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Across the Rural-Urban Universe: Two Continuous Indices of Urbanization for U.S. Census Microdata. 跨越城乡宇宙:美国人口普查微观数据的两个连续城市化指数。
IF 1.9 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-04-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-021-00081-y
Jonathan P Schroeder, José D Pacas

Microdata from U.S. decennial censuses and the American Community Survey are a key resource for social science and policy analysis, enabling researchers to investigate relationships among all reported characteristics for individual respondents and their households. To protect privacy, the Census Bureau restricts the detail of geographic information in public use microdata, and this complicates how researchers can investigate and account for variations across levels of urbanization when analyzing microdata. One option is to focus on metropolitan status, which can be determined exactly for most microdata records and approximated for others, but a binary metro/nonmetro classification is still coarse and limited on its own, emphasizing one aspect of rural-urban variation and discounting others. To address these issues, we compute two continuous indices for public use microdata-average tract density and average metro/micro-area population-using population-weighted geometric means. We show how these indices correspond to two key dimensions of urbanization-concentration and size-and we demonstrate their utility through an examination of disparities in poverty throughout the rural-urban universe. Poverty rates vary across settlement types in nonlinear ways: rates are lowest in moderately dense parts of major metro areas, and rates are higher in both low- and high-density areas, as well as in smaller commuting systems. Using the two indices also reveals that correlations between poverty and demographic characteristics vary considerably across settlement types. Both indices are now available for recent census microdata via IPUMS USA (https://usa.ipums.org).

来自美国十年一次的人口普查和美国社区调查的微数据是社会科学和政策分析的关键资源,使研究人员能够调查个人受访者及其家庭的所有报告特征之间的关系。为了保护隐私,人口普查局限制了公共使用微数据中的地理信息细节,这使得研究人员在分析微数据时如何调查和解释不同城市化水平的变化变得复杂。一种选择是关注大都市状态,这可以对大多数微数据记录精确确定,对其他微数据记录近似确定,但二元大都市/非大都市分类本身仍然是粗糙和有限的,强调城乡差异的一个方面而忽略其他方面。为了解决这些问题,我们使用人口加权几何平均数计算了公共微数据的两个连续指数——平均区域密度和平均地铁/微区域人口。我们展示了这些指数是如何对应城市化的两个关键维度——集中度和规模——并通过对整个城乡世界贫困差距的考察,展示了它们的效用。不同居住类型的贫困率呈非线性变化:在主要都市地区人口密度适中的地区,贫困率最低,而在人口密度较低和人口密度较高的地区,以及较小的通勤系统中,贫困率都较高。使用这两个指数还表明,贫困与人口特征之间的相关性在不同定居类型之间差异很大。这两个指数现在都可以通过IPUMS USA (https://usa.ipums.org)获得最近的人口普查微观数据。
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引用次数: 5
Modelling the Spatial Distribution and the Factors Associated with Under-Five Mortality in Nigeria 尼日利亚五岁以下儿童死亡率的空间分布和相关因素建模
IF 1.9 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-021-00078-7
A. Fagbamigbe, C. Nnanatu
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引用次数: 8
Local Variation in Gendered Family Policy Use: Evidence of Local Gender Contracts? 性别家庭政策使用的地方差异:地方性别契约的证据?
IF 1.9 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-03-17 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-021-00082-x
Karen Haandrikman, Ann-Zofie Duvander, Natasha A. Webster

A central and unique part of Sweden’s family policy programme is care leave that working parents can use when children are sick and cannot attend (pre)school. The gender-equal policy entails that parents may divide the leave as they see fit. However, mothers and fathers do not share care leave equally and care leave patterns may vary geographically. The aim of this paper is to examine the interaction between gendered care leave and geographical context using the theory of gender contracts. We ask how geographical variation in fathers’ share of care leave varies by scale, and how both individual factors and geographical determinants, representing local gender contracts, are associated with fathers’ share of care leave. Distinctive from previous work, we use geocoded full-population register data and individualized neighbourhoods at multiple scales in order to be able to better measure contextual effects on care leave use. We find substantial spatial variation in fathers’ share of care leave, with clustering depending on scale level. Using the nearest 200 fathers with young children, a factor analysis summarizes local gender contracts into three factors labelled as elite, marginalization and private sector. Results show that especially living in local gender contract areas identified as “marginalized” positively affects fathers’ share of care leave. Living in the most segregated neighbourhoods has substantial effects on fathers’ share of care leave, but overall, neighbourhood effects are moderate. A gender contract perspective shows negotiations resulting from locally clustered gendered norms and relative resources between partners influence who stays home with sick children.

