Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2023.2228587
Lise Zurné
Historical re-enactments have become an increasingly popular topic in academic debate, as some scholars argue that re-enactments allow participants to critically investigate history and its representations. As a pastime dominated by men, most literature on war re-enactment and gender, however, has emphasized the subordinate position of women and the reproduction of conventional gender roles. This paper focuses on two European women re-enactment groups that challenge this understanding: Die Flakhelferinnen in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany and the Army Nurse Corps of the United States. Based on a visual ethnography of their Instagram combined with fieldwork in the Czech Republic and Belgium, I analyse the strategies these reenactors use in the remediation of the ‘invisible’ histories of women in the armed forces during WWII. The analysis demonstrates a complex negotiation between historical notions of ‘femininity’, contemporary identities, and Instagram’s affordances in the remediation of gendered pasts.
{"title":"Women at the front: remediating gendered notions of WWII heroism in historical re-enactment","authors":"Lise Zurné","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2023.2228587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2228587","url":null,"abstract":"Historical re-enactments have become an increasingly popular topic in academic debate, as some scholars argue that re-enactments allow participants to critically investigate history and its representations. As a pastime dominated by men, most literature on war re-enactment and gender, however, has emphasized the subordinate position of women and the reproduction of conventional gender roles. This paper focuses on two European women re-enactment groups that challenge this understanding: Die Flakhelferinnen in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany and the Army Nurse Corps of the United States. Based on a visual ethnography of their Instagram combined with fieldwork in the Czech Republic and Belgium, I analyse the strategies these reenactors use in the remediation of the ‘invisible’ histories of women in the armed forces during WWII. The analysis demonstrates a complex negotiation between historical notions of ‘femininity’, contemporary identities, and Instagram’s affordances in the remediation of gendered pasts.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"437 - 466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73517409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-13DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2023.2215555
Jonna K. Eagle
This article interrogates the reworking of melodramatic form in Christopher Nolan’s Dunkirk (2017), exploring how the film’s innovative structures are founded upon—and draw us toward —familiar orientations and erasures. While Dunkirk disrupts the standard rhythms of melodrama and forgoes its full range of emotional appeals, it takes inspiration from the melodramatic development of crosscutting in the service of suspense, an affect informed by visceral and moral entanglements on the part of the spectator. Investigating these entanglements illuminates the connective tissue of melodrama as it operates through affective rather than strictly linear modes of resonance and causality. In the context of Brexit and the 2015-2016 ‘migrant crisis,’ Dunkirk taps into conservative impulses of nostalgic fantasy and the imagination of national collectivity they embody, even as it draws upon contemporary images of the migrant body at sea, suggesting the complex work of melodramatic affect in blowing us backwards into the future.
{"title":"Backwards into the Future: Melodramatic Affect and the Vicissitudes of Time in Christopher Nolan’s Dunkirk (2017)","authors":"Jonna K. Eagle","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2023.2215555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2215555","url":null,"abstract":"This article interrogates the reworking of melodramatic form in Christopher Nolan’s Dunkirk (2017), exploring how the film’s innovative structures are founded upon—and draw us toward —familiar orientations and erasures. While Dunkirk disrupts the standard rhythms of melodrama and forgoes its full range of emotional appeals, it takes inspiration from the melodramatic development of crosscutting in the service of suspense, an affect informed by visceral and moral entanglements on the part of the spectator. Investigating these entanglements illuminates the connective tissue of melodrama as it operates through affective rather than strictly linear modes of resonance and causality. In the context of Brexit and the 2015-2016 ‘migrant crisis,’ Dunkirk taps into conservative impulses of nostalgic fantasy and the imagination of national collectivity they embody, even as it draws upon contemporary images of the migrant body at sea, suggesting the complex work of melodramatic affect in blowing us backwards into the future.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":"412 - 436"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87488963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-08DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2023.2210403
Rumi Sakamoto
Engaging with the ‘transnational turn’ in collective memory studies, this article examines how national and transnational elements intersect in cultural memory-making of the Pacific War in contemporary Japan. Through a case study of a recent Japanese television drama (Two Homelands, 2019) about Japanese Americans who were caught up between two countries at war, it argues that the incorporation of transnational Nikkei memories into Japanese national war memory on a popular cultural level both challenges and reinforces the dominant war narratives in Japan. Ultimately, Two Homelands uses Nikkei voices and their wartime experience of racial discrimination and internment to reinterpret Japan’s role in the Pacific War and promote the revisionist-nationalist narrative of the war. As such, the drama exemplifies the desire within Japan to rehabilitate the persisting cultural trauma of the war and defeat.
