Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877252
K. Tsuruta, N. Tanaka, H. Kide, K. Hirai
The ignition and lifetime of a low current DC vacuum arc, which was ignited by the opening of the electrodes, were investigated experimentally. Copper electrodes were used and the arc current was less than 50 A. Waveforms of the voltage and current between the electrodes at the moment of the arc ignition and during the arc were measured. Lifetime of the arc was measured as a function of the arc current and output voltage of the DC current source. It appeared that, for the ignition of the arc, a voltage which was larger than a critical value should come out between the electrodes at the moment of the opening of the electrodes. After the ignition, the arc voltage consists of a certain DC level, around 20 V, and an additive high frequency component. The arc current consists of a certain DC level and a subtractive high frequency component. The lifetime of the arc is short, less than in the present condition, and increases with increasing arc current and output voltage of the current source.
{"title":"Ignition and lifetime of low current DC vacuum arc ignited by the opening of the electrodes","authors":"K. Tsuruta, N. Tanaka, H. Kide, K. Hirai","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877252","url":null,"abstract":"The ignition and lifetime of a low current DC vacuum arc, which was ignited by the opening of the electrodes, were investigated experimentally. Copper electrodes were used and the arc current was less than 50 A. Waveforms of the voltage and current between the electrodes at the moment of the arc ignition and during the arc were measured. Lifetime of the arc was measured as a function of the arc current and output voltage of the DC current source. It appeared that, for the ignition of the arc, a voltage which was larger than a critical value should come out between the electrodes at the moment of the opening of the electrodes. After the ignition, the arc voltage consists of a certain DC level, around 20 V, and an additive high frequency component. The arc current consists of a certain DC level and a subtractive high frequency component. The lifetime of the arc is short, less than in the present condition, and increases with increasing arc current and output voltage of the current source.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126637686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879082
G. Kostyuk
The offered method for choosing the technological and physic-mechanical parameters permits to receive required quality characteristics of details surface layers in wide range and finally to create the layers with unique properties.
{"title":"Choice of optimal technological parameters of the combined strengthening on the basis of plasma-ionic, ionic-beam and laser technologies","authors":"G. Kostyuk","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879082","url":null,"abstract":"The offered method for choosing the technological and physic-mechanical parameters permits to receive required quality characteristics of details surface layers in wide range and finally to create the layers with unique properties.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126047617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877312
J. Londer, K. Ulyanov
The purpose of the present work is to study the structure of the near-anode region of a high-current vacuum arc on the basis of a generalized mathematical model including the electron energy balance equation and continuity equations for atoms and slow ions, that allow for the processes of slow ion generation and atom disappearance due to electron ionization. The presented model allows to calculate kinetics of evaporated atom volume ionization and distribution of the main parameters characterizing each flow over the interelectrode gap.
{"title":"Peculiarities of the slow ion flow movement in the near-anode region of a high-current vacuum arc","authors":"J. Londer, K. Ulyanov","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877312","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present work is to study the structure of the near-anode region of a high-current vacuum arc on the basis of a generalized mathematical model including the electron energy balance equation and continuity equations for atoms and slow ions, that allow for the processes of slow ion generation and atom disappearance due to electron ionization. The presented model allows to calculate kinetics of evaporated atom volume ionization and distribution of the main parameters characterizing each flow over the interelectrode gap.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123765372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879062
E. Oks
The status of experimental research and ongoing development of plasma cathode electron guns based on vacuum arc plasmas is reviewed, including some novel upgrades and application to various scientific and technological fields. The attractiveness of this kind of e-gun is due to its capability of creating high current, high current density, and broad electron beams. Existence of minimum current value to ignite a cathodic spot of vacuum arc, the arc current and so e-beam current cannot be lower then several amperes. Due to that fact, vacuum arc plasma e-guns operate in pulsed mode. A novel electron gun has been developed and investigated. The electron gun is based on a vacuum arc discharge with a hollow anode. This discharge unit is to provide a stable, uniform plasma surface from which a high-current density electron beam can be extracted. To produce the desired electron emission current the plasma density is controlled by magnetic field and arc current. Electron emission efficiency (ratio of the emission current to the arc current) was better than 90%. Electrons are extracted and accelerated up to energy about 20 keV. The electron extraction system provides acceleration and transport of a high-density beam. The beam passes through the 8 mm diameter aperture. The source produces long pulse (up to 100 /spl mu/s) electron beam with a high current density (up to electron beam up 80 A/cm/sup 2/). A strong external axial magnetic field provides beam focusing and propagation, and due to that fact the low pressures (1/spl times/10/sup -6/ Torr) can be reached. Different operating modes of the electron gun have been observed through the experiments.
