This article analyses the online teaching-learning experience of university teachers and students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges of online teaching-learning such as the availability of ICT infrastructure, technological skills and management for online classes by the higher education institutions. The researcher collected and studied some of the related academic and policy documents to understand the procedure of online teaching and learning in and around the country during the pandemic. This study was based on qualitative research utilizing semi-structured interviews with 15 participant students and five teachers from Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara, Nepal. Only the students of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, and the Faculty of Management were selected for data collection. This study took the non-participant observation of various online classes and personal involvement and experiences as references to support and strengthen the data collected through interviews. The purpose was to find and discover the situation of online modes of teaching learning. The findings of the study indicated that the digital use in teaching and learning is the best alternative as it creates opportunities in an adverse situation. However, it causes many divisions among students. It is suggested that the government and university authorities should create a strong-learning atmosphere among the students so that the lines of division among students would be erased gradually.
{"title":"The Digital Divide in Online Learning: A Case Study of University Students in Nepal","authors":"Rohit Prasad Baral","doi":"10.3126/paj.v5i1.45043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v5i1.45043","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the online teaching-learning experience of university teachers and students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal. The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges of online teaching-learning such as the availability of ICT infrastructure, technological skills and management for online classes by the higher education institutions. The researcher collected and studied some of the related academic and policy documents to understand the procedure of online teaching and learning in and around the country during the pandemic. This study was based on qualitative research utilizing semi-structured interviews with 15 participant students and five teachers from Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara, Nepal. Only the students of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, and the Faculty of Management were selected for data collection. This study took the non-participant observation of various online classes and personal involvement and experiences as references to support and strengthen the data collected through interviews. The purpose was to find and discover the situation of online modes of teaching learning. The findings of the study indicated that the digital use in teaching and learning is the best alternative as it creates opportunities in an adverse situation. However, it causes many divisions among students. It is suggested that the government and university authorities should create a strong-learning atmosphere among the students so that the lines of division among students would be erased gradually.","PeriodicalId":429477,"journal":{"name":"Prithvi Academic Journal","volume":"431 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116185377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water is one of the essential substances for the survival of the flora and fauna on the earth. Different physical activities such as photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, respiration and other metabolism processes depend on the quantity of water. This investigation has been carried out to assess the quality of water of Neureni Lake. This lake is listed in Ramsar Convention 2016 (i.e. conservation and sustainable use of wetlands of Nepal). Different physical (transparency, temperature and depth) and chemical parameters such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH), free carbon dioxide (F-CO2), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), chloride ions (Cl-), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) were analyzed following the systematic methods recommended by American Public Health Association (APHA, 1999). The results obtained from this analysis have been compared with the standard values of the World Health Organization (WHO) and various lakes. The study shows that all the physico-chemical parameters of Neureni Lake meet the criteria of the WHO of water quality so that the quality of water of Neureni Lake is not so much contaminated with harmful or poisonous substances. In connection to maintaining the water quality of the lake, the physical and chemical components of water should be checked from time to time by controlling domestic sewage, not using pesticides and fertilizers in the field around the lake and controlling the rocky soil coming in the rainy season by making siltation dam.
{"title":"An Assessment of Water Quality in Ramsar Convention Listed Neureni Lake in Pokhara, Nepal","authors":"R. Poudel","doi":"10.3126/paj.v5i1.45037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v5i1.45037","url":null,"abstract":"Water is one of the essential substances for the survival of the flora and fauna on the earth. Different physical activities such as photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, respiration and other metabolism processes depend on the quantity of water. This investigation has been carried out to assess the quality of water of Neureni Lake. This lake is listed in Ramsar Convention 2016 (i.e. conservation and sustainable use of wetlands of Nepal). Different physical (transparency, temperature and depth) and chemical parameters such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH), free carbon dioxide (F-CO2), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), total solids (TS), chloride ions (Cl-), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) were analyzed following the systematic methods recommended by American Public Health Association (APHA, 1999). The results obtained from this analysis have been compared with the standard values of the World Health Organization (WHO) and various lakes. The study shows that all the physico-chemical parameters of Neureni Lake meet the criteria of the WHO of water quality so that the quality of water of Neureni Lake is not so much contaminated with harmful or poisonous substances. In connection to maintaining the water quality of the lake, the physical and chemical components of water should be checked from time to time by controlling domestic sewage, not using pesticides and fertilizers in the field around the lake and controlling the rocky soil coming in the rainy season by making siltation dam.","PeriodicalId":429477,"journal":{"name":"Prithvi Academic Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130525238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The empirical research has been carried out to examine the firm specific factors composition and its impact on financial performance of life and non-life insurance companies in Nepal. This paper employs the descriptive as well as causal-comparative research design. The study comprises of a panel data set of 14 insurance companies listed in Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) with 140 observations covering a period of 10 years from 2009/10 to 2018/19. The result exhibits that the insurance companies having a high debt ratio have better financial performance. It also reveals that a higher proportion of debt ratio and tangible assets increases return in assets. On the other side, a lesser proportion of equity, firm size and liquidity decreases the return on assets of the insurance companies in Nepal. The study raises understanding of impacts of firm specific factors on financial performance and provides an empirical evidence that the total debt ratio, equity to the total assets ratio, leverage, firm size, liquidity and tangibility are the significant factors in determining the financial performance of Nepal’s insurance companies. The non-life insurance companies tend to perform better in term of financial performance measured by earning per share and return on assets. The study leads to practical implications for insurance companies and regulatory bodies. The insurance companies of Nepal interested to improve their financial performance should focus on increasing their leverage and long-term investment and decreasing the proportion of equity, firm size and liquidity.
