Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.15407/knit2022.02.048
F. Bushuev, M. Kaliuzhny, V. Kriuchkovsky, M. O. Kulichenko, O. Shulga, Z. Zhang, V. Bezrukovs, Y. Malynovskyi, O. Reznichenko, O. Bryukhovetsky, G. Tuccari
The radio engineering means of the RI “Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory” are fully passive. To track satellites, they use radio signals emitted by the satellites themselves. Thus, the following means were developed and put into operation: 1) Simple INTerferometer NETwork (SintNet) for monitoring the orbital position of geostationary (GEO) satellites; 2) Doppler station for clarifying the orbital elements of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Two SintNets operate now: European and Chinese. The European SintNet consists of 10 stations and tracks three co-located satellites simultaneously. The Chinese SintNet consists of four stations and tracks one satellite. The positional error (standard deviation) of satellites is about 200 m
{"title":"Observations of GEO and LEO Satellites: Radio Engineering Means of the Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory","authors":"F. Bushuev, M. Kaliuzhny, V. Kriuchkovsky, M. O. Kulichenko, O. Shulga, Z. Zhang, V. Bezrukovs, Y. Malynovskyi, O. Reznichenko, O. Bryukhovetsky, G. Tuccari","doi":"10.15407/knit2022.02.048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.02.048","url":null,"abstract":"The radio engineering means of the RI “Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory” are fully passive. To track satellites, they use radio signals emitted by the satellites themselves. Thus, the following means were developed and put into operation: 1) Simple INTerferometer NETwork (SintNet) for monitoring the orbital position of geostationary (GEO) satellites; 2) Doppler station for clarifying the orbital elements of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Two SintNets operate now: European and Chinese. The European SintNet consists of 10 stations and tracks three co-located satellites simultaneously. The Chinese SintNet consists of four stations and tracks one satellite. The positional error (standard deviation) of satellites is about 200 m","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67117187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.15407/knit2022.02.061
O. Pylypchuk, О. Strelko, A. Korobchenko, O. Pylypchuk
The idea of the unity of man and the Universe was developed in many philosophical and religious teachings. However, the first who scientifically substantiates it was Alfred Russel Wallace (1823—1913) — a British naturalist, traveler, geographer, biologist, and anthropologist of the XIX century. He noted that the idea of the «plurality of worlds» of Copernicus, where the Earth is one of the many planets inhabited by intelligent beings, is not supported by observations. Wallace substantiated that the possibility of the emergence of life and mind in the universe depends on many interrelated conditions. He concluded that «any planet in the solar system other than our Earth is uninhabited» and «almost as likely that no other Sun has inhabited planets». Wallace held the view that humans were the only intelligent beings and could have originated exclusively on Earth as the pinnacle of the evolution of the Universe. The researcher admitted the possibility of the existence of other worlds with other physical laws but believed that only in ours it was possible for a man to appear, and that is why our Universe arose.
{"title":"Alfred Russel Wallace about harmony in the Universe (To the 120th anniversary of his work \"Man's Place in the Universe\")","authors":"O. Pylypchuk, О. Strelko, A. Korobchenko, O. Pylypchuk","doi":"10.15407/knit2022.02.061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.02.061","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of the unity of man and the Universe was developed in many philosophical and religious teachings. However, the first who scientifically substantiates it was Alfred Russel Wallace (1823—1913) — a British naturalist, traveler, geographer, biologist, and anthropologist of the XIX century. He noted that the idea of the «plurality of worlds» of Copernicus, where the Earth is one of the many planets inhabited by intelligent beings, is not supported by observations. Wallace substantiated that the possibility of the emergence of life and mind in the universe depends on many interrelated conditions. He concluded that «any planet in the solar system other than our Earth is uninhabited» and «almost as likely that no other Sun has inhabited planets». Wallace held the view that humans were the only intelligent beings and could have originated exclusively on Earth as the pinnacle of the evolution of the Universe. The researcher admitted the possibility of the existence of other worlds with other physical laws but believed that only in ours it was possible for a man to appear, and that is why our Universe arose.","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47857889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.15407/knit2022.01.061
V. Epishev, V. Kudak, І. I. ІMotrunich, V. Perig, I. Neubauer, V. Prysiazhnyi
The paper considers the basics of the developed method for determining the orientation of low-orbit and geosynchronous spacecraft based on the results of observations of diffuse light scattering by their surfaces. This scattering can be described by phase functions that depend on the shape of the scattering surface, its orientation relative to the directions to the radiation source, and the receiver. Determining the orientation of the irradiated object in the selected coordinate system is one of the cases of solving the inverse problem. The surfaces of the spacecraft are a superposition of several stereometric surfaces that simultaneously scatter light onto the observer, but are differently oriented towards him, which greatly complicates the solution. The application of the developed method was carried out using the data of colorimetric observations of the American meteorological artificial satellite "NOAA-18", which has a cylindrical shape with two flat solar panels.
