Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879061
G. Kostyuk, A. Belousov, O. Pylinin
On the basis of investigations performed, the multifunctional plant for ion-plasma technology was developed. The multifunctional unit realizes: wear-resistant coating/plating (electric-arc vaporizers, magnetron systems); surface layer strengthening by implantation of ions, nitrogen ions, cyanide, ionic alloying and ionic modifications; vacuum laser treatment for engineering materials, subjected to critical oxidation under strengthening in the air or in a protective medium; and combined strengthening consisting of two or three of the mentioned methods of strengthening. The unit allows: plating with pure metals, nitrides, carbides, carbonitrides, both monolayers and multilayers with thickness 0.5-70 /spl mu/m; and to increase wear-resistance of parts by 2-35 times, corrosion resistance by 1.2-16 times, maintain or reduces surface roughness, maintain or increases fatigue strength by 1.3-2 times, receive willing tribo-technical characteristics (antifriction and friction coating).
{"title":"Multifunction modular transformable vacuum plating (coating) and strengthening plant (unit)","authors":"G. Kostyuk, A. Belousov, O. Pylinin","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879061","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of investigations performed, the multifunctional plant for ion-plasma technology was developed. The multifunctional unit realizes: wear-resistant coating/plating (electric-arc vaporizers, magnetron systems); surface layer strengthening by implantation of ions, nitrogen ions, cyanide, ionic alloying and ionic modifications; vacuum laser treatment for engineering materials, subjected to critical oxidation under strengthening in the air or in a protective medium; and combined strengthening consisting of two or three of the mentioned methods of strengthening. The unit allows: plating with pure metals, nitrides, carbides, carbonitrides, both monolayers and multilayers with thickness 0.5-70 /spl mu/m; and to increase wear-resistance of parts by 2-35 times, corrosion resistance by 1.2-16 times, maintain or reduces surface roughness, maintain or increases fatigue strength by 1.3-2 times, receive willing tribo-technical characteristics (antifriction and friction coating).","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"70 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114022536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877321
P. M. Schanin, N. Koval’, V. Devyatkov
Investigations of a glow discharge initiated by an auxiliary glow discharge operating at an elevated pressure in the discharge gap have been performed. The main discharge, due to the pressure difference between the two discharge systems, is initiated with low jitter and operates with a discharge current of up to 400 A and an operating voltage of 300-900 V. Varying the dimensions of the channel connecting the two discharge systems, it is possible to reduce the operating voltage of the main discharge about two times and increase the discharge current by a factor of 1.5-2. It has been demonstrated that with this discharge system emission current densities of up to 100 A/cm/sup 2/ can be achieved at an extraction voltage of 15 kV.
{"title":"Investigation of the hollow-cathode, hollow-anode microsecond high-current glow discharge","authors":"P. M. Schanin, N. Koval’, V. Devyatkov","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877321","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations of a glow discharge initiated by an auxiliary glow discharge operating at an elevated pressure in the discharge gap have been performed. The main discharge, due to the pressure difference between the two discharge systems, is initiated with low jitter and operates with a discharge current of up to 400 A and an operating voltage of 300-900 V. Varying the dimensions of the channel connecting the two discharge systems, it is possible to reduce the operating voltage of the main discharge about two times and increase the discharge current by a factor of 1.5-2. It has been demonstrated that with this discharge system emission current densities of up to 100 A/cm/sup 2/ can be achieved at an extraction voltage of 15 kV.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114720600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879042
Y. Niwa, J. Sato, K. Yokokura, T. Kusano, E. Kanetko, I. Ohshima, S. Yanabu
We have investigated the relationship between the contact material and the anode surface condition subjected high current arc in a vacuum by measuring and calculating the temperature of the anode surface. We tested CuCr contacts with Cr contents varying from 12.5 to 75 wt% under an axial magnetic field. The two-color pyrometer was used to measure the anode surface temperature around the contact center region. The high sensitivity CCD camera with the bandpass filter was used to measure the relative temperature distribution immediately after current interruption. We calculated the temperature of the anode surface considering melting and evaporation. It is shown that the Cr contents of the CuCr contact influence the temperature, the anode surface melting and the interruption ability. With increase in Cr content of the CuCr contact, the temperature of the anode surface and the melting duration after the current interruption increased. The maximum melting depth of the anode surface decreased with increase in Cr content. The measurement results also showed that the interruption ability improved with decrease in Cr content, and the anode surface temperature of the CuCr contact was 2000-2050 K at the interruption limit.