{"title":"Impact of Firm Specific Factors on Financial Performance: A Comparative Study of Life and Non-Life Insurance Companies in Nepal","authors":"B. Jaishi, Resam Lal Poudel","doi":"10.3126/PAJ.V4I0.37014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/PAJ.V4I0.37014","url":null,"abstract":"The empirical research has been carried out to examine the firm specific factors composition and its impact on financial performance of life and non-life insurance companies in Nepal. This paper employs the descriptive as well as causal-comparative research design. The study comprises of a panel data set of 14 insurance companies listed in Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) with 140 observations covering a period of 10 years from 2009/10 to 2018/19. The result exhibits that the insurance companies having a high debt ratio have better financial performance. It also reveals that a higher proportion of debt ratio and tangible assets increases return in assets. On the other side, a lesser proportion of equity, firm size and liquidity decreases the return on assets of the insurance companies in Nepal. The study raises understanding of impacts of firm specific factors on financial performance and provides an empirical evidence that the total debt ratio, equity to the total assets ratio, leverage, firm size, liquidity and tangibility are the significant factors in determining the financial performance of Nepal’s insurance companies. The non-life insurance companies tend to perform better in term of financial performance measured by earning per share and return on assets. The study leads to practical implications for insurance companies and regulatory bodies. The insurance companies of Nepal interested to improve their financial performance should focus on increasing their leverage and long-term investment and decreasing the proportion of equity, firm size and liquidity.","PeriodicalId":429477,"journal":{"name":"Prithvi Academic Journal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127579098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change and its impact on human health and awareness constitute a set of complex and serious consequences to be tackled by an individual country. It is not merely an environmental issue, but it is also a threat that goes beyond the national borders. The purpose of this study is to assess the awareness on effect of climate change on human health among the secondary level students of Biratnagar. The research design was descriptive cross-sectional and data was collected from 110 samples through the census method using the semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. Among the respondents, 84.5% knew that climate change can be prevented. Moreover, 50.9% perceived that climate change is an unbreakable process; 77.3% of them perceived climate change is the cause of new disease; and 81.8% of them are concerned about preventing the effects of climate change on human health. Among the respondents, 10% had adequate awareness. The study concluded that half of the secondary level students have inadequate level of awareness on effects of climate change on human health in Biratnagar. It is recommended that awareness should be increased by involving them in the project work activities and reinforcing the component of curriculum.
