Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.2.7
A. Volvenko
Introduction. As the title implies, the article describes the evolution of Cossack military service in the late imperial period, which was completed with the formation of Cossack military service, which existed without significant changes until 1917. Methods and Materials. The article is based on various papers: archival materials from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow), publications of contemporaries on Cossack issues of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, published in the pages of the magazine “Military Collection.” The analysis of historiography on the topic capacitated the author to reveal an overall perspective on the content and evolution of the Cossack service from 1835 to 1917, which was detailed in the narrative acquiring a multi-level structure. In this framework, the emphasis is on the explanation of the relationship between the individual elements of the service over several decades. Analysis. For a long time, the form and content of Cossack military service were influenced by the geographical features of the location of a specific Cossack army, the theater of military operations, where Cossack units were used, military traditions, etc. After the Crimean War and with the end of hostilities in the Caucasus, and especially with the beginning of the epoch of “liberation”, the evaluation of the Cossacks and their service moved on to the press. The main platforms for the discussion of the Cossacks military and colonization functions were the periodicals subordinate to the War Ministry. Under the influence of D.A. Milyutin’s military reforms Cossack service was transformed, first on the basis of a conscription order, and then, with reference to the adoption of the general imperial Charter on military service (1874) it again acquired a mandatory character. Results. The article concludes that emerging in the late 19th – early 20th centuries the service system implied more rigid centralization and unification, and the entire policy of the War Ministry until 1917 in relation to the Cossack service was aimed at its maximum adaptation to the army regulations and the requirements of modern warfare.
{"title":"Between Recruitment and All-Estates Conscription: Cossack Military Service and its Transformation in the Late Imperial Period (1835–1917)","authors":"A. Volvenko","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. As the title implies, the article describes the evolution of Cossack military service in the late imperial period, which was completed with the formation of Cossack military service, which existed without significant changes until 1917. Methods and Materials. The article is based on various papers: archival materials from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow), publications of contemporaries on Cossack issues of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, published in the pages of the magazine “Military Collection.” The analysis of historiography on the topic capacitated the author to reveal an overall perspective on the content and evolution of the Cossack service from 1835 to 1917, which was detailed in the narrative acquiring a multi-level structure. In this framework, the emphasis is on the explanation of the relationship between the individual elements of the service over several decades. Analysis. For a long time, the form and content of Cossack military service were influenced by the geographical features of the location of a specific Cossack army, the theater of military operations, where Cossack units were used, military traditions, etc. After the Crimean War and with the end of hostilities in the Caucasus, and especially with the beginning of the epoch of “liberation”, the evaluation of the Cossacks and their service moved on to the press. The main platforms for the discussion of the Cossacks military and colonization functions were the periodicals subordinate to the War Ministry. Under the influence of D.A. Milyutin’s military reforms Cossack service was transformed, first on the basis of a conscription order, and then, with reference to the adoption of the general imperial Charter on military service (1874) it again acquired a mandatory character. Results. The article concludes that emerging in the late 19th – early 20th centuries the service system implied more rigid centralization and unification, and the entire policy of the War Ministry until 1917 in relation to the Cossack service was aimed at its maximum adaptation to the army regulations and the requirements of modern warfare.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90991883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.8
O. Gavrilova, M. Khodjakov
Introduction. The key figures in the communal services of Leningrad during the period of the city blockade were the household managers – upravkhozy. Their functions were determined by a special regulation adopted and approved by the executive committee of the Leningrad City Council on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. Household managers were supposed to monitor the state of the household, including the housing stock, regulate the passport regime, carry out the correct and timely collection (and in some cases, accrual) of apartment and utility bills. With the help of the employees subordinate to them, they were obliged to carry out routine repairs of the housing stock. Methods and Materials. Using a set of documents deposited in the archives, as well as diaries and official decisions of the Leningrad leaders during the war, the authors highlight the emotional background of the blockaded city. Along with the solution of the food problem, an important task in the conditions of massive shelling and bombing was the preservation of the housing stock in a satisfactory condition. Analysis. Being subordinate to the district council executive committee, the household managers accumulated in their hands the funds and property of the household, they hired and fired a significant part of the workers, and had the right to impose disciplinary sanctions on them. In the emergency conditions of the blockade, they became the most important link between the party and Soviet leadership of their district and the tenants. Since there was often no effective control over the work of the household managers, they were able to decide at their own discretion, without the sanction of the housing department, on the distribution of vacated rooms and apartments that belonged to deceased and evacuated residents of Leningrad. Results. On the basis of a set of documents, including archival materials, the article examines the impact of Leningrad administrative farms on the daily life of Leningraders during the years of the blockade. It is concluded that the abuses of household managers were explained by their low wages, insufficient professional training to solve complex issues of public utilities and a low educational level. Authors’ contribution. O.A. Gavrilova identified historical sources, analyzed the official decrees issued by the leadership of Leningrad. M.V. Khodjakov analyzed archival materials and memoirs of blockade survivors, designed the text of the article. Key words: blockade of Leningrad, Great Patriotic War, housing policy, urban economy, household manager.
