Spatial Demography最新文献

The World Health Organization in a bid to improve mother and child experience during pregnancy and delivery had recommended for optimal birth experience, at least four antenatal visits (ANC4+) in 2002 and recently an upward review to eight minimum antenatal visits (ANC8+) in 2016 to a health facility by pregnant women. This study therefore is to investigate the implications of these optimal recommendations with respect to spatial effects and determinants in Nigeria using data extracted from the 2018 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey. Bayesian models with appropriate priors were fitted for each of these distributions using structured additive regression modeling technique. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation method was used to estimate the parameters of the models. A north–south dichotomy in the spatial distribution of ANC utilization in Nigeria was prominent only at the ANC8+ utilization level. Furthermore, some interesting revelations showed that Igbo and Yoruba women in southern Nigeria shared association with attaining four antenatal visits during pregnancy, while only Igbo women had high potential for eight antenatal visits. Only Adamawa state was significantly highly associated with the two optimal ANC levels (ANC4+ and ANC8+) in the Northern region. The nonlinear effects of respondents’ current age at birth at the time of survey showed the older women have higher potential to attain higher utilization levels than the younger ones.

As India urbanizes, residential patterns in her towns/cities have become progressively more complex in terms of caste, religion, income and other socioeconomic attributes. Many have conventionally used the Dissimilarity Index (an aspatial measure) to decipher such segregation patterns, yet seldom investigated the vital role of spatial scales and local geographies in shaping them. Utilizing neighborhood-level caste and demographic data for the cities of Kolkata and Bengaluru, this paper unravels the intricacies of caste-based residential segregation patterns and compares their respective trends, using spatially sensitive segregation indices to examine the interactions among different caste groups at varying spatial scales. The decomposition of these indices into local spatial segregation indices allowed examination of the intra-city segregation patterns existing within these urban spaces more thoroughly. Findings reveal that, in 2011, Kolkata exhibited a greater degree of caste-based residential segregation than Bengaluru. In terms of their respective decadal trends (1991–2011), caste primacy still played a crucial role in molding residential patterns across Kolkata's neighborhoods, since an almost negligible improvement was discerned in its global indices. The local segregation patterns, however, revealed a complex geography of caste-based residential patterning in these cities, thereby underscoring the necessity of considering scale-dependencies and spatial relationships in such studies.

Microdata from U.S. decennial censuses and the American Community Survey are a key resource for social science and policy analysis, enabling researchers to investigate relationships among all reported characteristics for individual respondents and their households. To protect privacy, the Census Bureau restricts the detail of geographic information in public use microdata, and this complicates how researchers can investigate and account for variations across levels of urbanization when analyzing microdata. One option is to focus on metropolitan status, which can be determined exactly for most microdata records and approximated for others, but a binary metro/nonmetro classification is still coarse and limited on its own, emphasizing one aspect of rural-urban variation and discounting others. To address these issues, we compute two continuous indices for public use microdata-average tract density and average metro/micro-area population-using population-weighted geometric means. We show how these indices correspond to two key dimensions of urbanization-concentration and size-and we demonstrate their utility through an examination of disparities in poverty throughout the rural-urban universe. Poverty rates vary across settlement types in nonlinear ways: rates are lowest in moderately dense parts of major metro areas, and rates are higher in both low- and high-density areas, as well as in smaller commuting systems. Using the two indices also reveals that correlations between poverty and demographic characteristics vary considerably across settlement types. Both indices are now available for recent census microdata via IPUMS USA (https://usa.ipums.org).

A central and unique part of Sweden’s family policy programme is care leave that working parents can use when children are sick and cannot attend (pre)school. The gender-equal policy entails that parents may divide the leave as they see fit. However, mothers and fathers do not share care leave equally and care leave patterns may vary geographically. The aim of this paper is to examine the interaction between gendered care leave and geographical context using the theory of gender contracts. We ask how geographical variation in fathers’ share of care leave varies by scale, and how both individual factors and geographical determinants, representing local gender contracts, are associated with fathers’ share of care leave. Distinctive from previous work, we use geocoded full-population register data and individualized neighbourhoods at multiple scales in order to be able to better measure contextual effects on care leave use. We find substantial spatial variation in fathers’ share of care leave, with clustering depending on scale level. Using the nearest 200 fathers with young children, a factor analysis summarizes local gender contracts into three factors labelled as elite, marginalization and private sector. Results show that especially living in local gender contract areas identified as “marginalized” positively affects fathers’ share of care leave. Living in the most segregated neighbourhoods has substantial effects on fathers’ share of care leave, but overall, neighbourhood effects are moderate. A gender contract perspective shows negotiations resulting from locally clustered gendered norms and relative resources between partners influence who stays home with sick children.

At production stage, a misunderstanding about the presentation of Table 1b occurred. 

Marriage is an important social, cultural, and biological aspect of human life but is often affected by societal changes leading to differences in family formation and reproductive behaviour. Changes in marital patterns are component of transformations in a society’s social structure. Variations in marriage patterns exist within and across countries and over time. We examine the trends and spatial patterns of marital statuses among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in Nigeria and further determine the associated factors based on the country’s north–south divide. Data were sourced from the Nigeria demographic and health survey conducted in 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018, and the marital patterns were classified into four categories: never married, married, cohabiting, and formerly married. A Bayesian multinomial spatial model that simultaneously estimates parameters of different forms through a geo-additive predictor was adopted, and inference was based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. Findings reveal a north–south divide in marriage patterns. Women in the northern part of the country have a higher likelihood of being in marital union, while those in the south have a higher likelihood of cohabitation. A somewhat east–west divide was obtained for formerly married. Religion and ethnicity were found to be the major factors that account for differences in marital patterns across the divide and based on rural and urban residency. Cultural practices dictated by these variables would, therefore, continue to shape marital patterns and, by extension, fertility in Nigeria. The factors are hence important to be considered in marriage related policy formulation.