{"title":"Students’ Awareness towards Climate Change: A Study of Climate Change Effects on Human Health in Nepal","authors":"Bhawana Gautam, P. K. Mandal, Namita Yangden","doi":"10.3126/PAJ.V4I0.37006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/PAJ.V4I0.37006","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and its impact on human health and awareness constitute a set of complex and serious consequences to be tackled by an individual country. It is not merely an environmental issue, but it is also a threat that goes beyond the national borders. The purpose of this study is to assess the awareness on effect of climate change on human health among the secondary level students of Biratnagar. The research design was descriptive cross-sectional and data was collected from 110 samples through the census method using the semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. Among the respondents, 84.5% knew that climate change can be prevented. Moreover, 50.9% perceived that climate change is an unbreakable process; 77.3% of them perceived climate change is the cause of new disease; and 81.8% of them are concerned about preventing the effects of climate change on human health. Among the respondents, 10% had adequate awareness. The study concluded that half of the secondary level students have inadequate level of awareness on effects of climate change on human health in Biratnagar. It is recommended that awareness should be increased by involving them in the project work activities and reinforcing the component of curriculum.","PeriodicalId":429477,"journal":{"name":"Prithvi Academic Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126990478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the market anomalies and irrational behavior of investors have influenced the stock market worldwide. The impact of investor behavior on the stock market is more prominent in small and less efficient capital markets. The study is based on the questionnaire survey of 203 investors from Kathmandu and Pokhara. The study uses Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to explore the underlying dimensions of investor behavior employing Principal Component Analysis and Varimax rotation. The suitability of the data for the factor analysis has been examined using KMO and Barlett’s Test of Sphericity. The EFA extracted four factors of investor behavioral dimensions categorized as: heuristics, prospects, market factors and herding effect. The factor scores obtained from the EFA was used to examine the correlation of these behavioral factors with investment performance. The results reveal that behavioral biases like heuristics, prospects, market factor and herding effect are present among individual investors in Nepal. Among the factors, the investment performance of investors is found to be influenced by heuristics and market factors. The heuristic behaviors are found to have the highest and positive influence on the investment performance. Finally, the results depict that following the herd behavior in the market and prospects does not result in the improved investor performance. The findings are helpful to understand the role of investor behavior in the stock market and formulation of appropriate policies that limit the possibility of behavioral biases affecting the stock market adversely.
{"title":"The Relationship of Behavioral Factors with Investment Performance of Individual Investors in the Nepali Stock Market","authors":"K. Kunwar","doi":"10.3126/PAJ.V4I0.37016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/PAJ.V4I0.37016","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the market anomalies and irrational behavior of investors have influenced the stock market worldwide. The impact of investor behavior on the stock market is more prominent in small and less efficient capital markets. The study is based on the questionnaire survey of 203 investors from Kathmandu and Pokhara. The study uses Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to explore the underlying dimensions of investor behavior employing Principal Component Analysis and Varimax rotation. The suitability of the data for the factor analysis has been examined using KMO and Barlett’s Test of Sphericity. The EFA extracted four factors of investor behavioral dimensions categorized as: heuristics, prospects, market factors and herding effect. The factor scores obtained from the EFA was used to examine the correlation of these behavioral factors with investment performance. The results reveal that behavioral biases like heuristics, prospects, market factor and herding effect are present among individual investors in Nepal. Among the factors, the investment performance of investors is found to be influenced by heuristics and market factors. The heuristic behaviors are found to have the highest and positive influence on the investment performance. Finally, the results depict that following the herd behavior in the market and prospects does not result in the improved investor performance. The findings are helpful to understand the role of investor behavior in the stock market and formulation of appropriate policies that limit the possibility of behavioral biases affecting the stock market adversely.","PeriodicalId":429477,"journal":{"name":"Prithvi Academic Journal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130366951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims at assessing the need of book building pricing of IPOs as well as the level of agreement among market participants on its application in the context of Nepal. This study is based on a cross-sectional analysis of survey data of 71 respondents comprising 19 issue managers, 16 portfolio managers, six share registrars, 10 mutual funds, nine stock brokers and 11 retail investors, for the months of January and February 2020. Mainly, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics like one-way ANOVA have been used in the study to assess the need and level of agreement in adopting book building pricing. The study revealed that there is an urgent need of adopting book building mechanisms of IPO pricing in Nepal because the existing primary market is inefficient and there is a huge wealth loss of existing shareholders in terms of higher underpricing on equity offerings. The role of institutional investors followed by underwriters is found crucial especially to discover price band and final price i.e. cut-off price, of offerings under book building. Further, the level of agreement in adopting book building pricing in Nepal’s capital market is positive because (i) the price band is determined with the active support of qualified institutional investors, (ii) it lowers the degree of underpricing of IPOs than that of par value method, and (iii) book building help prevents „random free riders‟ from overwhelming the process of IPOs. Mainly, more active market participants, like issue managers, portfolio managers, and stockbrokers, have a high level of agreement in adopting book building pricing. The study findings associated with book building pricing are crucial and highly applicable in order to formulate policies and implementation of new pricing mechanism in Nepal. Implementation of book building pricing will contribute to reduce level of underpricing, attract real sector companies and/or foster the primary market efficiency in future.