{"title":"Inserting Japanese-American Memories into Japan’s War Narrative: National Identities, Divided Loyalty and Revisionism in Two Homelands","authors":"Rumi Sakamoto","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2023.2210403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2210403","url":null,"abstract":"Engaging with the ‘transnational turn’ in collective memory studies, this article examines how national and transnational elements intersect in cultural memory-making of the Pacific War in contemporary Japan. Through a case study of a recent Japanese television drama (Two Homelands, 2019) about Japanese Americans who were caught up between two countries at war, it argues that the incorporation of transnational Nikkei memories into Japanese national war memory on a popular cultural level both challenges and reinforces the dominant war narratives in Japan. Ultimately, Two Homelands uses Nikkei voices and their wartime experience of racial discrimination and internment to reinterpret Japan’s role in the Pacific War and promote the revisionist-nationalist narrative of the war. As such, the drama exemplifies the desire within Japan to rehabilitate the persisting cultural trauma of the war and defeat.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"70 3","pages":"393 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72386549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2023.2212205
Martin Hurcombe
This short article introduces this special issue which features the work of early career researchers and marks the retirement of the final founding member from the editorial team. It begins with a history of the Journal of War & Culture Studies and an analysis of its contribution to the field. It argues that JWCS has played a leading role in constituting and shaping this field by creating a forum in which scholars of the arts and humanities and social sciences have exchanged ideas and approaches by sharing their insights into particular conflicts or aspects of war. It also demonstrates how, as a result of this, we now have a more profound understanding of the extent to which experiences of war are embedded within a range of cultures and cultural practices. It concludes with an introduction to each of the essays in this issue.
{"title":"New Directions in War and Culture Studies. An Early Career Special Issue","authors":"Martin Hurcombe","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2023.2212205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2212205","url":null,"abstract":"This short article introduces this special issue which features the work of early career researchers and marks the retirement of the final founding member from the editorial team. It begins with a history of the Journal of War & Culture Studies and an analysis of its contribution to the field. It argues that JWCS has played a leading role in constituting and shaping this field by creating a forum in which scholars of the arts and humanities and social sciences have exchanged ideas and approaches by sharing their insights into particular conflicts or aspects of war. It also demonstrates how, as a result of this, we now have a more profound understanding of the extent to which experiences of war are embedded within a range of cultures and cultural practices. It concludes with an introduction to each of the essays in this issue.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"123 - 127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81207099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2023.2193764
Gwendoline Cicottini
The term ‘forbidden relationships’ refers to contact between German civilians and prisoners of war present on the Reich’s territory during World War II. Any unnecessary contact was banned, both for military security reasons and in the name of the National Socialist racial ideology. Drawing on a substantial body of court files related to these ‘crimes’, this article analyses the romantic and sexual relationships between German women and French prisoners of war. It sheds a light on the gap between prescribed behaviours and the social reality during this period. At the intersection of gender and law during World War II, this article reflects the difficulties of controlling the civilian population during times of conflict and the agency of these actors.
{"title":"A Dangerous Game: The Forbidden Relationships between French POWs and German Women During World War II","authors":"Gwendoline Cicottini","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2023.2193764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2193764","url":null,"abstract":"The term ‘forbidden relationships’ refers to contact between German civilians and prisoners of war present on the Reich’s territory during World War II. Any unnecessary contact was banned, both for military security reasons and in the name of the National Socialist racial ideology. Drawing on a substantial body of court files related to these ‘crimes’, this article analyses the romantic and sexual relationships between German women and French prisoners of war. It sheds a light on the gap between prescribed behaviours and the social reality during this period. At the intersection of gender and law during World War II, this article reflects the difficulties of controlling the civilian population during times of conflict and the agency of these actors.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"38 1","pages":"148 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84809311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-19DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2023.2188640
Julia Ribeiro S C Thomaz
For over a century, historians and literary critics appear to have been at odds regarding the poetry of the First World War. This schism owes itself to processes of canonization which restrict (in Britain) or completely ignore (in France) the full extent and diversity of wartime poetic practices. Investigating a new corpus of French poets of the First World War, and considering poetry as a social and cultural category and as a wartime practice whose functions go beyond literary value, this article argues that war poets can be read as ethnographers of wartime culture. In proposing this analogy, it aims to present the ethnographic conventions as a common ground where History and Poetics can establish a dialogue. For scholars aiming to investigate how cultural production shapes experiences of armed conflict, this ensures poets are seen as the producers of interpretive knowledge of war and poems as more than either transparent documents or hermetic lyrical creations.