{"title":"The effect of contact material on temperature and melting of anode surface in the vacuum interrupter","authors":"Y. Niwa, J. Sato, K. Yokokura, T. Kusano, E. Kanetko, I. Ohshima, S. Yanabu","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879042","url":null,"abstract":"We have investigated the relationship between the contact material and the anode surface condition subjected high current arc in a vacuum by measuring and calculating the temperature of the anode surface. We tested CuCr contacts with Cr contents varying from 12.5 to 75 wt% under an axial magnetic field. The two-color pyrometer was used to measure the anode surface temperature around the contact center region. The high sensitivity CCD camera with the bandpass filter was used to measure the relative temperature distribution immediately after current interruption. We calculated the temperature of the anode surface considering melting and evaporation. It is shown that the Cr contents of the CuCr contact influence the temperature, the anode surface melting and the interruption ability. With increase in Cr content of the CuCr contact, the temperature of the anode surface and the melting duration after the current interruption increased. The maximum melting depth of the anode surface decreased with increase in Cr content. The measurement results also showed that the interruption ability improved with decrease in Cr content, and the anode surface temperature of the CuCr contact was 2000-2050 K at the interruption limit.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117065128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879074
I. Levchenko
A new method for surface structure formation such as a regular surface trench system was proposed previously (I.G. Levchenko, 1999). The present paper is concentrated on description of the set of principal equations and some problems of theoretically studying the above problem. The principal possibility of surface structure formation is shown on the basis of studying the ion deflection in undamped plasma oscillations. Special attention was paid to the boundary conditions. According to the two previously proposed modes of deposition, namely transit mode and extraction mode, the two sets of equations and boundary conditions were developed.
{"title":"Ion beam focusing by means of plasma oscillations. The set of principal equations and preliminary theoretical studying","authors":"I. Levchenko","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879074","url":null,"abstract":"A new method for surface structure formation such as a regular surface trench system was proposed previously (I.G. Levchenko, 1999). The present paper is concentrated on description of the set of principal equations and some problems of theoretically studying the above problem. The principal possibility of surface structure formation is shown on the basis of studying the ion deflection in undamped plasma oscillations. Special attention was paid to the boundary conditions. According to the two previously proposed modes of deposition, namely transit mode and extraction mode, the two sets of equations and boundary conditions were developed.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115336561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879065
G. Kostyuk, E. Voliak
The investigations of erosion coefficients was performed on the basis of the model of interaction of a charged particle and plasma with a metallic target, taking into consideration the collision, thermo-physical, thermo-chemical, diffusive, thermo-elastic, thermoplastic, thermo-fatigue and plasma-chemical processes.
{"title":"The model of interaction of charged particle and plasma fluxed with metallic part surface under the combined processing taking into account collision thermo-physical, thermo-elastic, diffusive and thermo-chemical processes","authors":"G. Kostyuk, E. Voliak","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879065","url":null,"abstract":"The investigations of erosion coefficients was performed on the basis of the model of interaction of a charged particle and plasma with a metallic target, taking into consideration the collision, thermo-physical, thermo-chemical, diffusive, thermo-elastic, thermoplastic, thermo-fatigue and plasma-chemical processes.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115382690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879067
S. Gubarev, A. Goncharov, A. N. Dobrovol’skii, I. Litovko, I. Protsenko
The authors describe experimental investigations the dispersion characteristics of electron oscillations exciting owing to drift instability in a high-current plasma lens. The experiments were carried out using heavy metal ion beams of copper and carbon with energy up to 18 keV, beam current up to 0.5 A, duration 100 /spl mu/s produced by the MEWA kind ion source. It is shown that under the passing of an ion beam through a plasma lens, noise oscillations of electrostatic potential arise in the midplane of the lens. These noises have a regular structure with stationary amplitude in range of 0.25/spl divide/2 MHz depending on ion beam current value. It observed also on their background a path of comparable low-intensity high-frequencies noises in range 20/spl divide/50 MHz. They show that the regular structure is waves drift along the azimuth having a clear spatial localization on the essential radius from plasma lens axis. Experimental results are in accordance with theoretical analysis showing an appearance of nonlinear electron vortices structures for these conditions.
{"title":"Experimental investigations of electron wave structures in high-current plasma lens","authors":"S. Gubarev, A. Goncharov, A. N. Dobrovol’skii, I. Litovko, I. Protsenko","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879067","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe experimental investigations the dispersion characteristics of electron oscillations exciting owing to drift instability in a high-current plasma lens. The experiments were carried out using heavy metal ion beams of copper and carbon with energy up to 18 keV, beam current up to 0.5 A, duration 100 /spl mu/s produced by the MEWA kind ion source. It is shown that under the passing of an ion beam through a plasma lens, noise oscillations of electrostatic potential arise in the midplane of the lens. These noises have a regular structure with stationary amplitude in range of 0.25/spl divide/2 MHz depending on ion beam current value. It observed also on their background a path of comparable low-intensity high-frequencies noises in range 20/spl divide/50 MHz. They show that the regular structure is waves drift along the azimuth having a clear spatial localization on the essential radius from plasma lens axis. Experimental results are in accordance with theoretical analysis showing an appearance of nonlinear electron vortices structures for these conditions.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123473267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879102
Zhao Ziyu, J. Xiuchen, Jin Zhijian, Zou Jiyan Shijing
In order to measure the internal pressure by the traditional magnetron method, the vacuum tubes must be detached from interrupters and put into a solenoid coil. Thus, when the interrupters are to be refitted, their mechanical parameters must be readjusted by professional workers. In this paper, a new type of magnet coil is developed. Putting this coil onto the vacuum tube's side, and without detaching the vacuum tube from the interrupter, we can measure the internal pressure of the vacuum tube by the magnetron discharge method. Meanwhile, the measuring sensitivity of internal pressure is improved by an application of 80C196 micro-controller. Furthermore, the on-line detection of the internal pressure is a hard nut to crack. In this paper, by detecting the potential of the shield with a Pockels electric fields sensor, an on-line internal pressure detecting system is developed, and its mechanism is discussed.
