Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877296
A. Klajn
Measuring results of vacuum arc voltage under the influence of a transverse magnetic field are presented in the paper. The arc current half-wave had amplitudes from 100 to 600 A and frequency of about 30 Hz. The field was oscillatory (450 and 900 Hz, amplitudes from 15 to 200 mT) as well as proportional to the current values. Arc voltage in relation to field density, arc current and contact distance were observed and discussed. Arc photographs (2000 frames/s) show constriction of the arc and its motion according to Lorentz force acting on ions.
{"title":"Experimental analysis of diffuse vacuum arc in a transverse magnetic field","authors":"A. Klajn","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877296","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring results of vacuum arc voltage under the influence of a transverse magnetic field are presented in the paper. The arc current half-wave had amplitudes from 100 to 600 A and frequency of about 30 Hz. The field was oscillatory (450 and 900 Hz, amplitudes from 15 to 200 mT) as well as proportional to the current values. Arc voltage in relation to field density, arc current and contact distance were observed and discussed. Arc photographs (2000 frames/s) show constriction of the arc and its motion according to Lorentz force acting on ions.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"382 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122083474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879075
V. Zhitomirsky, O. Zarchin, S.G. Wang, R. Boxman, S. Goldsmith
A vacuum arc carbon plasma source is described, in which an arc was ignited between a cathode and an anode having an aperture, by bringing the two electrodes into contact, and parting them while current was flowing. The inter-electrode gap length was varied. A focusing magnetic field was applied in the inter-electrode gap, and a toroidal magnetic field was applied to guide plasma through a toroidal duct. The influence of the arc current (I/sub arc/), gap length (L), and focusing magnetic field (B/sub f/) on the cathode spot motion, plasma behavior and output ion current was studied. It was shown that with I/sub arc/=150-250 A and relatively weak B/sub f/, the spots moved on the cathode periphery, causing noisy arcing and fluctuation of the output ion current, while at lower I/sub arc/=50-100 A and strong B/sub f//spl ges/28 mT the number of the spots on the cathode surface decreased, and they tended to move towards the cathode center, decreasing the arc noise and increasing the average output ion current. With increasing L from 2 to 18 mm, the total ion current at first rapidly increased, and then saturated at L/spl ges/10 mm.
{"title":"Ion current distribution produced by a vacuum arc carbon plasma source","authors":"V. Zhitomirsky, O. Zarchin, S.G. Wang, R. Boxman, S. Goldsmith","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879075","url":null,"abstract":"A vacuum arc carbon plasma source is described, in which an arc was ignited between a cathode and an anode having an aperture, by bringing the two electrodes into contact, and parting them while current was flowing. The inter-electrode gap length was varied. A focusing magnetic field was applied in the inter-electrode gap, and a toroidal magnetic field was applied to guide plasma through a toroidal duct. The influence of the arc current (I/sub arc/), gap length (L), and focusing magnetic field (B/sub f/) on the cathode spot motion, plasma behavior and output ion current was studied. It was shown that with I/sub arc/=150-250 A and relatively weak B/sub f/, the spots moved on the cathode periphery, causing noisy arcing and fluctuation of the output ion current, while at lower I/sub arc/=50-100 A and strong B/sub f//spl ges/28 mT the number of the spots on the cathode surface decreased, and they tended to move towards the cathode center, decreasing the arc noise and increasing the average output ion current. With increasing L from 2 to 18 mm, the total ion current at first rapidly increased, and then saturated at L/spl ges/10 mm.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116592345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877308
I. A. Krinberg, V. Paperny
An analytical survey is presented of some events which have been discovered in cathode plasma jets of pulse vacuum arcs and sparks. The authors of the given survey performed an analysis of both their own results and the data of other researchers and concluded that the effects revealed within a wide range of parameters of discharges are similar by its nature and could be explained by cathode plasma jet pinching. This phenomenon results in significant enhancement of the energy and charge state of ions of cathode plasma jet in pulse vacuum discharges. For quantitative estimation of magnetic compression influence on plasma property a few theoretical models have been developed which describe (i) a steady state jet, (ii) a jet with increasing current, and (iii) a pulse plasma jet with a free front. Their application to vacuum discharges has made it possible to tie together many pieces of experimental evidence.
{"title":"Cathode jet pinching as the effective mechanism of plasma heating and acceleration","authors":"I. A. Krinberg, V. Paperny","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877308","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical survey is presented of some events which have been discovered in cathode plasma jets of pulse vacuum arcs and sparks. The authors of the given survey performed an analysis of both their own results and the data of other researchers and concluded that the effects revealed within a wide range of parameters of discharges are similar by its nature and could be explained by cathode plasma jet pinching. This phenomenon results in significant enhancement of the energy and charge state of ions of cathode plasma jet in pulse vacuum discharges. For quantitative estimation of magnetic compression influence on plasma property a few theoretical models have been developed which describe (i) a steady state jet, (ii) a jet with increasing current, and (iii) a pulse plasma jet with a free front. Their application to vacuum discharges has made it possible to tie together many pieces of experimental evidence.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115060679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879072
A. Mozelev
The essential part of this set up is the source of artificial gamma radiation. A principal advantage of that kind of source for gamma logging is the possibility of remote handling excluding the danger in case of an accident. The source consequences was designed for the most difficult application case-a deep borehole with a high temperatures and high pressure. Several variants of vacuum tubes were researched, the results are introduced. The up-to-date methods of researching radiations ecological purity requirement for the geophysical devices with radioisotopes sources stimulates researches of other kinds of sources. In this connection, the sources of X-ray radiation represent an attractive alternative. Electron and ions acquire a high energy and produce X-rays with a relatively high efficiency by interaction with different materials. In this work, a principally new source using a radiation generator is proposed.