{"title":"Leningrad Household Manager During the Blockade: Area of Responsibslity and Image","authors":"O. Gavrilova, M. Khodjakov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The key figures in the communal services of Leningrad during the period of the city blockade were the household managers – upravkhozy. Their functions were determined by a special regulation adopted and approved by the executive committee of the Leningrad City Council on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. Household managers were supposed to monitor the state of the household, including the housing stock, regulate the passport regime, carry out the correct and timely collection (and in some cases, accrual) of apartment and utility bills. With the help of the employees subordinate to them, they were obliged to carry out routine repairs of the housing stock. Methods and Materials. Using a set of documents deposited in the archives, as well as diaries and official decisions of the Leningrad leaders during the war, the authors highlight the emotional background of the blockaded city. Along with the solution of the food problem, an important task in the conditions of massive shelling and bombing was the preservation of the housing stock in a satisfactory condition. Analysis. Being subordinate to the district council executive committee, the household managers accumulated in their hands the funds and property of the household, they hired and fired a significant part of the workers, and had the right to impose disciplinary sanctions on them. In the emergency conditions of the blockade, they became the most important link between the party and Soviet leadership of their district and the tenants. Since there was often no effective control over the work of the household managers, they were able to decide at their own discretion, without the sanction of the housing department, on the distribution of vacated rooms and apartments that belonged to deceased and evacuated residents of Leningrad. Results. On the basis of a set of documents, including archival materials, the article examines the impact of Leningrad administrative farms on the daily life of Leningraders during the years of the blockade. It is concluded that the abuses of household managers were explained by their low wages, insufficient professional training to solve complex issues of public utilities and a low educational level. Authors’ contribution. O.A. Gavrilova identified historical sources, analyzed the official decrees issued by the leadership of Leningrad. M.V. Khodjakov analyzed archival materials and memoirs of blockade survivors, designed the text of the article. Key words: blockade of Leningrad, Great Patriotic War, housing policy, urban economy, household manager.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80918993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.10
Aliaksey Litwin
Introduction. The main information about our compatriots who distinguished themselves in the Battle of Stalingrad is contained in the award documents, which have not yet become the subject of study by Belarusian researchers. Separate facts had been appearing in the press already during the hostilities. For example, the feat of the Red Army soldier Alexey Vashchenko, who closed the embrasure of the enemy’s gates with his breast on September 5, 1942, was the subject of a publication in the division newspaper and a leaflet issued by the political department. However, the main information on the topic emerged only in the post-war time. Methods and Materials. The article is based on the information from scientific and educational literature, encyclopedias and reference books, from the memories of Soviet military leaders who took part in the Battle of Stalingrad, publications in the regional historical collections “Memory”, from the Belarusian central and local periodicals. The goal is to identify information about the participation of natives of Belarus in the Battle of Stalingrad. Results. The study showed that the Belarusians were represented both among the privates and command staff, in almost all types and branches of the military. Many of them were awarded high state decorations for military distinctions during the Battle of Stalingrad.
