Spatial Demography最新文献

Fertility in sub-Saharan Africa is among the highest globally and relatively higher in West Africa compared to the other sub-regions of Africa. While there have been extensive studies on fertility in West Africa, the underlying spatial variations with regard to within and cross-border variations among countries has received little attention. This study examined spatial variations in fertility desire among thirteen (13) West African countries using data from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. The analysis considers two fertility indicators; preference for another child and ideal number of children, and the spatial units were the states/regions/provinces of the countries included in the study. Bayesian spatial models were specified for the count and multi-categorical response variables respectively, with the use of Markov random field prior for the spatial components while Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation technique was used for parameter estimation. The findings suggest spatial clustering in fertility desire both within and between countries, revealing cross-border spatial contagion. Specifically, women report high number of children as ideal throughout Niger extending to neighbouring northern Nigeria, in Mopti and Koulikoro regions of Mali; in Couffo region of Benin; in Kaffrine region of Senegal and all except Basse region of The Gambia. Additionally, being young, having low or no formal education, living in poor households, being a rural dweller and not using contraceptives were negatively associated with fertility desire. Policies aimed at reducing fertility should consider the spatial dynamics in addition to targeting younger, less educated, rural dwelling women while also strengthening sensitization campaigns for family planning.

The World Health Organization in a bid to improve mother and child experience during pregnancy and delivery had recommended for optimal birth experience, at least four antenatal visits (ANC4+) in 2002 and recently an upward review to eight minimum antenatal visits (ANC8+) in 2016 to a health facility by pregnant women. This study therefore is to investigate the implications of these optimal recommendations with respect to spatial effects and determinants in Nigeria using data extracted from the 2018 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey. Bayesian models with appropriate priors were fitted for each of these distributions using structured additive regression modeling technique. The Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation method was used to estimate the parameters of the models. A north–south dichotomy in the spatial distribution of ANC utilization in Nigeria was prominent only at the ANC8+ utilization level. Furthermore, some interesting revelations showed that Igbo and Yoruba women in southern Nigeria shared association with attaining four antenatal visits during pregnancy, while only Igbo women had high potential for eight antenatal visits. Only Adamawa state was significantly highly associated with the two optimal ANC levels (ANC4+ and ANC8+) in the Northern region. The nonlinear effects of respondents’ current age at birth at the time of survey showed the older women have higher potential to attain higher utilization levels than the younger ones.

As India urbanizes, residential patterns in her towns/cities have become progressively more complex in terms of caste, religion, income and other socioeconomic attributes. Many have conventionally used the Dissimilarity Index (an aspatial measure) to decipher such segregation patterns, yet seldom investigated the vital role of spatial scales and local geographies in shaping them. Utilizing neighborhood-level caste and demographic data for the cities of Kolkata and Bengaluru, this paper unravels the intricacies of caste-based residential segregation patterns and compares their respective trends, using spatially sensitive segregation indices to examine the interactions among different caste groups at varying spatial scales. The decomposition of these indices into local spatial segregation indices allowed examination of the intra-city segregation patterns existing within these urban spaces more thoroughly. Findings reveal that, in 2011, Kolkata exhibited a greater degree of caste-based residential segregation than Bengaluru. In terms of their respective decadal trends (1991–2011), caste primacy still played a crucial role in molding residential patterns across Kolkata's neighborhoods, since an almost negligible improvement was discerned in its global indices. The local segregation patterns, however, revealed a complex geography of caste-based residential patterning in these cities, thereby underscoring the necessity of considering scale-dependencies and spatial relationships in such studies.