瑞典家庭政策方案的一个核心和独特部分是,当孩子生病不能上学时,工作的父母可以使用育儿假。性别平等的政策意味着父母可以按照自己认为合适的方式分配假期。然而,母亲和父亲并不平等地分享护理假,护理假模式可能因地而异。本文的目的是利用性别契约理论来研究性别护理假与地理环境之间的相互作用。我们询问父亲的育儿假份额的地理差异如何随规模而变化,以及代表当地性别契约的个人因素和地理决定因素如何与父亲的育儿假份额相关。与以前的工作不同,我们在多个尺度上使用地理编码的全人口登记数据和个性化社区,以便能够更好地衡量环境对护理假使用的影响。我们发现父亲的育儿假份额存在显著的空间差异,并根据尺度水平呈聚类。一项因素分析利用最近的200名有年幼子女的父亲,将当地的性别契约归纳为三个因素,分别是精英、边缘化和私营部门。研究结果表明,特别是生活在当地被确定为“边缘化”的性别契约地区,对父亲的护理假份额产生了积极影响。生活在种族隔离最严重的社区对父亲休育儿假的比例有实质性影响,但总体而言,社区影响是温和的。从性别契约的角度看,当地聚集的性别规范和伴侣之间的相对资源所产生的谈判影响到谁留在家里照顾生病的儿童。
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引用次数: 1
Correction to: Population Grids for Analysing Long-Term Change in Ethnic Diversity and Segregation 修正:用于分析种族多样性和种族隔离长期变化的人口网格
IF 1.9 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-02-08 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-021-00077-8
Gemma Catney, Christopher D. Lloyd

At production stage, a misunderstanding about the presentation of Table 1b occurred. 

在生产阶段,对表1b的表示产生了误解。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Spatial Variations, Trend and Effect of Exposure to Media as an Enhancer to Uptake of Modern Family Planning Methods: Evidence from 2003 to 2018 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey 探索媒体对现代计划生育方法的影响:2003年至2018年尼日利亚人口健康调查的证据
IF 1.9 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-021-00080-z
S. Adebayo, E. Gayawan
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引用次数: 1
Extreme Heat Related Mortality: Spatial Patterns and Determinants in the United States, 1979–2011 极端高温相关死亡率:1979-2011年美国的空间格局和决定因素
IF 1.9 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-02-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-021-00079-6
Bryan Jones, Gillian Dunn, D. Balk
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引用次数: 5
Modelling determinants of geographical Patterns in the Marital Statuses of Women in Nigeria 尼日利亚妇女婚姻状况地理格局的建模决定因素
IF 1.9 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-02-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-020-00072-5
Dorothy N. Ononokpono, Olukemi G. Adebola , Ezra Gayawan , Adeniyi F. Fagbamigbe

Marriage is an important social, cultural, and biological aspect of human life but is often affected by societal changes leading to differences in family formation and reproductive behaviour. Changes in marital patterns are component of transformations in a society’s social structure. Variations in marriage patterns exist within and across countries and over time. We examine the trends and spatial patterns of marital statuses among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in Nigeria and further determine the associated factors based on the country’s north–south divide. Data were sourced from the Nigeria demographic and health survey conducted in 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018, and the marital patterns were classified into four categories: never married, married, cohabiting, and formerly married. A Bayesian multinomial spatial model that simultaneously estimates parameters of different forms through a geo-additive predictor was adopted, and inference was based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. Findings reveal a north–south divide in marriage patterns. Women in the northern part of the country have a higher likelihood of being in marital union, while those in the south have a higher likelihood of cohabitation. A somewhat east–west divide was obtained for formerly married. Religion and ethnicity were found to be the major factors that account for differences in marital patterns across the divide and based on rural and urban residency. Cultural practices dictated by these variables would, therefore, continue to shape marital patterns and, by extension, fertility in Nigeria. The factors are hence important to be considered in marriage related policy formulation.