{"title":"Participation of Natives of the Belarus in the Battle of Stalingrad","authors":"Aliaksey Litwin","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The main information about our compatriots who distinguished themselves in the Battle of Stalingrad is contained in the award documents, which have not yet become the subject of study by Belarusian researchers. Separate facts had been appearing in the press already during the hostilities. For example, the feat of the Red Army soldier Alexey Vashchenko, who closed the embrasure of the enemy’s gates with his breast on September 5, 1942, was the subject of a publication in the division newspaper and a leaflet issued by the political department. However, the main information on the topic emerged only in the post-war time. Methods and Materials. The article is based on the information from scientific and educational literature, encyclopedias and reference books, from the memories of Soviet military leaders who took part in the Battle of Stalingrad, publications in the regional historical collections “Memory”, from the Belarusian central and local periodicals. The goal is to identify information about the participation of natives of Belarus in the Battle of Stalingrad. Results. The study showed that the Belarusians were represented both among the privates and command staff, in almost all types and branches of the military. Many of them were awarded high state decorations for military distinctions during the Battle of Stalingrad.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82561214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.19
A. Popov
Introduction. The article, based on a wide range of sources, described the creation of a memorial complex on Mamaev Kurgan in the hero city of Stalingrad/Volgograd and related public and non-public discussions. Methods and materials. An attempt was made to comprehend this process through the prism of the general dynamics of the formation of historical memory of the Great Patriotic War and the development of Soviet monumental art in the 1940s and 1960s. Using the method of actor-network analysis, the author of the article tries to reconstruct the goals, motives and actions of the main circle of interested parties (actors) who participated in the creation of the memorial complex “Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad”: the highest state-party leadership of the USSR, municipal authorities, residents of the hero city, representatives of the creative community (architects, sculptors, writers, artists), as well as veterans – participants in the battle on the Volga. Analysis and Results. Based on the study materials, it is concluded that all these “historical memory designers” contributed to the creation of a unique monument-ensemble on Mamaev Kurgan, opened in 1967, guided not only by commemorative, but also by political-ideological, financial, career, status, moral-ethics and aesthetic motives. The need to erect a large memorial in the context of the Khrushchev campaign to combat excesses in architecture and criticism from individual members of the public demanded that the authors of the project, led by sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, transform it and adapt it to new realities, and also updated the process of forming the concept of the “Lenin’s plan of monumental propaganda”.
{"title":"Creation of the Memorial Complex for the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad on Mamaev Kurgan: Historical Memory, Art and Soviet Monumental Propaganda","authors":"A. Popov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.19","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article, based on a wide range of sources, described the creation of a memorial complex on Mamaev Kurgan in the hero city of Stalingrad/Volgograd and related public and non-public discussions. Methods and materials. An attempt was made to comprehend this process through the prism of the general dynamics of the formation of historical memory of the Great Patriotic War and the development of Soviet monumental art in the 1940s and 1960s. Using the method of actor-network analysis, the author of the article tries to reconstruct the goals, motives and actions of the main circle of interested parties (actors) who participated in the creation of the memorial complex “Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad”: the highest state-party leadership of the USSR, municipal authorities, residents of the hero city, representatives of the creative community (architects, sculptors, writers, artists), as well as veterans – participants in the battle on the Volga. Analysis and Results. Based on the study materials, it is concluded that all these “historical memory designers” contributed to the creation of a unique monument-ensemble on Mamaev Kurgan, opened in 1967, guided not only by commemorative, but also by political-ideological, financial, career, status, moral-ethics and aesthetic motives. The need to erect a large memorial in the context of the Khrushchev campaign to combat excesses in architecture and criticism from individual members of the public demanded that the authors of the project, led by sculptor E.V. Vuchetich, transform it and adapt it to new realities, and also updated the process of forming the concept of the “Lenin’s plan of monumental propaganda”.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87663147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.7
O. Gomanenko, Evgeniia Golovina
Introduction. The Red Cross during the Great Patriotic War contributed significantly to the provision of medical care to both Soviet soldiers and the local population. According to the policy of centralizing public organizations, the Red Cross was integrated into the public authorities and subjected to the Party organs and the People’s Commissariat for Health Care. Materials and methods. The study is based on the objectivity principles and applies general scientific as well as specific historical methods. The paper is mainly based on unpublished archival materials. Analysis. The paper shows the activities of the Red Cross regional division – the Middle Volga Basin Committee that can be an example of multifunctional use of the organization. The Red Cross Middle Volga Basin Committee was formed in 1939. The paper goal is to establish the importance of the Red Cross of the Middle Volga Steamship Lines in the Great Patriotic War and particularly in the Battle of Stalingrad. From summer 1942 near frontline Middle Volga was a link in the transportation of the wounded and evacuated population from the Lower Volga region. The basic personnel of the Middle Volga Red Cross were women. Their selfless effort and efficiency were noted by hospitals. Results. In difficult conditions, particularly in 1942–1943 the Middle Volga Red Cross Committee fulfilled various tasks to ensure sanitation in the Volga section it was charged with. It trained sanitary and medical personnel for the Red Army and People’s Commissariat for Health Care. The organization educated the population on first aid, including assisting in preparation for the “Ready for Sanitary Defense” test. The Middle Volga Red Cross worked in evacuation hospitals and posts, and in ambulance ships. Besides the organization contributed to preventive anti-epidemic measures. Authors’ contribution. O.A. Gomanenko and E.L. Golovina jointly studied historiography, archival materials and made conclusions on the subject.