综述了基于真空电弧等离子体的等离子体阴极电子枪的实验研究和发展现状，包括一些新的改进和在各个科技领域的应用。这种电子枪的吸引力在于其产生大电流、高电流密度和宽电子束的能力。存在点燃真空电弧阴极点的最小电流值，电弧电流和电子束电流不能低于几安培。由于这一事实，真空电弧等离子电子枪工作在脉冲模式。研制并研究了一种新型电子枪。电子枪是基于空心阳极的真空电弧放电。这种放电装置是为了提供一个稳定、均匀的等离子体表面，从中可以提取出高电流密度的电子束。为了产生所需的电子发射电流，等离子体密度由磁场和电弧电流控制。电子发射效率(发射电流与电弧电流之比)大于90%。电子被提取出来并加速到大约20 keV的能量。电子萃取系统提供了高密度束流的加速和输运。光束通过直径为8mm的孔径。该源产生长脉冲(高达100 /spl μ s)电子束，具有高电流密度(高达电子束高达80 a /cm/sup /)。一个强大的外部轴向磁场提供光束聚焦和传播，由于这一事实，低压(1/spl倍/10/sup -6/ Torr)可以达到。通过实验观察了电子枪的不同工作模式。
{"title":"Generation of electron beams from vacuum arc plasmas","authors":"E. Oks","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879062","url":null,"abstract":"The status of experimental research and ongoing development of plasma cathode electron guns based on vacuum arc plasmas is reviewed, including some novel upgrades and application to various scientific and technological fields. The attractiveness of this kind of e-gun is due to its capability of creating high current, high current density, and broad electron beams. Existence of minimum current value to ignite a cathodic spot of vacuum arc, the arc current and so e-beam current cannot be lower then several amperes. Due to that fact, vacuum arc plasma e-guns operate in pulsed mode. A novel electron gun has been developed and investigated. The electron gun is based on a vacuum arc discharge with a hollow anode. This discharge unit is to provide a stable, uniform plasma surface from which a high-current density electron beam can be extracted. To produce the desired electron emission current the plasma density is controlled by magnetic field and arc current. Electron emission efficiency (ratio of the emission current to the arc current) was better than 90%. Electrons are extracted and accelerated up to energy about 20 keV. The electron extraction system provides acceleration and transport of a high-density beam. The beam passes through the 8 mm diameter aperture. The source produces long pulse (up to 100 /spl mu/s) electron beam with a high current density (up to electron beam up 80 A/cm/sup 2/). A strong external axial magnetic field provides beam focusing and propagation, and due to that fact the low pressures (1/spl times/10/sup -6/ Torr) can be reached. Different operating modes of the electron gun have been observed through the experiments.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128913976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879010
C. Bouwmeester, M. Leusenkamp, R. Kerkenaar, W. Merck, G. Damstra
The aim of the investigation is to determine the axial magnetic field (AMF), required to keep vacuum arcs up to 100 kA top value in the diffuse mode. The magnetic field is generated by the main current flowing through coils around the vacuum interrupter (VI). The arc was observed with a digital camera in order to relate arc constriction and arc voltage. The 100 kA/sub peak/ arc could be kept diffuse at 5.5 mT/kA. Next, the influence of contact speed was investigated. The dependence of interruptible current on pressure and transient recovery voltage (TRV) was determined.
{"title":"Investigation of vacuum circuit breakers for high currents","authors":"C. Bouwmeester, M. Leusenkamp, R. Kerkenaar, W. Merck, G. Damstra","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879010","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the investigation is to determine the axial magnetic field (AMF), required to keep vacuum arcs up to 100 kA top value in the diffuse mode. The magnetic field is generated by the main current flowing through coils around the vacuum interrupter (VI). The arc was observed with a digital camera in order to relate arc constriction and arc voltage. The 100 kA/sub peak/ arc could be kept diffuse at 5.5 mT/kA. Next, the influence of contact speed was investigated. The dependence of interruptible current on pressure and transient recovery voltage (TRV) was determined.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"159 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128942826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879076
Y. Mamaev
The present state-of-art and perspectives of optimisation of the polarized electron sources (PES), based on photoemission from strained semiconductor heterostructures by circularly polarized light are discussed in the paper.