婚姻是人类生活的一个重要的社会、文化和生物方面,但往往受到社会变化的影响,导致家庭组成和生殖行为的差异。婚姻模式的变化是社会结构变革的组成部分。随着时间的推移,婚姻模式在国家内部和国家之间存在差异。我们研究了尼日利亚育龄妇女(15-49岁)婚姻状况的趋势和空间格局,并根据该国的南北鸿沟进一步确定了相关因素。数据来自2003年、2008年、2013年和2018年进行的尼日利亚人口与健康调查,婚姻模式分为四类:未婚、已婚、同居和已婚。采用贝叶斯多项空间模型,通过地质加性预测器同时估计不同形式的参数,并基于马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗进行推理。调查结果揭示了南北婚姻模式的差异。该国北部地区的妇女结婚的可能性更高,而南部地区的妇女同居的可能性更高。在已婚者中,东西之间的差异有所不同。研究发现,宗教和种族是造成不同地区和城乡居民婚姻模式差异的主要因素。因此,由这些变量决定的文化习俗将继续影响尼日利亚的婚姻模式,进而影响生育率。因此,在制定与婚姻有关的政策时,必须考虑这些因素。
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引用次数: 5
Comparative Spatial Segregation Analytics 比较空间隔离分析
IF 1.9 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-01-24 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-021-00075-w
S. Rey, R. Cortes, Elijah Knaap
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引用次数: 0
Spatial and Temporal Inequalities in Undernutrition Among Non-pregnant Women in Ghana: A Multilevel Analysis 加纳非怀孕妇女营养不良的时空不平等:一个多水平分析
IF 1.9 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-020-00074-3
Samuel H. Nyarko, Fikrewold Bitew, Hubert Amu

Nutritional status is an important determinant of women’s health and wellbeing. However, there appears to be a dearth of information on the spatial distribution of undernutrition among women in Ghana over time. We, therefore, examined the spatial and temporal variations in undernutrition among non-pregnant Ghanaian women. Drawing on data from the 2003, 2008, and 2014 Ghana demographic and health surveys, we used geospatial techniques to show spatial autocorrelation for undernutrition levels in the study sample. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was also applied to estimate sociodemographic and contextual factors underlying the variations in the country. The results show considerable local clusterings and regional variations in undernutrition levels in the sample coupled with steady improvements within the regions over time. There was also a notable north–south divide in the undernutrition levels among non-pregnant women in the country for the study period. The spatio-temporal patterns of undernutrition levels are explained by some individual-level sociodemographic factors such as age, marital status, educational attainment, household wealth, and water source as well as the percent of regional unmet need for family planning. Policies and interventions should focus on alleviating the observed regional disparities in undernutrition levels among women while targeting and tracking higher risk women in Ghana.

营养状况是妇女健康和福祉的一个重要决定因素。然而,似乎缺乏关于长期以来加纳妇女营养不良的空间分布情况的资料。因此,我们研究了未怀孕的加纳妇女营养不良的时空变化。根据2003年、2008年和2014年加纳人口与健康调查的数据,我们使用地理空间技术来显示研究样本中营养不良水平的空间自相关性。还应用多水平逻辑回归分析来估计该国差异背后的社会人口和背景因素。结果显示,样本中营养不良水平存在相当大的局部聚类和区域差异,同时随着时间的推移,各区域内的营养不良水平也在稳步改善。在研究期间,该国未怀孕妇女的营养不良水平也存在显著的南北差异。年龄、婚姻状况、受教育程度、家庭财富、水源以及区域未满足计划生育需求的百分比等社会人口因素解释了营养不良水平的时空格局。政策和干预措施应侧重于减轻已观察到的妇女营养不良水平的区域差异,同时针对和跟踪加纳风险较高的妇女。
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引用次数: 0
Looking Back, Looking Forward: Progress and Prospect for Spatial Demography. 回顾过去,展望未来:空间人口学的进步与展望》。
IF 1.1 Q3 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-20 DOI: 10.1007/s40980-021-00084-9
Stephen A Matthews, Laura Stiberman, James Raymer, Tse-Chuan Yang, Ezra Gayawan, Sayambhu Saita, Sai Thein Than Tun, Daniel M Parker, Deborah Balk, Stefan Leyk, Mark Montgomery, Katherine J Curtis, David W S Wong
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Spatial Demography
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