{"title":"Improved compact X-ray sources","authors":"A. Mozelev","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879072","url":null,"abstract":"The essential part of this set up is the source of artificial gamma radiation. A principal advantage of that kind of source for gamma logging is the possibility of remote handling excluding the danger in case of an accident. The source consequences was designed for the most difficult application case-a deep borehole with a high temperatures and high pressure. Several variants of vacuum tubes were researched, the results are introduced. The up-to-date methods of researching radiations ecological purity requirement for the geophysical devices with radioisotopes sources stimulates researches of other kinds of sources. In this connection, the sources of X-ray radiation represent an attractive alternative. Electron and ions acquire a high energy and produce X-rays with a relatively high efficiency by interaction with different materials. In this work, a principally new source using a radiation generator is proposed.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129593649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879011
R. Batura, C. Królikowski, W. Opydo
The paper presents results of studies on switching unloaded power cable and physical models of medium voltage cable lines by a vacuum switch. The performed experiments have shown the occurrence of early and late arc reignitions, generation of significant overvoltages and overcurrents as well as their dependence on the length of switched unloaded power cable, parameters of the source side circuit and vacuum switch.
{"title":"Switching unloaded medium voltage cable lines by a vacuum switch","authors":"R. Batura, C. Królikowski, W. Opydo","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879011","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents results of studies on switching unloaded power cable and physical models of medium voltage cable lines by a vacuum switch. The performed experiments have shown the occurrence of early and late arc reignitions, generation of significant overvoltages and overcurrents as well as their dependence on the length of switched unloaded power cable, parameters of the source side circuit and vacuum switch.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128767121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877242
V.V. Choulkov
For the development of vacuum interrupters and electron guns it is required that the discharge phenomena in low and medium vacuum be analyzed, in particular, under nonuniform electric field. In this report, the Monte Carlo technique has been used for computer simulation of nonlocal electron ionization in nonuniform electric field. A discharge ignition voltage has been computed for standard discharge gaps. The calculations are performed for several values of ratio electrode curvature radius and gap lengths. The data under such conditions are very important for insulation design of high power vacuum apparatus. Based on the analysis of computing results, the dependence of the discharge ignition voltage and the product gas density and gap length under nonuniform field conditions was clarified and compared with known experimental data. The bending from similar law for nonuniform gap has been investigated quantitatively. It was shown that nonlocal ionization by runaway electrons plays a critical role for similar low irregularity.
{"title":"The investigation of the left branch Paschen curve under nonuniform field condition","authors":"V.V. Choulkov","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877242","url":null,"abstract":"For the development of vacuum interrupters and electron guns it is required that the discharge phenomena in low and medium vacuum be analyzed, in particular, under nonuniform electric field. In this report, the Monte Carlo technique has been used for computer simulation of nonlocal electron ionization in nonuniform electric field. A discharge ignition voltage has been computed for standard discharge gaps. The calculations are performed for several values of ratio electrode curvature radius and gap lengths. The data under such conditions are very important for insulation design of high power vacuum apparatus. Based on the analysis of computing results, the dependence of the discharge ignition voltage and the product gas density and gap length under nonuniform field conditions was clarified and compared with known experimental data. The bending from similar law for nonuniform gap has been investigated quantitatively. It was shown that nonlocal ionization by runaway electrons plays a critical role for similar low irregularity.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116737023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877284
Fu Jun, Jia Shenli, Lan Tian
A vacuum arc plasma mathematical model is built up on the basis of magneto-hydro dynamics (MHD) theory in this paper. Except for control equations of mass conservation, momentum conservation, energy conservation, Ohm's law and Maxwell equations are added to construct the complete model. The equations are solved with Taylor-Galerkin finite element method. With the MHD model, the progress of the vacuum arc during the whole arc-cycle can be simulated dynamically and the influence of AMF on the vacuum arc can be investigated in more detail.