{"title":"Determination of the orientation of the artificial Earth satellite in the case of diffusive scattering of light by its surface","authors":"V. Epishev, V. Kudak, І. I. ІMotrunich, V. Perig, I. Neubauer, V. Prysiazhnyi","doi":"10.15407/knit2022.01.061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.01.061","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the basics of the developed method for determining the orientation of low-orbit and geosynchronous spacecraft based on the results of observations of diffuse light scattering by their surfaces. This scattering can be described by phase functions that depend on the shape of the scattering surface, its orientation relative to the directions to the radiation source, and the receiver. Determining the orientation of the irradiated object in the selected coordinate system is one of the cases of solving the inverse problem. The surfaces of the spacecraft are a superposition of several stereometric surfaces that simultaneously scatter light onto the observer, but are differently oriented towards him, which greatly complicates the solution. The application of the developed method was carried out using the data of colorimetric observations of the American meteorological artificial satellite \"NOAA-18\", which has a cylindrical shape with two flat solar panels.","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47087348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.15407/knit2022.01.003
I. Vavilova, V. Khramtsov, D. Dobrycheva, M. Vasylenko, A. Elyiv, O. Melnyk
We applied the image-based approach with a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to the sample of low-redshift galaxies with –24m93 % of accuracy for five classes morphology prediction except the cigar-shaped (~75 %) and completely rounded (~83 %) galaxies. As for the classification of galaxies by their detailed structural morphological features, our CNN model gives the accuracy in the range of 92–99 % depending on features, a number of galaxies with the given feature in the inference dataset, and the galaxy image quality. As a result, for the first time we assigned 34 morphological detailed features (bar, rings, number of spiral arms, mergers, etc.) for more than 160000 low-redshift galaxies from the SDSS DR9. We demonstrate that implication of the CNN model with adversarial validation and adversarial image data augmentation improves classification of smaller and fainter SDSS galaxies with mr <17.7.
{"title":"Machine learning technique for morphological classification of galaxies from SDSS. II. The image-based morphological catalogs of galaxies at 0.02","authors":"I. Vavilova, V. Khramtsov, D. Dobrycheva, M. Vasylenko, A. Elyiv, O. Melnyk","doi":"10.15407/knit2022.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"We applied the image-based approach with a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to the sample of low-redshift galaxies with –24m<Mr<–19.4m from the SDSS DR9. We divided it into two subsamples, SDSS DR9 galaxy dataset and Galaxy Zoo 2 (GZ2) dataset, considering them as the inference and training datasets, respectively. To determine the principal parameters of galaxy morphology defined within the GZ2 project, we classified the galaxies into five visual types and 34 morphological features of galaxies from the inference dataset, which do not match with GZ2 training dataset. As a result, we created the morphological catalog of 315782 galaxies at 0.02<z<0.1, where these classes and features were defined for the first time for 216148 galaxies by image-based CNN classifier. For the rest of galaxies the initial morphological classification was re-assigned as in the GZ2 project. Main results are presented in the catalog of 19468 completely rounded, 27321 rounded in-between, 3235 cigar-shaped, 4099 edge-on, 18615 spiral, and 72738 general low-redshift galaxies of the studied SDSS sample. Our method shows the promising performance of morphological classification attaining >93 % of accuracy for five classes morphology prediction except the cigar-shaped (~75 %) and completely rounded (~83 %) galaxies. As for the classification of galaxies by their detailed structural morphological features, our CNN model gives the accuracy in the range of 92–99 % depending on features, a number of galaxies with the given feature in the inference dataset, and the galaxy image quality. As a result, for the first time we assigned 34 morphological detailed features (bar, rings, number of spiral arms, mergers, etc.) for more than 160000 low-redshift galaxies from the SDSS DR9. We demonstrate that implication of the CNN model with adversarial validation and adversarial image data augmentation improves classification of smaller and fainter SDSS galaxies with mr <17.7.","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67116987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.15407/knit2022.01.023
O. Nihreieva
