Pub Date : 2017-07-01Epub Date: 2016-04-08DOI: 10.1007/s40980-016-0020-x
Katherine J Curtis, Heather A O'Connell
Research examining regional variation in the impact of racial concentration on black-white economic inequality assumes that the American South is distinct from the non-South because of its slavery history. However, slavery's influence on the relationship has not been directly examined nor has it been adequately theorized within the economic inequality literature. We assess whether the link between contemporary black concentration and poverty disparities is structured by historical racial context. We find that while there is contemporary racial inequality throughout the United States, inequality-generating processes vary spatially and in ways that are tied to the local historical racial context.
{"title":"HISTORICAL RACIAL CONTEXTS AND CONTEMPORARY SPATIAL DIFFERENCES IN RACIAL INEQUALITY.","authors":"Katherine J Curtis, Heather A O'Connell","doi":"10.1007/s40980-016-0020-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40980-016-0020-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research examining regional variation in the impact of racial concentration on black-white economic inequality assumes that the American South is distinct from the non-South because of its slavery history. However, slavery's influence on the relationship has not been directly examined nor has it been adequately theorized within the economic inequality literature. We assess whether the link between contemporary black concentration and poverty disparities is structured by historical racial context. We find that while there is contemporary racial inequality throughout the United States, inequality-generating processes vary spatially and in ways that are tied to the local historical racial context.</p>","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5935123/pdf/nihms776649.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36077995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-01Epub Date: 2017-04-25DOI: 10.1007/s40980-017-0033-0
Wenquan Zhang, John R Logan
The rapid growth of Asian and Hispanic populations in urban areas is superceding traditional classifications of neighborhoods (for example as white, transitional, or minority). The "global neighborhood" that includes all groups (white, black, Hispanic and Asian) is one important new category. We examine the emerging spatial pattern of racial/ethnic composition in the Chicago metropolis, documenting an expansion of all-minority neighborhoods in the city and just beyond its borders, a shrinking set of all-white neighborhoods in the outer suburbs, and more diverse neighborhoods including whites mainly in between. The most novel element of this pattern is how large the zone of diversity has become and how far it extends into suburbia, upending the old dichotomy of "chocolate city" and "vanilla suburbs." In addition to comparing the distance of different kinds of neighborhoods from the urban core, we also analyze their adjacency to neighborhoods of the same type or other types. There is a strong tendency toward spatial clustering of each neighborhood type and also for transitions on the boundaries of clusters either to expand or to contract their territory.
{"title":"The Emerging Spatial Organization of the Metropolis: Zones of Diversity and Minority Enclaves in Chicago.","authors":"Wenquan Zhang, John R Logan","doi":"10.1007/s40980-017-0033-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-017-0033-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid growth of Asian and Hispanic populations in urban areas is superceding traditional classifications of neighborhoods (for example as white, transitional, or minority). The \"global neighborhood\" that includes all groups (white, black, Hispanic and Asian) is one important new category. We examine the emerging spatial pattern of racial/ethnic composition in the Chicago metropolis, documenting an expansion of all-minority neighborhoods in the city and just beyond its borders, a shrinking set of all-white neighborhoods in the outer suburbs, and more diverse neighborhoods including whites mainly in between. The most novel element of this pattern is how large the zone of diversity has become and how far it extends into suburbia, upending the old dichotomy of \"chocolate city\" and \"vanilla suburbs.\" In addition to comparing the distance of different kinds of neighborhoods from the urban core, we also analyze their adjacency to neighborhoods of the same type or other types. There is a strong tendency toward spatial clustering of each neighborhood type and also for transitions on the boundaries of clusters either to expand or to contract their territory.</p>","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-017-0033-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35820698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-26DOI: 10.1007/s40980-017-0035-y
Jesús J. Sánchez-Barricarte, Patricia Carracedo, Adina Iftimi, Ana Debón, Francisco Montes
This paper deals with spatial aspects of trends in life expectancy at birth in the French metropolitan départements over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Data from the censuses conducted from 1833 to 1982 were used to calculate the life expectancy at birth for both sexes togheter, $$e_0$$e0. The overall fertility index ($$I_f$$If), marital fertility index ($$I_g$$Ig) and nuptiality index ($$I_m$$Im) were also calculated for each 5-year period within the same time span. The analysis has two facets: a first, descriptive part in which we establish clusters of départements with similar or different patterns of evolution over the period above mentioned; and a second part in which the effect of covariables in changes in $$e_0$$e0 are examined. In addition their coefficients were interpreted including the direct and spatial spillover effects. Unlike earlier studies, in which a spatio-temporal analysis was performed, the time function showing changes in $$e_0$$e0 is reduced to a single value which measures the distance or affinity between the functions of time in each département, which enables us to carry out an exploratory spatial data analysis and apply spatial econometric models.