{"title":"Assessing Need and Level of Agreement among Market Participants in Adopting Book Building Pricing in Nepal","authors":"J. Gurung","doi":"10.3126/paj.v3i1.31287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v3i1.31287","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at assessing the need of book building pricing of IPOs as well as the level of agreement among market participants on its application in the context of Nepal. This study is based on a cross-sectional analysis of survey data of 71 respondents comprising 19 issue managers, 16 portfolio managers, six share registrars, 10 mutual funds, nine stock brokers and 11 retail investors, for the months of January and February 2020. Mainly, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics like one-way ANOVA have been used in the study to assess the need and level of agreement in adopting book building pricing. The study revealed that there is an urgent need of adopting book building mechanisms of IPO pricing in Nepal because the existing primary market is inefficient and there is a huge wealth loss of existing shareholders in terms of higher underpricing on equity offerings. The role of institutional investors followed by underwriters is found crucial especially to discover price band and final price i.e. cut-off price, of offerings under book building. Further, the level of agreement in adopting book building pricing in Nepal’s capital market is positive because (i) the price band is determined with the active support of qualified institutional investors, (ii) it lowers the degree of underpricing of IPOs than that of par value method, and (iii) book building help prevents „random free riders‟ from overwhelming the process of IPOs. Mainly, more active market participants, like issue managers, portfolio managers, and stockbrokers, have a high level of agreement in adopting book building pricing. The study findings associated with book building pricing are crucial and highly applicable in order to formulate policies and implementation of new pricing mechanism in Nepal. Implementation of book building pricing will contribute to reduce level of underpricing, attract real sector companies and/or foster the primary market efficiency in future.","PeriodicalId":429477,"journal":{"name":"Prithvi Academic Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128086859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new Poisson Inverted Exponential distribution is developed from the Poisson family of distribution, which has two parameters. The characteristic of the intended model is unimodal, positive skewed and platykurtic, while the characteristic of the hazard function is the inverted bathtub and the decreasing order. Explicit expression of quantile function, moments (including incomplete and conditional moments), moment generating function, residual life function, R`enyi and q-entropies, probability weighted moment and order statistics of the intended model. The value of unknown parameters is estimated by the maximum likelihood estimate with the confidence interval. Similarly, purposed model compared with well-known other five distributions through different criteria like as goodness of fit, P-P plot, Q-Q plots and K-S test. Likewise, we fitted the PDF and CDF of purposed model with other models, it is clear that intended model is great flexibility and satisfactory fit than those models. Therefore purposed model is more useful in real data and life time data analysis and modelling.
{"title":"A New Poisson Inverted Exponential Distribution: Model, Properties and Application","authors":"G. Dhungana","doi":"10.3126/paj.v3i1.31292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v3i1.31292","url":null,"abstract":"A new Poisson Inverted Exponential distribution is developed from the Poisson family of distribution, which has two parameters. The characteristic of the intended model is unimodal, positive skewed and platykurtic, while the characteristic of the hazard function is the inverted bathtub and the decreasing order. Explicit expression of quantile function, moments (including incomplete and conditional moments), moment generating function, residual life function, R`enyi and q-entropies, probability weighted moment and order statistics of the intended model. The value of unknown parameters is estimated by the maximum likelihood estimate with the confidence interval. Similarly, purposed model compared with well-known other five distributions through different criteria like as goodness of fit, P-P plot, Q-Q plots and K-S test. Likewise, we fitted the PDF and CDF of purposed model with other models, it is clear that intended model is great flexibility and satisfactory fit than those models. Therefore purposed model is more useful in real data and life time data analysis and modelling.","PeriodicalId":429477,"journal":{"name":"Prithvi Academic Journal","volume":"4 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125316278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The multiple borrowing problems are more common in microfinance institutions in Nepal. The study aims to evaluate the performance of multiple borrowing clients in Gandaki province of Nepal with reference to Muktinath Bikas Bank Limited (MBBL). The performance of multiple borrowing clients, in terms of women empowerment, consumption expenditure, capital expenditure, micro-enterprises creation, saving, investment, and profit, has been examined with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. The study has been confined to five districts of Gandaki province and the data have been collected from MBBL clients who are involved in microfinance intervention at least from the last five or more years. The performance of most of the observed clients was empowered by microfinance activities but no significant difference in terms of changes in the livelihood parameters. Although microfinance programmes empower clients, the results of the investment, saving, micro-enterprises creation, capital and consumption expenditure, and income generation of clients are not convincing. The regulatory authority should identify the problems of multiple borrowing whether the financing from microfinance institutions is just for their profit or for productive application of loan. The socio-economic performance of clients is connected with the effective monitoring of clients made by microfinance institutions whether the loan has been properly utilized or not.