The publication is devoted to the issue of the international legal regime of outer space. The author attempts to determine the optimal model of international legal regulation for relations regarding the utilization of outer space and its resources. The basic international legal regimes applied to areas outside the exclusive national jurisdiction are studied. The main attention is paid to the regimes of res nullius, res communis, and the principle of the common heritage of mankind. The current international legal regulation of outer space exploration and utilization activities is analyzed through the prism of these regimes, as well as in the context of the category of global commons, which often includes outer space. It is emphasized that the mentioned category, although widely used in modern scientific legal discourse, is not clearly defined. Given that the concept of public goods has received a special development in economic theory, it is proposed to take into account the economic properties of such goods in developing regimes for their legal regulation. The peculiarities and complexity of outer space utilization relations as an object of legal regulation are identified. In this regard, a comprehensive and complex international legal regime that combines elements of res nullius, res communis, and the common heritage of mankind in relation to the objects of outer space with different natural and, consequently, economic properties should be elaborated. In addition, the latest trends in national and international law-making related to the formation of a legal regime for the extraction of celestial bodies resources and the commercialization of these activities are analyzed. Their influence on the international legal regime of outer space and tendencies of its future evolution is determined. The importance of a balanced national approach to a new legal regulation of space resources commercial development is emphasized.
{"title":"The international legal regime of outer space between Res Communis and Res Nullius","authors":"O. Nihreieva","doi":"10.15407/knit2022.01.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.01.023","url":null,"abstract":"The publication is devoted to the issue of the international legal regime of outer space. The author attempts to determine the optimal model of international legal regulation for relations regarding the utilization of outer space and its resources. The basic international legal regimes applied to areas outside the exclusive national jurisdiction are studied. The main attention is paid to the regimes of res nullius, res communis, and the principle of the common heritage of mankind. The current international legal regulation of outer space exploration and utilization activities is analyzed through the prism of these regimes, as well as in the context of the category of global commons, which often includes outer space. It is emphasized that the mentioned category, although widely used in modern scientific legal discourse, is not clearly defined. Given that the concept of public goods has received a special development in economic theory, it is proposed to take into account the economic properties of such goods in developing regimes for their legal regulation. The peculiarities and complexity of outer space utilization relations as an object of legal regulation are identified. In this regard, a comprehensive and complex international legal regime that combines elements of res nullius, res communis, and the common heritage of mankind in relation to the objects of outer space with different natural and, consequently, economic properties should be elaborated. In addition, the latest trends in national and international law-making related to the formation of a legal regime for the extraction of celestial bodies resources and the commercialization of these activities are analyzed. Their influence on the international legal regime of outer space and tendencies of its future evolution is determined. The importance of a balanced national approach to a new legal regulation of space resources commercial development is emphasized.","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67117025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.15407/knit2022.01.043
I. Husarova, O. Potapov, B. Gorelov, T. Mańko, G. Frolov
A schematic diagram of composite material for a heat-resistant multifunctional coating providing radio invisibility and thermal protection of parts of missiles is proposed. Organosilicon binder KO-08K, inorganic binder НС-1A, and heat-resistant mastic NEOMID-TITANIUM were researched to select the materials of the heat-resistant matrix. Based on the analysis of the results of thermal desorption spectrometry of organosilicon binder and mastic NEOMID-TITANIUM with heat-resistant fillers, it was found that the thermal destruction is most effectively reduced by the matrix filler with perlite and aluminum. The efficiency of the selected composites at a high rate of temperature change was evaluated by the heat stroke method. It was revealed that samples based on the organosilicon binder with fillers failed to provide the required heat resistance of the material: NEOMID-TITANIUM mastic can be used in case of filling with 2 % of aluminum and aluminum-silicate binder HC-1A in the case of filling with 5 % aluminum and 10 % mullite. Selected materials were tested in a jet of a gas-dynamic burner. The results confirmed the need to reinforce the matrix with heat-resistant fabrics to increase its strength and erosion resistance. Heat-resistant silica fabric KT-11 and silica heat-resistant tape LKA-1200 were used as heat-resistant radio-transparent reinforcing fabric fillers. Thermo-erosion tests of reinforced samples in the jet of a gas-dynamic burner showed that the minimum linear removal was obtained on samples with a matrix based on NEOMID-TITANIUM mastic, which was reinforced with KT-11 fabric (outer layer) and LKA-1200 tape, which allows using these materials to create the multifunctional coating.