{"title":"The Red Cross Activities in the River Transportation During the Great Patriotic War (The Middle Volga Case)","authors":"O. Gomanenko, Evgeniia Golovina","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The Red Cross during the Great Patriotic War contributed significantly to the provision of medical care to both Soviet soldiers and the local population. According to the policy of centralizing public organizations, the Red Cross was integrated into the public authorities and subjected to the Party organs and the People’s Commissariat for Health Care. Materials and methods. The study is based on the objectivity principles and applies general scientific as well as specific historical methods. The paper is mainly based on unpublished archival materials. Analysis. The paper shows the activities of the Red Cross regional division – the Middle Volga Basin Committee that can be an example of multifunctional use of the organization. The Red Cross Middle Volga Basin Committee was formed in 1939. The paper goal is to establish the importance of the Red Cross of the Middle Volga Steamship Lines in the Great Patriotic War and particularly in the Battle of Stalingrad. From summer 1942 near frontline Middle Volga was a link in the transportation of the wounded and evacuated population from the Lower Volga region. The basic personnel of the Middle Volga Red Cross were women. Their selfless effort and efficiency were noted by hospitals. Results. In difficult conditions, particularly in 1942–1943 the Middle Volga Red Cross Committee fulfilled various tasks to ensure sanitation in the Volga section it was charged with. It trained sanitary and medical personnel for the Red Army and People’s Commissariat for Health Care. The organization educated the population on first aid, including assisting in preparation for the “Ready for Sanitary Defense” test. The Middle Volga Red Cross worked in evacuation hospitals and posts, and in ambulance ships. Besides the organization contributed to preventive anti-epidemic measures. Authors’ contribution. O.A. Gomanenko and E.L. Golovina jointly studied historiography, archival materials and made conclusions on the subject.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89462473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.17
V. Ageeva
The article highlights the peculiarities of restoring the system of school education in the Stalingrad region in the years 1943–1945 as part of the solution of the following problems: generalization of resources for the revival of the regional school network, having material and non-material nature; characterization of sources for recruiting teaching staff; the selection of causes affecting the success of general education in the region at the final stage of the war. The study showed that the task of building schools and providing them with equipment as well as educational supplies was solved mainly at the expense of local reserves and patronage assistance from the regions of the RSFSR and the republics of the USSR. One of the most effective ways of using the local labor potential has become the method of folk construction. The issue of forming the teaching staff of educational institutions was especially difficult and ambiguous in the region. One of the sources for the formation of the teaching staff was the network of pedagogical universities in the Stalingrad region, which was reviving simultaneously with the school system of education. The main breeding ground for teaching staff was short-term courses for high school students and employees at institutes for advanced training of teachers. During the recovery period, the role of the school increases in solving the everyday problems of students, the successful implementation of which directly depended on the attendance of schoolchildren at educational institutions. As a result, in 1943–1945, the foundations were laid for the further productive development of school education in the Stalingrad region in the post-war years.