多重借款问题在尼泊尔小额信贷机构中更为普遍。本研究旨在以Muktinath Bikas Bank Limited (MBBL)为参照，评估尼泊尔Gandaki省多个借款客户的绩效。在妇女赋权、消费支出、资本支出、微型企业创建、储蓄、投资和利润方面，多重借款客户的表现已通过描述性和推断性统计进行了审查。这项研究仅限于甘达基省的五个地区，数据是从至少在过去五年或更长时间内参与小额信贷干预的MBBL客户那里收集的。大多数观察到的客户的表现都是通过小额信贷活动增强的，但在生计参数的变化方面没有显著差异。尽管小额信贷方案赋予客户权力，但投资、储蓄、微型企业创建、资本和消费支出以及客户创收的结果并不令人信服。监管部门应明确小额信贷机构的融资是单纯为自身盈利还是为贷款的生产性应用所存在的多重借贷问题。客户的社会经济绩效与小额信贷机构对客户的有效监测有关，客户的贷款是否得到了适当的利用。
{"title":"Performance of Multiple Borrowing Clients in Gandaki Province of Nepal","authors":"Bharat Ram Dhungana, R. Chapagain","doi":"10.3126/paj.v2i0.31503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v2i0.31503","url":null,"abstract":"The multiple borrowing problems are more common in microfinance institutions in Nepal. The study aims to evaluate the performance of multiple borrowing clients in Gandaki province of Nepal with reference to Muktinath Bikas Bank Limited (MBBL). The performance of multiple borrowing clients, in terms of women empowerment, consumption expenditure, capital expenditure, micro-enterprises creation, saving, investment, and profit, has been examined with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. The study has been confined to five districts of Gandaki province and the data have been collected from MBBL clients who are involved in microfinance intervention at least from the last five or more years. The performance of most of the observed clients was empowered by microfinance activities but no significant difference in terms of changes in the livelihood parameters. Although microfinance programmes empower clients, the results of the investment, saving, micro-enterprises creation, capital and consumption expenditure, and income generation of clients are not convincing. The regulatory authority should identify the problems of multiple borrowing whether the financing from microfinance institutions is just for their profit or for productive application of loan. The socio-economic performance of clients is connected with the effective monitoring of clients made by microfinance institutions whether the loan has been properly utilized or not.","PeriodicalId":429477,"journal":{"name":"Prithvi Academic Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113989219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sumnima, a novel written by Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (BP Koirala in short), has raised voice for social integration through harmonious relationship among the ethnic groups. But it is read as the presentation of binary between Aryan and Kirat cultures, highlighting differences in belief systems, rites, rituals, and day to day lifestyle that create misunderstanding, conflict, and problems among the people of different cultural groups. The main objective of studying the novel, in this article, is to find how the novelist offers an opportunity to the readers to realize the ideas and benefits of harmony among the divergent ethnic communities living in Nepal or elsewhere through understanding differences and celebrating the diversity. Theoretical insights of ethnicity have been used to analyze the primary text. The article argues, taking the reference of the novel, that ethnic misunderstandings and conflicts can be solved by understanding cultural norms and values of others. The article also examines and analyzes how the relations without understanding cannot prosper even within the same ethnic group but love and understanding makes the life beautiful no matter which tribe or ethnicity the people belong to. The implicit intention of the novelist in the novel is that in a culturally diverse society, mutual understanding, compromise, and respect of difference make the society a ‘salad bowl’ that works better than trying to make it a ‘melting pot’.
{"title":"Ethnic Harmony in BP Koirala's Sumnima","authors":"Bhanu Bhakta Sharma Khandal","doi":"10.3126/paj.v2i0.31511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/paj.v2i0.31511","url":null,"abstract":"Sumnima, a novel written by Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (BP Koirala in short), has raised voice for social integration through harmonious relationship among the ethnic groups. But it is read as the presentation of binary between Aryan and Kirat cultures, highlighting differences in belief systems, rites, rituals, and day to day lifestyle that create misunderstanding, conflict, and problems among the people of different cultural groups. The main objective of studying the novel, in this article, is to find how the novelist offers an opportunity to the readers to realize the ideas and benefits of harmony among the divergent ethnic communities living in Nepal or elsewhere through understanding differences and celebrating the diversity. Theoretical insights of ethnicity have been used to analyze the primary text. The article argues, taking the reference of the novel, that ethnic misunderstandings and conflicts can be solved by understanding cultural norms and values of others. The article also examines and analyzes how the relations without understanding cannot prosper even within the same ethnic group but love and understanding makes the life beautiful no matter which tribe or ethnicity the people belong to. The implicit intention of the novelist in the novel is that in a culturally diverse society, mutual understanding, compromise, and respect of difference make the society a ‘salad bowl’ that works better than trying to make it a ‘melting pot’.","PeriodicalId":429477,"journal":{"name":"Prithvi Academic Journal","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130738900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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