{"title":"The Argonauts of the Western Front – Poets as Ethnographers of the Culture de Guerre in the First World War","authors":"Julia Ribeiro S C Thomaz","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2023.2188640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2188640","url":null,"abstract":"For over a century, historians and literary critics appear to have been at odds regarding the poetry of the First World War. This schism owes itself to processes of canonization which restrict (in Britain) or completely ignore (in France) the full extent and diversity of wartime poetic practices. Investigating a new corpus of French poets of the First World War, and considering poetry as a social and cultural category and as a wartime practice whose functions go beyond literary value, this article argues that war poets can be read as ethnographers of wartime culture. In proposing this analogy, it aims to present the ethnographic conventions as a common ground where History and Poetics can establish a dialogue. For scholars aiming to investigate how cultural production shapes experiences of armed conflict, this ensures poets are seen as the producers of interpretive knowledge of war and poems as more than either transparent documents or hermetic lyrical creations.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"128 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82141850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-19DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2023.2188638
Hannah West
This conceptual paper critically analyses how the British Army exercises control over the production of knowledge about women’s war labour in ‘front line combat’ and how women exert agency to resist this. 2018 saw all British military roles opened to women, yet it is a myth to say that women are only now able to serve in ‘front line combat’. The paper reveals a complex negotiated gender order or ‘bargain’ between the British Army and servicewomen seeing the latter controlled through their co-option, embodied by compliant military femininities, whilst permitting them some agency to resist. Driven by military need, sustaining this ordering has repeatedly seen women exposed to unnecessary risk. This critical feminist history contributes to conceptual development through deconstructing gendered knowledge systems, arguing that foregrounding women’s voices is central to furthering the cultural turn in war studies.
{"title":"A Negotiated Gender Order: British Army Control of Servicewomen in ‘Front Line’ Counterinsurgency, 1948–2014","authors":"Hannah West","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2023.2188638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2188638","url":null,"abstract":"This conceptual paper critically analyses how the British Army exercises control over the production of knowledge about women’s war labour in ‘front line combat’ and how women exert agency to resist this. 2018 saw all British military roles opened to women, yet it is a myth to say that women are only now able to serve in ‘front line combat’. The paper reveals a complex negotiated gender order or ‘bargain’ between the British Army and servicewomen seeing the latter controlled through their co-option, embodied by compliant military femininities, whilst permitting them some agency to resist. Driven by military need, sustaining this ordering has repeatedly seen women exposed to unnecessary risk. This critical feminist history contributes to conceptual development through deconstructing gendered knowledge systems, arguing that foregrounding women’s voices is central to furthering the cultural turn in war studies.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"38 1","pages":"163 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81152866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2023.2180599
S. Jude
Military homecoming is commonly viewed as a distressing experience. However, the novel Schije (Shrapnel, in English) tells a Romanian paratrooper's (Toma) positive story of returning home from the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021). By exploring spaces, emotions, and relationships that help Toma to recover, this article makes a two-fold contribution to the existing literature. Firstly, it shows that homes play a restorative role in veterans’ life. Secondly, the experiences of Romanian veterans and their families illustrate the changing nature of civil-military relations in Romania after 1989, thereby shedding light on the intersections of neoliberalism, postsocialism, and militarism in contemporary warfare. Overall, this article deepens and broadens the role of cultural representations in shaping understandings of war, military service, and veterans.