{"title":"Restoring the Educational System of the Stalingrad Region After the Liberation from the German Fascist Invaders in 1943–1945","authors":"V. Ageeva","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.17","url":null,"abstract":"The article highlights the peculiarities of restoring the system of school education in the Stalingrad region in the years 1943–1945 as part of the solution of the following problems: generalization of resources for the revival of the regional school network, having material and non-material nature; characterization of sources for recruiting teaching staff; the selection of causes affecting the success of general education in the region at the final stage of the war. The study showed that the task of building schools and providing them with equipment as well as educational supplies was solved mainly at the expense of local reserves and patronage assistance from the regions of the RSFSR and the republics of the USSR. One of the most effective ways of using the local labor potential has become the method of folk construction. The issue of forming the teaching staff of educational institutions was especially difficult and ambiguous in the region. One of the sources for the formation of the teaching staff was the network of pedagogical universities in the Stalingrad region, which was reviving simultaneously with the school system of education. The main breeding ground for teaching staff was short-term courses for high school students and employees at institutes for advanced training of teachers. During the recovery period, the role of the school increases in solving the everyday problems of students, the successful implementation of which directly depended on the attendance of schoolchildren at educational institutions. As a result, in 1943–1945, the foundations were laid for the further productive development of school education in the Stalingrad region in the post-war years.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78366444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.4
Dmitry V. Shunyakov
Introduction. The experience of conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in armed conflicts before the start of World War II is analyzed. It is alleged that representatives of all power structures became Heroes: the People’s Commissariat of Defense, the People’s Commissariat of the Navy and the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs. Materials and methods. When solving the set research tasks, published data from official statistics, as well as scientific literature, were used. The study was based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematics. The need to process quantitative data led to the use of the statistical method. Analysis. In 94% of cases, the title of Hero was used solely to distinguish members of the security forces. It is noted that 71% of all the awards were for distinction in the Soviet-Finnish War. Military personnel received 93% of the awards. In fact, representatives of the ground triad (armored, rifle troops and artillery) received 2 / 3 awards. Conclusions. Award practice shows that the award has been rarely used, exclusively for personal courage in battle; almost a third of the awards were made posthumously.
{"title":"Awarding the Title of Hero of the Soviet Union in Pre-Military Armed Conflicts: Statistical Analysis (1936–1940)","authors":"Dmitry V. Shunyakov","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The experience of conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union in armed conflicts before the start of World War II is analyzed. It is alleged that representatives of all power structures became Heroes: the People’s Commissariat of Defense, the People’s Commissariat of the Navy and the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs. Materials and methods. When solving the set research tasks, published data from official statistics, as well as scientific literature, were used. The study was based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematics. The need to process quantitative data led to the use of the statistical method. Analysis. In 94% of cases, the title of Hero was used solely to distinguish members of the security forces. It is noted that 71% of all the awards were for distinction in the Soviet-Finnish War. Military personnel received 93% of the awards. In fact, representatives of the ground triad (armored, rifle troops and artillery) received 2 / 3 awards. Conclusions. Award practice shows that the award has been rarely used, exclusively for personal courage in battle; almost a third of the awards were made posthumously.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83975094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.21
Yaroslav Levin
Introduction. The period 1941–1942 became a time when American art was rapidly rebuilt on “military rails.” Cultural figures in every way reinforced the morale of American soldiers and were engaged in justifying various actions of the government through a more accessible and understandable language of artistic narrative. Methods and materials. The rich material of the archive of the FBI, the army and other US security services allows a better look at how the cinema obeyed the propaganda needs of the warring power. The article is based on the principles of historicism and systematics, as well as the methods of historical comparativistics and imagology (discourse-analysis, analysis of audiovisual representation and some others). Analysis and results. It is quite clear that cinema played a special role in these processes – the most massive and popular type of art, which in the previous two decades became the most common form of leisure for Americans. This article is devoted to the use of cinema to justify the initially extremely unpopular measure of the American government to intern the Japanese in concentration camps in the light of the entry of the United States into World War II.