{"title":"Model composition heat-resistant materials for multifunctioal coating","authors":"I. Husarova, O. Potapov, B. Gorelov, T. Mańko, G. Frolov","doi":"10.15407/knit2022.01.043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.01.043","url":null,"abstract":"A schematic diagram of composite material for a heat-resistant multifunctional coating providing radio invisibility and thermal protection of parts of missiles is proposed. Organosilicon binder KO-08K, inorganic binder НС-1A, and heat-resistant mastic NEOMID-TITANIUM were researched to select the materials of the heat-resistant matrix. Based on the analysis of the results of thermal desorption spectrometry of organosilicon binder and mastic NEOMID-TITANIUM with heat-resistant fillers, it was found that the thermal destruction is most effectively reduced by the matrix filler with perlite and aluminum. The efficiency of the selected composites at a high rate of temperature change was evaluated by the heat stroke method. It was revealed that samples based on the organosilicon binder with fillers failed to provide the required heat resistance of the material: NEOMID-TITANIUM mastic can be used in case of filling with 2 % of aluminum and aluminum-silicate binder HC-1A in the case of filling with 5 % aluminum and 10 % mullite. Selected materials were tested in a jet of a gas-dynamic burner. The results confirmed the need to reinforce the matrix with heat-resistant fabrics to increase its strength and erosion resistance. Heat-resistant silica fabric KT-11 and silica heat-resistant tape LKA-1200 were used as heat-resistant radio-transparent reinforcing fabric fillers. Thermo-erosion tests of reinforced samples in the jet of a gas-dynamic burner showed that the minimum linear removal was obtained on samples with a matrix based on NEOMID-TITANIUM mastic, which was reinforced with KT-11 fabric (outer layer) and LKA-1200 tape, which allows using these materials to create the multifunctional coating.","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48554875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.15407/knit2022.01.051
Yu.A. Poshtarenko, B. Rassamakin, V. Rogachov, V. Khominich, M. D. Shevchenko
We present the results of the comparative analysis of the characteristics of the domestic-made heat flux sensor PTP-1B with widely used foreign-made area sensor FOA-020. The conditions are typical to the ground-based thermovacuum research and testing of space technology products, conducted in the absence of validated converter-sensors of the aggregated heat flux within the density range of up to 2000 W/sq. m and a spectral range of 0.2 - 20 µm. Experimental studies were performed in a thermal vacuum chamber of the experimental stand TEC-2.5 at the temperature of its internal surfaces of 20 0C. Recommendations regarding the possible use of the PTP-1B sensor as a working instrument of measurements in monitoring and diagnostic systems during the processes of ground testing of space technology objects are given
{"title":"Means of measurement of heat flows in thermal vacuum research and testing of products of space engineering","authors":"Yu.A. Poshtarenko, B. Rassamakin, V. Rogachov, V. Khominich, M. D. Shevchenko","doi":"10.15407/knit2022.01.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.01.051","url":null,"abstract":"We present the results of the comparative analysis of the characteristics of the domestic-made heat flux sensor PTP-1B with widely used foreign-made area sensor FOA-020. The conditions are typical to the ground-based thermovacuum research and testing of space technology products, conducted in the absence of validated converter-sensors of the aggregated heat flux within the density range of up to 2000 W/sq. m and a spectral range of 0.2 - 20 µm. Experimental studies were performed in a thermal vacuum chamber of the experimental stand TEC-2.5 at the temperature of its internal surfaces of 20 0C. Recommendations regarding the possible use of the PTP-1B sensor as a working instrument of measurements in monitoring and diagnostic systems during the processes of ground testing of space technology objects are given","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67117051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-28DOI: 10.15407/knit2022.01.070
D. Zhurilo, M. Gutnyk, A. G. Zhurilo