本文讨论了基于应变半导体异质结构圆偏振光发射的极化电子源(PES)的研究现状和优化前景。
{"title":"Highly efficient spin-polarized electron sources","authors":"Y. Mamaev","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879076","url":null,"abstract":"The present state-of-art and perspectives of optimisation of the polarized electron sources (PES), based on photoemission from strained semiconductor heterostructures by circularly polarized light are discussed in the paper.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126993941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877314
E. Litvinov, A.Z. Nemirovskii, N. B. Volkov
In the report the possible gears of explosion emission center initiation in cathode spot of vacuum arc under operation of electromagnetic radiation flow from plasma and brought from an external power source are considered (we call natural such radiation). The given radiation, acting with boundary layers to cathode surface with different values of complex conductivity, can provide conditions of a repetition of operation of cathode spot.
{"title":"Initiation of explosion emission centers under operation of natural microwave radiation in a cathode spot of a vacuum arc","authors":"E. Litvinov, A.Z. Nemirovskii, N. B. Volkov","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877314","url":null,"abstract":"In the report the possible gears of explosion emission center initiation in cathode spot of vacuum arc under operation of electromagnetic radiation flow from plasma and brought from an external power source are considered (we call natural such radiation). The given radiation, acting with boundary layers to cathode surface with different values of complex conductivity, can provide conditions of a repetition of operation of cathode spot.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132431307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879045
Dan Shuheng, Wang Zheng, Wang Jimei, Wu Jianwen
In this paper the chopping current level of several vacuum interrupters which differ from each other by their electrode structure and contact material but share the same outer diameter and the same size of contact are measured comparatively before and after several times of arc quenching operations. The experiment result shows that for all interrupters the chopping current level of each interrupter has changed to a different extent after arc quenching compared with that of the virginal interrupters and the sequence according to the chopping current level is also altered. At the same time the microstructure of the contact is tested and the micrograph shows that the microstructure of the contact become smoother and the particles finer, as the main reason for the changed chopping current level. The chopping current level of vacuum interrupter is not constant but changed with operations, which can make some unexpected phenomena concerning the overvoltage and breakdown explicit.
{"title":"The chopping current level of vacuum interrupters influenced by the arc quenching operations","authors":"Dan Shuheng, Wang Zheng, Wang Jimei, Wu Jianwen","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879045","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the chopping current level of several vacuum interrupters which differ from each other by their electrode structure and contact material but share the same outer diameter and the same size of contact are measured comparatively before and after several times of arc quenching operations. The experiment result shows that for all interrupters the chopping current level of each interrupter has changed to a different extent after arc quenching compared with that of the virginal interrupters and the sequence according to the chopping current level is also altered. At the same time the microstructure of the contact is tested and the micrograph shows that the microstructure of the contact become smoother and the particles finer, as the main reason for the changed chopping current level. The chopping current level of vacuum interrupter is not constant but changed with operations, which can make some unexpected phenomena concerning the overvoltage and breakdown explicit.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122955982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879104
X. Ma, C. Zhou, I. Kemp
This paper reports the results of an investigation of an intelligent DSP-based PD analyzer using wavelet analysis for partial discharge characterisation. The basic theory of wavelet transform is firstly introduced followed by an analysis of the possible applications of the wavelet transform in partial discharge analysis. The practical implementation of such a novel DSP analyzer is then proposed. The advantages of the proposed approach are discussed.
{"title":"DSP based partial discharge characterisation by wavelet analysis","authors":"X. Ma, C. Zhou, I. Kemp","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879104","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the results of an investigation of an intelligent DSP-based PD analyzer using wavelet analysis for partial discharge characterisation. The basic theory of wavelet transform is firstly introduced followed by an analysis of the possible applications of the wavelet transform in partial discharge analysis. The practical implementation of such a novel DSP analyzer is then proposed. The advantages of the proposed approach are discussed.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127603591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877271
A. Durand
RF breakdown experiments were realised with ceramic discs and rods placed in two-port resonators. Values of electric field are compared for breakdown experiments and production tubes.
将陶瓷盘和陶瓷棒置于双端口谐振腔中，实现了射频击穿实验。对击穿实验和生产管的电场值进行了比较。
{"title":"RF breakdown of ceramic window","authors":"A. Durand","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877271","url":null,"abstract":"RF breakdown experiments were realised with ceramic discs and rods placed in two-port resonators. Values of electric field are compared for breakdown experiments and production tubes.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115953201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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