{"title":"Study on internal pressure measurement of vacuum interrupter","authors":"Zhao Ziyu, J. Xiuchen, Jin Zhijian, Zou Jiyan Shijing","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879102","url":null,"abstract":"In order to measure the internal pressure by the traditional magnetron method, the vacuum tubes must be detached from interrupters and put into a solenoid coil. Thus, when the interrupters are to be refitted, their mechanical parameters must be readjusted by professional workers. In this paper, a new type of magnet coil is developed. Putting this coil onto the vacuum tube's side, and without detaching the vacuum tube from the interrupter, we can measure the internal pressure of the vacuum tube by the magnetron discharge method. Meanwhile, the measuring sensitivity of internal pressure is improved by an application of 80C196 micro-controller. Furthermore, the on-line detection of the internal pressure is a hard nut to crack. In this paper, by detecting the potential of the shield with a Pockels electric fields sensor, an on-line internal pressure detecting system is developed, and its mechanism is discussed.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123797767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879006
H. Fink, M. Heimbach, W. Shang
Axial magnetic field (AMF) contacts are applied within vacuum interrupters especially for high short-circuit currents. In this paper, two AMF contact designs based on a bipolar and a quadrupolar magnetic field arrangement and their characteristics are presented. In the first part, both principles are discussed. This is followed by three-dimensional field simulations performed by means of a finite-element-program. The magnitude of the axial magnetic flux density, the phase shift between current and magnetic flux density, and the residual AMF after current zero are investigated during arcing with constant contact gap. Additionally, the influence of motion during contact opening on the a.m. parameters is investigated. An important parameter during the design phase of AMF electrodes is the electromagnetic attractive force which is provided by the AMF contacts during current flow. This force can reduce the required contact force provided by the drive of the vacuum circuit breaker.
{"title":"Vacuum interrupters with axial magnetic field contacts based on bipolar and quadrupolar design","authors":"H. Fink, M. Heimbach, W. Shang","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879006","url":null,"abstract":"Axial magnetic field (AMF) contacts are applied within vacuum interrupters especially for high short-circuit currents. In this paper, two AMF contact designs based on a bipolar and a quadrupolar magnetic field arrangement and their characteristics are presented. In the first part, both principles are discussed. This is followed by three-dimensional field simulations performed by means of a finite-element-program. The magnitude of the axial magnetic flux density, the phase shift between current and magnetic flux density, and the residual AMF after current zero are investigated during arcing with constant contact gap. Additionally, the influence of motion during contact opening on the a.m. parameters is investigated. An important parameter during the design phase of AMF electrodes is the electromagnetic attractive force which is provided by the AMF contacts during current flow. This force can reduce the required contact force provided by the drive of the vacuum circuit breaker.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122584410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877262
V. Skvortsov
It is shown that there is a principal possibility of matter transition into extreme states which are accompanied by X-ray radiation on the arc stage of laser-induced discharges under low applied voltages (up to 12 V).
{"title":"The extreme states of matter and X-ray generation under low voltage vacuum discharges","authors":"V. Skvortsov","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877262","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that there is a principal possibility of matter transition into extreme states which are accompanied by X-ray radiation on the arc stage of laser-induced discharges under low applied voltages (up to 12 V).","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122277132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877239
S. Rowe
Charging of macro-particles is shown to occur due to the positive ion flux, in the growing plasma sheath, during the post arc current phase. A theoretical investigation of the influence of these strongly charged macro-particles, on the breakdown of vacuum circuit breakers, is presented. The trajectories of these positively charged particles during the recovery voltage phase is studied. Field emission from the cathode due to these particles is studied. Finally, the trajectories of emitted electrons are studied and breakdown probabilities discussed. The model proposed, gives new insight into the statistical nature of post arc breakdown in vacuum circuit breakers and especially, late breakdowns.
{"title":"Particle induced post arc breakdown in vacuum circuit breakers","authors":"S. Rowe","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877239","url":null,"abstract":"Charging of macro-particles is shown to occur due to the positive ion flux, in the growing plasma sheath, during the post arc current phase. A theoretical investigation of the influence of these strongly charged macro-particles, on the breakdown of vacuum circuit breakers, is presented. The trajectories of these positively charged particles during the recovery voltage phase is studied. Field emission from the cathode due to these particles is studied. Finally, the trajectories of emitted electrons are studied and breakdown probabilities discussed. The model proposed, gives new insight into the statistical nature of post arc breakdown in vacuum circuit breakers and especially, late breakdowns.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116520578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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