The article dedicated the life and scientific way of George de Bothezat, the first Doctor of Sciences in the field of aviation. Together with Nikolay Zhukovsky, Igor Sikorsky, Stephen Timoshenko, Alexander Fan-der-Flit, and Alexey Lebedev, he was one of the organizers of the Air Fleet of the Russian Empire. He is the author of various inventions: gyroscopic sight and other types of aviation equipment. We analyze works by G. Bothezat on the impulse theory of propellers. In particular, the scientist derived formulas for ensuring the flight stability of airplanes and helicopters. He developed training ballistic tables, which allowed making corrections for the speed of the flight and the direction of the wind. We briefly describe a biography of G. Bothezat, focusing on the student period of his life in Kharkiv, Ukraine, and the reasons for G. Bothezat’s departure to the United States in 1918. It is stated that it was there that his talent as a designer and creator of helicopters of the original system was disclosed in the best way. In 1922, George Bothezat obtained the financial support of the American government to build a workable helicopter model without prototypes and experiments, only based on the results of calculations. The reasons why G.Bothezat did not manage to achieve the launch of the serial production of helicopters are analyzed. We also mention the activities of the company founded by G.Bothezat, which was engaged in the production of fans of a new type for the US Navy. The Bothezat system fans were installed at the Rockefeller Center in New York as well as in American tanks. It is emphasized that I. Sikorsky also used the works by G.Bothezat in his research. It is stated that the flight trajectory calculated by G.Bothezat in air and airless space was used in the development of the American program of a manned landing on the Moon using the “Apollo” system.
本文介绍了航空领域第一位理学博士乔治·德·博西扎的生平和科学之道。他与Nikolay Zhukovsky, Igor Sikorsky, Stephen Timoshenko, Alexander fander - flit和Alexey Lebedev一起，是俄罗斯帝国航空队的组织者之一。他是各种发明的作者:陀螺仪瞄准器和其他类型的航空设备。我们分析了G. Bothezat关于螺旋桨冲量理论的著作。特别是，这位科学家推导出了确保飞机和直升机飞行稳定性的公式。他开发了训练弹道表，允许对飞行速度和风向进行修正。我们简要介绍了G. Bothezat的传记，重点介绍了他在乌克兰哈尔科夫的学生时期，以及G. Bothezat于1918年离开美国的原因。据说，正是在那里，他作为一名设计师和原始系统直升机的创造者的才能得到了最好的展示。1922年，George Bothezat获得了美国政府的财政支持，在没有原型和实验的情况下，仅根据计算结果建造了一架可行的直升机模型。分析了g.b ethezat公司未能实现直升机批量生产的原因。我们还提到G.Bothezat创立的公司的活动，该公司从事为美国海军生产新型风扇。Bothezat系统的风扇被安装在纽约的洛克菲勒中心以及美国的坦克上。强调I. Sikorsky在他的研究中也使用了G.Bothezat的作品。本文指出，g.b ethezat在空气和无空气空间中计算的飞行轨迹被用于美国利用“阿波罗”系统载人登月计划的发展。
{"title":"George de Bothezat and his contribution into the world aviation and astronautics","authors":"D. Zhurilo, M. Gutnyk, A. G. Zhurilo","doi":"10.15407/knit2022.01.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/knit2022.01.070","url":null,"abstract":"The article dedicated the life and scientific way of George de Bothezat, the first Doctor of Sciences in the field of aviation. Together with Nikolay Zhukovsky, Igor Sikorsky, Stephen Timoshenko, Alexander Fan-der-Flit, and Alexey Lebedev, he was one of the organizers of the Air Fleet of the Russian Empire. He is the author of various inventions: gyroscopic sight and other types of aviation equipment. We analyze works by G. Bothezat on the impulse theory of propellers. In particular, the scientist derived formulas for ensuring the flight stability of airplanes and helicopters. He developed training ballistic tables, which allowed making corrections for the speed of the flight and the direction of the wind. We briefly describe a biography of G. Bothezat, focusing on the student period of his life in Kharkiv, Ukraine, and the reasons for G. Bothezat’s departure to the United States in 1918. It is stated that it was there that his talent as a designer and creator of helicopters of the original system was disclosed in the best way. In 1922, George Bothezat obtained the financial support of the American government to build a workable helicopter model without prototypes and experiments, only based on the results of calculations. The reasons why G.Bothezat did not manage to achieve the launch of the serial production of helicopters are analyzed. We also mention the activities of the company founded by G.Bothezat, which was engaged in the production of fans of a new type for the US Navy. The Bothezat system fans were installed at the Rockefeller Center in New York as well as in American tanks. It is emphasized that I. Sikorsky also used the works by G.Bothezat in his research. It is stated that the flight trajectory calculated by G.Bothezat in air and airless space was used in the development of the American program of a manned landing on the Moon using the “Apollo” system.","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67117130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.15407/KNIT2021.03.013
Yu. N. Lavrich, S. Plaksin, L. M. Pogorelaja, N. I. Bistrov
Context. The space control radar stations carry out the extremely important functions, therefore, they must be extremely reliable, and ensuring reliability is one of the key requirements at all stages of their life cycle. Objective. The goal of the work is the analyzing some aspects of ensuring reliability, caused by the peculiarities of the process of developing and manufacturing radar stations monitoring space, justifying the possibility of using the experience of a domestic developer in solving reliability problems in new samples. Method. A comparative analysis of the methods of development, manufacturing and testing of complex technical systems, existing standards and the standard of the Chief Designer are used in the work. Results. Some of the characteristic features of space control radar stations are given: uniqueness, single production, low repeatability and a large range, the impossibility of manufacturing and testing functionally