov Volga region in the Golden Horde time was quite well developed; millet, wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, and lentils were mainly cultivated here. Palynological data propose the agriculture at the Bagaevka settlement in all stages of its existence. The available materials indicate that the population of these monuments engaged in farming and had the opportunity to cultivate the nearby fertile black soils. Authors contribution. L.F. Nedashkovsky summarized the available data on archaeobotanical macroremains. M.D. Kochanova carried out chemical processing of samples for palynological analysis, computer processing of data and plotting, and summarized the available data on microremains. A.S. Aleshinskaya conducted spore-pollen analyses on samples. E.A. Spiridonova interpreted the results of palynological analyses.
{"title":"Archaeobotanical Materials from the Golden Horde Settlements of the Saratov Volga Region","authors":"Leonard Nedashkovsky, Maria Kochanova, Anna Aleshinskaya, Elena Spiridonova","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.7","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article considers archaeobotanical data obtained as a result of the analysis of plant macro- and microremains from the settlements of the Golden Horde epoch in the central part of the Saratov Volga region. Methods and materials. The results of the analyses of flotation samples allow us to obtain data on the plant food of the settled population. The interpretation of spore-pollen analyses allows us to trace the process of growth of the territory of monuments, the nature of the lands surrounding them, and the natural conditions and occupations of the population. Analysis. Finds of ear fragments were noted – traces of the threshing of cereals by the population of the studied monuments. On the Bagaevka settlement, six samples from trench I of 2012 were studied by the palynological method, and according to the results of the analysis, three spore-pollen complexes were allocated. Results. The rural economy of the settled population of the Saratov Volga region in the Golden Horde time was quite well developed; millet, wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, and lentils were mainly cultivated here. Palynological data propose the agriculture at the Bagaevka settlement in all stages of its existence. The available materials indicate that the population of these monuments engaged in farming and had the opportunity to cultivate the nearby fertile black soils. Authors contribution. L.F. Nedashkovsky summarized the available data on archaeobotanical macroremains. M.D. Kochanova carried out chemical processing of samples for palynological analysis, computer processing of data and plotting, and summarized the available data on microremains. A.S. Aleshinskaya conducted spore-pollen analyses on samples. E.A. Spiridonova interpreted the results of palynological analyses.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135002441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the significance of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway in the socio-economic life of the Turkestan region. This railway line is considered as a mechanism that opened the way for the entry of the region into capitalist relations. The purpose of the work is to define the impact of socio-economic changes resulting from the construction of the railway on the development of the region. Methods and materials. The research is based on the principles of objectivism and historicism, which reject dogmas and concepts and do not align with any political ideology. As a result of working with republican and regional archival funds, the authors introduced new statistical data concerning the construction and operation of the railway into scientific circulation. Analysis. Among other regions of the empire, Turkestan is distinguished by its geographical and socio-economic character. There is a reason to believe that before the construction of the railway, there were no cities in this region where large production facilities were concentrated. The vast majority of residents led a semi-nomadic lifestyle. It was difficult for the peasants to get their goods transported to other consumer environments. It can be argued that this development trend has changed dramatically with the construction of this railway. Due to the activity of the railway, the export-import potential of the region has increased. Turkestan has received ample opportunities to export salt, cotton, santonin, wool, and various types of dried fruits. Results. As a result of the research work, a peculiar approach to the factors that contributed to the construction of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway was revealed. As one of them, it is concluded that the factor of the construction of the highway was carried out not because of competition between the British and Russian Empires (as noted in many studies), but with the aim of involving an isolated part of the empire in integration processes. In general, the railway line had a significant impact on the transition of the region from old feudal relations to a partial agrarian-industrial form. Authors’ contribution. Y.K. Omarbayev is the author and organizer of the idea of implementing this scientific work. He outlined the purpose and objectives of the article. G.T. Zhoraeva, was engaged in the collection, classification, and analysis of archival documents that make up the main source base of the article. In addition, under her leadership, a comparative analysis of scientific papers devoted to the construction and commissioning of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway was carried out. The author classified the available scientific publications by historical periods and sought to determine their historical and ideological directions. A.A. Nurmukhambetov worked with historical facts and photo documents within the framework of the topic and conducted a comparative analysis of differences between the statistical data re
{"title":"The Significance of the Orenburg – Tashkent Railway for the Socio-Economic Development of the Turkestan Region","authors":"Yrysbek Omarbayev, Gulzhamal Zhorayeva, Ardak Nurmukhambetov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.4.11","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the significance of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway in the socio-economic life of the Turkestan region. This railway line is considered as a mechanism that opened the way for the entry of the region into capitalist relations. The purpose of the work is to define the impact of socio-economic changes resulting from the construction of the railway on the development of the region. Methods and materials. The research is based on the principles of objectivism and historicism, which reject dogmas and concepts and do not align with any political ideology. As a result of working with republican and regional archival funds, the authors introduced new statistical data concerning the construction and operation of the railway into scientific circulation. Analysis. Among other regions of the empire, Turkestan is distinguished by its geographical and socio-economic character. There is a reason to believe that before the construction of the railway, there were no cities in this region where large production facilities were concentrated. The vast majority of residents led a semi-nomadic lifestyle. It was difficult for the peasants to get their goods transported to other consumer environments. It can be argued that this development trend has changed dramatically with the construction of this railway. Due to the activity of the railway, the export-import potential of the region has increased. Turkestan has received ample opportunities to export salt, cotton, santonin, wool, and various types of dried fruits. Results. As a result of the research work, a peculiar approach to the factors that contributed to the construction of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway was revealed. As one of them, it is concluded that the factor of the construction of the highway was carried out not because of competition between the British and Russian Empires (as noted in many studies), but with the aim of involving an isolated part of the empire in integration processes. In general, the railway line had a significant impact on the transition of the region from old feudal relations to a partial agrarian-industrial form. Authors’ contribution. Y.K. Omarbayev is the author and organizer of the idea of implementing this scientific work. He outlined the purpose and objectives of the article. G.T. Zhoraeva, was engaged in the collection, classification, and analysis of archival documents that make up the main source base of the article. In addition, under her leadership, a comparative analysis of scientific papers devoted to the construction and commissioning of the Orenburg – Tashkent railway was carried out. The author classified the available scientific publications by historical periods and sought to determine their historical and ideological directions. A.A. Nurmukhambetov worked with historical facts and photo documents within the framework of the topic and conducted a comparative analysis of differences between the statistical data re","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135002445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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