{"title":"American Cinema, FBI and Propaganda: The Image of the Internal Enemy (1941–1942)","authors":"Yaroslav Levin","doi":"10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The period 1941–1942 became a time when American art was rapidly rebuilt on “military rails.” Cultural figures in every way reinforced the morale of American soldiers and were engaged in justifying various actions of the government through a more accessible and understandable language of artistic narrative. Methods and materials. The rich material of the archive of the FBI, the army and other US security services allows a better look at how the cinema obeyed the propaganda needs of the warring power. The article is based on the principles of historicism and systematics, as well as the methods of historical comparativistics and imagology (discourse-analysis, analysis of audiovisual representation and some others). Analysis and results. It is quite clear that cinema played a special role in these processes – the most massive and popular type of art, which in the previous two decades became the most common form of leisure for Americans. This article is devoted to the use of cinema to justify the initially extremely unpopular measure of the American government to intern the Japanese in concentration camps in the light of the entry of the United States into World War II.","PeriodicalId":42917,"journal":{"name":"Volgogradskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet-Vestnik-Seriya 4-Istoriya Regionovedenie Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88829278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.11
S. Sidorov
Introduction. The successful counter-offensive of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad marked the beginning of the mass capture of enemy soldiers. Only after the liquidation of the Stalingrad cauldron, more than 90 thousand people were taken prisoner. Methods and materials. Historical facts are researched on the basis of the principles of historicism and objectivity. The article uses problem-chronological and comparative-historical methods. The article is based on the archival and published documents of the NKVD Secretariat, the Main Directorate for Prisoners of War Central Office and NKVD Internees and the Joint Archival Fund: Institutions for Prisoners of War and Internees of the Volgograd Region. Analysis. The captured enemy soldiers were exhausted and weakened to the limit, poorly dressed, all with lice, many sick and non-transportable. At the same time, it was impossible to create normal conditions in the destroyed city in a short period to accommodate captured enemy soldiers. A month-long stay in the frontline led to the fact that only 30% of the prisoners of war could be taken to the rear camps. In the special hospitals for prisoners of war created in Stalingrad and the region, the mortality rate until the beginning of June 1943 amounted to 63% of those admitted for treatment. But most of the prisoners sent to the rear could not move the road or died in the first days upon arrival at the camps. Results. About 80 thousand prisoners of war from the Stalingrad cauldron died already in 1943. The main reason for the high mortality among them was a long stay in harsh winter conditions and stress because of being in the cauldron without regular food. The low readiness of the NKVD camps and special hospitals to receive prisoners of war also had an effect.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.15688/jvolsu4.2023.1.18
T. Evdokimova
Introduction. The article analyzes the essence and dynamics of the views of the German historian Wolfram Wette on the history of the German Wehrmacht in the World War II. Methods and materials. The source bases of the study are monographs, publications in books, magazines, newspapers, Wette’s interviews. When writing the article, such methods as historical-systemic, historical-comparative, historical-biographical ones, as well as the methods of communicative analysis of monographs and articles, and comparative analysis of various sources were used. Analysis. The study made it possible to single out two stages in W. Wette’s research activities: the study of military history traditional issues (the military operations history, military leadership, etc.) and the study of the military “history of everyday life”. The boundary between the stages became the denunciation of the myths of Stalingrad Battle which the article’s author, according to the Wette’s works, considers as a trigger for the World War II outcome, building a democratic society in Germany, forming a modern culture of memory. The article presents a critical analysis made by the historian W. Wette of a number of “legends” that existed in the Germany’s military history and public consciousness about the “preventive” nature of the war against the Soviet Union, about the “heroic death” of the 6th Army near Stalingrad, about the “pure Wehrmacht” and his “heroes”. The focus of the history of the Wehrmacht during the World War II “from below” is a “little man”, a simple soldier. The author of the analyzed works pays special attention to the denial of the thesis about the impossibility of resisting the criminal policy of the Nazi leadership in the army and, using the example of ordinary Wehrmacht military men, shows a small group of “rescuers in military uniform” who risked themselves to save human lives. Results. The conclusion is made about the inseparable connection between Wette’s scientific research and his social activities to overcome the Nazi past of Germany and forming a democratic consciousness of German civil society.
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