complete systems directly under the manufacturer’s conditions. A number of features of design and manufacturing according to the standard of the Main Designer, which are absent in the existing standards, are considered, the necessity of developing new regulatory documents that take into account the specifics of the design and manufacture of space control radar stations is justified. From an applied point of view, a number of specific scientific and practical solutions for ensuring the reliability of space control radar stations of a domestic developer which may be used in further developments are presented. It has been established that many terms in the modern theory of reliability do not have an applied focus and do not allow increasing the accuracy of classifying the state of an object. It is shown that the creation of new generations of space monitoring radar stations is accompanied by the emergence of new scientific and practical tasks unknown to science, the solution of which is connected with the use of new scientific ideas and with the own developments of component elements. It is shown that the use of co-temporal elemental base in the design of space monitoring radar creates difficulties in ensuring the reliability of hierarchical levels, since testing by existing standards is possible only for lower levels of hierarchy. It is established that the existing standards of general technical requirements and methods of control and testing for products and radar stations are not always identical and it is impossible to ensure, that applying a highly reliable element base, we shall receive the same radar station reliability. Obviously, the new stage of ensuring reliability must be associated with the individual reliability of the elements themselves. It justifies the importance of the scientific task associated with the choice of control parameters of the modern generation of radar stations in the conditions of the impossibility of applying traditional control, which requires the interruption of their operatio
{"title":"Some features of the applied reliability of space control radar stations","authors":"Yu. N. Lavrich, S. Plaksin, L. M. Pogorelaja, N. I. Bistrov","doi":"10.15407/KNIT2021.03.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/KNIT2021.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"Context. The space control radar stations carry out the extremely important functions, therefore, they must be extremely reliable, and ensuring reliability is one of the key requirements at all stages of their life cycle. Objective. The goal of the work is the analyzing some aspects of ensuring reliability, caused by the peculiarities of the process of developing and manufacturing radar stations monitoring space, justifying the possibility of using the experience of a domestic developer in solving reliability problems in new samples. Method. A comparative analysis of the methods of development, manufacturing and testing of complex technical systems, existing standards and the standard of the Chief Designer are used in the work. Results. Some of the characteristic features of space control radar stations are given: uniqueness, single production, low repeatability and a large range, the impossibility of manufacturing and testing functionally complete systems directly under the manufacturer’s conditions. A number of features of design and manufacturing according to the standard of the Main Designer, which are absent in the existing standards, are considered, the necessity of developing new regulatory documents that take into account the specifics of the design and manufacture of space control radar stations is justified. From an applied point of view, a number of specific scientific and practical solutions for ensuring the reliability of space control radar stations of a domestic developer which may be used in further developments are presented. It has been established that many terms in the modern theory of reliability do not have an applied focus and do not allow increasing the accuracy of classifying the state of an object. It is shown that the creation of new generations of space monitoring radar stations is accompanied by the emergence of new scientific and practical tasks unknown to science, the solution of which is connected with the use of new scientific ideas and with the own developments of component elements. It is shown that the use of co-temporal elemental base in the design of space monitoring radar creates difficulties in ensuring the reliability of hierarchical levels, since testing by existing standards is possible only for lower levels of hierarchy. It is established that the existing standards of general technical requirements and methods of control and testing for products and radar stations are not always identical and it is impossible to ensure, that applying a highly reliable element base, we shall receive the same radar station reliability. Obviously, the new stage of ensuring reliability must be associated with the individual reliability of the elements themselves. It justifies the importance of the scientific task associated with the choice of control parameters of the modern generation of radar stations in the conditions of the impossibility of applying traditional control, which requires the interruption of their operatio","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67116913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.15407/KNIT2021.03.076