{"title":"2-dimensional magneto-hydro dynamics (MHD) model of vacuum arc with AMF","authors":"Fu Jun, Jia Shenli, Lan Tian","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877284","url":null,"abstract":"A vacuum arc plasma mathematical model is built up on the basis of magneto-hydro dynamics (MHD) theory in this paper. Except for control equations of mass conservation, momentum conservation, energy conservation, Ohm's law and Maxwell equations are added to construct the complete model. The equations are solved with Taylor-Galerkin finite element method. With the MHD model, the progress of the vacuum arc during the whole arc-cycle can be simulated dynamically and the influence of AMF on the vacuum arc can be investigated in more detail.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116354759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879038
Shi Jing, Z. Jiyan, H. Jun-jia, S. Fujie
A new type of fault current limiter (FCL) which based on a triggered vacuum switch (TVS) is proposed in this paper. The TVS based FCL (TFCL) is mainly composed of capacitor, a current-limiting reactor connected with the capacitor in series and a TVS connected with the capacitor in parallel. With the TVS at off or on state, the whole TFCL behaves as conventional series compensation or fault current limitation, respectively. Compared with other types of FCL, such as superconducting FCL, thyristor/GTO based FCL, TFCL is with distinguished characteristics, such as high capacity, loss-free, and low price. The digital simulation and prototype experiment based on LC resonant test circuit show that it is feasible to develop TFCL.
{"title":"Preliminary research on triggered vacuum switch based fault current limiter","authors":"Shi Jing, Z. Jiyan, H. Jun-jia, S. Fujie","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879038","url":null,"abstract":"A new type of fault current limiter (FCL) which based on a triggered vacuum switch (TVS) is proposed in this paper. The TVS based FCL (TFCL) is mainly composed of capacitor, a current-limiting reactor connected with the capacitor in series and a TVS connected with the capacitor in parallel. With the TVS at off or on state, the whole TFCL behaves as conventional series compensation or fault current limitation, respectively. Compared with other types of FCL, such as superconducting FCL, thyristor/GTO based FCL, TFCL is with distinguished characteristics, such as high capacity, loss-free, and low price. The digital simulation and prototype experiment based on LC resonant test circuit show that it is feasible to develop TFCL.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116356320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.877309
M. Artamonov, S. Gorbunov, V. Krasov, V. Paperny
Results of experimental studies of energy and charge state distributions of ions in a cathode plasma jet of a high-current vacuum discharge are presented. Measurements have been carried out by a time-of flight method with an electrostatic energy analyzer. Ions of cathode material with the charge states up to Z=+11 have been observed. Significant increase of the mean ion charge and the ion energy in compare both with the low-current discharges and with the steady-state arcs has been obtained. With the peak discharge current about 2.5 kA and the rate of current rise I/spl dot/=3/spl middot/10/sup 9/ A/s the mean ion charge state equals Z=6.4 and the mean ion energy for different ion species was within range 1.3-1.8 keV. These results are explained by pinching of the cathode jet by magnetic field of its current which occur at high values of I and the region of ions generation is rather less than the size of cathode jet.
{"title":"Spatial structure, dynamics and electron heating of cathode jet of a pulse vacuum discharge","authors":"M. Artamonov, S. Gorbunov, V. Krasov, V. Paperny","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.877309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.877309","url":null,"abstract":"Results of experimental studies of energy and charge state distributions of ions in a cathode plasma jet of a high-current vacuum discharge are presented. Measurements have been carried out by a time-of flight method with an electrostatic energy analyzer. Ions of cathode material with the charge states up to Z=+11 have been observed. Significant increase of the mean ion charge and the ion energy in compare both with the low-current discharges and with the steady-state arcs has been obtained. With the peak discharge current about 2.5 kA and the rate of current rise I/spl dot/=3/spl middot/10/sup 9/ A/s the mean ion charge state equals Z=6.4 and the mean ion energy for different ion species was within range 1.3-1.8 keV. These results are explained by pinching of the cathode jet by magnetic field of its current which occur at high values of I and the region of ions generation is rather less than the size of cathode jet.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126271530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-09-18DOI: 10.1109/DEIV.2000.879054
H. Jun-jia, Liu Chun, Z. Jiyan, Cheng Lichun
The vacuum arc deposition (VAD) plasma, as a cathode governed plasma, is not in a local thermal equilibrium state in nature, and the ions emitted from the cathode arc spots characterize high directed velocity in excess of their thermal value. Taking this special feature into account, the charging characteristics of an isolated macroparticle immersed in a VAD plasma are analyzed. The floating potentials of the macroparticles as a result of charging are calculated under thin and thick sheath case.
{"title":"Floating potential of an isolated macroparticle in vacuum arc deposition plasmas","authors":"H. Jun-jia, Liu Chun, Z. Jiyan, Cheng Lichun","doi":"10.1109/DEIV.2000.879054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/DEIV.2000.879054","url":null,"abstract":"The vacuum arc deposition (VAD) plasma, as a cathode governed plasma, is not in a local thermal equilibrium state in nature, and the ions emitted from the cathode arc spots characterize high directed velocity in excess of their thermal value. Taking this special feature into account, the charging characteristics of an isolated macroparticle immersed in a VAD plasma are analyzed. The floating potentials of the macroparticles as a result of charging are calculated under thin and thick sheath case.","PeriodicalId":429452,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings ISDEIV. 19th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (Cat. No.00CH37041)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126686673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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