{"title":"Returning Home After War: Representations of Romanian Veterans in a Contemporary War Novel (Schije/Shrapnel)","authors":"S. Jude","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2023.2180599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2180599","url":null,"abstract":"Military homecoming is commonly viewed as a distressing experience. However, the novel Schije (Shrapnel, in English) tells a Romanian paratrooper's (Toma) positive story of returning home from the war in Afghanistan (2001-2021). By exploring spaces, emotions, and relationships that help Toma to recover, this article makes a two-fold contribution to the existing literature. Firstly, it shows that homes play a restorative role in veterans’ life. Secondly, the experiences of Romanian veterans and their families illustrate the changing nature of civil-military relations in Romania after 1989, thereby shedding light on the intersections of neoliberalism, postsocialism, and militarism in contemporary warfare. Overall, this article deepens and broadens the role of cultural representations in shaping understandings of war, military service, and veterans.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":"207 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74962140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-20DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2023.2176405
Aleksandra Jaworowicz-Zimny
This article introduces war-themed fan productions as a medium to tell and spread war narratives, using the example of YouTube fan videos (fanvids). These remixes of third-party audio-visual resources provide information about which and in what way military conflicts are remembered by amateur creators. Based on online ethnographic research and quantitative and qualitative video analysis, the author explores fanvids as an intertextual, highly emotional medium. Furthermore, drawing on Wilhelm Schapp’s ‘entanglement’ theory, fanvids are discussed as a medium causing affect in the viewer, who through fanvid consumption can potentially engage emotionally in the depicted narratives. Emotive potential of war fanvids is presented based on the analysis of the 2022 war in Ukraine videos created by a Ukrainian user. The author argues that fanvids constitute a valuable source of information about bottom-up war narratives circulating internationally among Internet users and shaping their sentiments.
{"title":"‘Entangled in War Stories’ – Affect and Representations of War Narratives in Fanvids","authors":"Aleksandra Jaworowicz-Zimny","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2023.2176405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2023.2176405","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces war-themed fan productions as a medium to tell and spread war narratives, using the example of YouTube fan videos (fanvids). These remixes of third-party audio-visual resources provide information about which and in what way military conflicts are remembered by amateur creators. Based on online ethnographic research and quantitative and qualitative video analysis, the author explores fanvids as an intertextual, highly emotional medium. Furthermore, drawing on Wilhelm Schapp’s ‘entanglement’ theory, fanvids are discussed as a medium causing affect in the viewer, who through fanvid consumption can potentially engage emotionally in the depicted narratives. Emotive potential of war fanvids is presented based on the analysis of the 2022 war in Ukraine videos created by a Ukrainian user. The author argues that fanvids constitute a valuable source of information about bottom-up war narratives circulating internationally among Internet users and shaping their sentiments.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"84 1","pages":"231 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86840631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1080/17526272.2022.2156177
F. Andersson, Mattias Frihammar
In this article, the example of Cold War heritagizations in a Swedish context is utilized to reflect on conceptualizations of heritage regarding identity and authenticity within critical heritage studies and research on Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD). Herein, heritage is perceived as a difference machinery in which difference-produced identities are enacted and performed, and a Deleuzian and Butleresque antiessentialist perspective is adopted to show how the illusion of actual, nondifferential identities is underpinned by a hypostasized reification of AHD. Based on the analysis of how gender has been actualized within official and informal heritagizations, the central discussion concerns the purported benefits of heritages and heritagizations from below, often articulated within critical heritage studies literature. It is argued that both official and informal Cold War heritagizations construct a naturalized gendered logic of protection, with the consequence that security policy issues regarding protection and military violence are placed in a nonnegotiable, extrapolitical sphere.
{"title":"As above, so below? On AHD critique, identity, essence and Cold War heritagizations in Sweden","authors":"F. Andersson, Mattias Frihammar","doi":"10.1080/17526272.2022.2156177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17526272.2022.2156177","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the example of Cold War heritagizations in a Swedish context is utilized to reflect on conceptualizations of heritage regarding identity and authenticity within critical heritage studies and research on Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD). Herein, heritage is perceived as a difference machinery in which difference-produced identities are enacted and performed, and a Deleuzian and Butleresque antiessentialist perspective is adopted to show how the illusion of actual, nondifferential identities is underpinned by a hypostasized reification of AHD. Based on the analysis of how gender has been actualized within official and informal heritagizations, the central discussion concerns the purported benefits of heritages and heritagizations from below, often articulated within critical heritage studies literature. It is argued that both official and informal Cold War heritagizations construct a naturalized gendered logic of protection, with the consequence that security policy issues regarding protection and military violence are placed in a nonnegotiable, extrapolitical sphere.","PeriodicalId":42946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of War & Culture Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"373 - 392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89347264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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