A. Kulyk, P. Zheltov, S. Klymenko, V. V. Chabanov
Currently, in various industries (engineering, aircraft, energy, etc.) the issue of product quality assurance and control is particularly acute. This is due primarily to the ever-increasing requirements for increasing reliability with increasing loads on products, which entails the strengthening of technical standards. The issue of quality control for rocket and space technology products is especially relevant. Modern power structures of rocket and spacecraft made of polymer composite materials, and especially the body of solid fuel rocket engines (SFRЕ), are multilayer packages of various polymer-composite materials (PKM), obtained and interconnected in the process of manufacturing the body. The efficiency of SFRЕ depends on the quality of the formation of PKM in production conditions. The most important issues are the implementation of production quality control of composite structures, the reliability of control results and the ability to automate the control process. The article presents an automated system of non-contact ultrasonic non-destructive testing, which allows to control the stability of the technological process of forming the composite material of the wall of the SFRЕ body and, if necessary, to adjust it. The probability of detecting zones of anomalous violation of the integrity of the wall material of the SFRЕ housing is carried out due to adaptive algorithms, digital systems of multilevel matrix processing and optimal filtering of the received signals. The automated system of contactless ultrasonic non-destructive quality control of SFRЕ cases allows to register conditions of scanning and control for more visual representation of the defectogram in the expanded look of the case of a product in the course of control and at documentation of its results. The presented results of work on the development of an automated system of non-destructive testing of the integrity of the buildings of the SFRЕ type "cocoon" confirm the possibilities of practical implementation in production.
{"title":"Automated system of contactless ultrasound nondestructive quality control of solid fuel rocket engines from composite materials","authors":"A. Kulyk, P. Zheltov, S. Klymenko, V. V. Chabanov","doi":"10.15407/KNIT2021.03.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/KNIT2021.03.076","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, in various industries (engineering, aircraft, energy, etc.) the issue of product quality assurance and control is particularly acute. This is due primarily to the ever-increasing requirements for increasing reliability with increasing loads on products, which entails the strengthening of technical standards. The issue of quality control for rocket and space technology products is especially relevant. Modern power structures of rocket and spacecraft made of polymer composite materials, and especially the body of solid fuel rocket engines (SFRЕ), are multilayer packages of various polymer-composite materials (PKM), obtained and interconnected in the process of manufacturing the body. The efficiency of SFRЕ depends on the quality of the formation of PKM in production conditions. The most important issues are the implementation of production quality control of composite structures, the reliability of control results and the ability to automate the control process. The article presents an automated system of non-contact ultrasonic non-destructive testing, which allows to control the stability of the technological process of forming the composite material of the wall of the SFRЕ body and, if necessary, to adjust it. The probability of detecting zones of anomalous violation of the integrity of the wall material of the SFRЕ housing is carried out due to adaptive algorithms, digital systems of multilevel matrix processing and optimal filtering of the received signals. The automated system of contactless ultrasonic non-destructive quality control of SFRЕ cases allows to register conditions of scanning and control for more visual representation of the defectogram in the expanded look of the case of a product in the course of control and at documentation of its results. The presented results of work on the development of an automated system of non-destructive testing of the integrity of the buildings of the SFRЕ type \"cocoon\" confirm the possibilities of practical implementation in production.","PeriodicalId":42936,"journal":{"name":"Space Science and Technology-Kosmicna Nauka i Tehnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67116536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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