{"title":"Evolution of Life Expectancy at Birth in French Départements Over the Period 1833–1982","authors":"Jesús J. Sánchez-Barricarte, Patricia Carracedo, Adina Iftimi, Ana Debón, Francisco Montes","doi":"10.1007/s40980-017-0035-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-017-0035-y","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with spatial aspects of trends in life expectancy at birth in the French metropolitan départements over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Data from the censuses conducted from 1833 to 1982 were used to calculate the life expectancy at birth for both sexes togheter, $$e_0$$e0. The overall fertility index ($$I_f$$If), marital fertility index ($$I_g$$Ig) and nuptiality index ($$I_m$$Im) were also calculated for each 5-year period within the same time span. The analysis has two facets: a first, descriptive part in which we establish clusters of départements with similar or different patterns of evolution over the period above mentioned; and a second part in which the effect of covariables in changes in $$e_0$$e0 are examined. In addition their coefficients were interpreted including the direct and spatial spillover effects. Unlike earlier studies, in which a spatio-temporal analysis was performed, the time function showing changes in $$e_0$$e0 is reduced to a single value which measures the distance or affinity between the functions of time in each département, which enables us to carry out an exploratory spatial data analysis and apply spatial econometric models.","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-13DOI: 10.1007/s40980-017-0034-z
Shrinidhi Ambinakudige, Domenico Parisi, Giorgio Carlo Cappello, Aynaz Lotfata
The City of Atlanta has seen phenomenal urban expansion, racial re-composition, and migration patterns over decades. In this paper, we try to answer overarching question: Has the economic development and urban sprawl in Atlanta been accompanied by racially diverse neighborhoods? Or has the economic development in Atlanta led to a racially integrated landscape? We use demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Panel Study for Income Dynamics. First, we use hotspot analysis to study temporal changes in spatial patterns of concentration of the black population in Atlanta. Second, using the index of dissimilarity (D) and interaction index (I), we estimate the extent of segregation between whites and blacks. Third, we calculate the migration effectiveness in three sub-regions of Atlanta. The results show that hotspots of the black population are located in the central and south-central parts of Atlanta, and have expanded predominantly in the eastern and southern directions during the last four decades. Racial diversity has increased generally in the counties immediately north of the city proper, but the southern and peripheral counties had less racial diversity. Remarkably, southern Atlanta did not witness the economic development in the same way as northern Atlanta. The migration effectiveness index shows that, in recent years, Atlanta suburbs attracted more migrants, both from within the Atlanta region and from the rest of the United States, as compared to the Atlanta city proper. In recent decades, neighborhoods in the Suburb-I becoming racially more diverse, and one would expect this trend will extend in other regions too in the future.
几十年来，亚特兰大市经历了惊人的城市扩张、种族重组和移民模式。在本文中，我们试图回答一个首要问题：亚特兰大的经济发展和城市扩张是否伴随着种族多样化的社区？还是亚特兰大的经济发展导致了种族融合的景观？我们使用了来自美国人口普查局、国内税收署和收入动态面板研究的人口数据。首先，我们使用热点分析来研究亚特兰大黑人人口集中的空间模式的时间变化。其次，我们使用差异指数（D）和互动指数（I）来估计白人和黑人之间的隔离程度。第三，我们计算了亚特兰大三个次区域的移民效果。结果显示，黑人人口的热点地区位于亚特兰大的中部和中南部，在过去 40 年中主要向东部和南部方向扩展。亚特兰大市北部各县的种族多样性普遍增加，但南部和周边各县的种族多样性较少。值得注意的是，亚特兰大南部并没有像亚特兰大北部那样迎来经济发展。移民效率指数显示，近年来，亚特兰大郊区吸引了更多的移民，无论是来自亚特兰大地区内部还是美国其他地区，与亚特兰大市区相比都是如此。近几十年来，郊区 I 的居民区在种族上变得更加多样化，预计未来这一趋势也将在其他地区蔓延。
{"title":"Diversity or Segregation? A Multi-decadal Spatial Analysis of Demographics of Atlanta Neighborhoods","authors":"Shrinidhi Ambinakudige, Domenico Parisi, Giorgio Carlo Cappello, Aynaz Lotfata","doi":"10.1007/s40980-017-0034-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-017-0034-z","url":null,"abstract":"The City of Atlanta has seen phenomenal urban expansion, racial re-composition, and migration patterns over decades. In this paper, we try to answer overarching question: Has the economic development and urban sprawl in Atlanta been accompanied by racially diverse neighborhoods? Or has the economic development in Atlanta led to a racially integrated landscape? We use demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Panel Study for Income Dynamics. First, we use hotspot analysis to study temporal changes in spatial patterns of concentration of the black population in Atlanta. Second, using the index of dissimilarity (D) and interaction index (I), we estimate the extent of segregation between whites and blacks. Third, we calculate the migration effectiveness in three sub-regions of Atlanta. The results show that hotspots of the black population are located in the central and south-central parts of Atlanta, and have expanded predominantly in the eastern and southern directions during the last four decades. Racial diversity has increased generally in the counties immediately north of the city proper, but the southern and peripheral counties had less racial diversity. Remarkably, southern Atlanta did not witness the economic development in the same way as northern Atlanta. The migration effectiveness index shows that, in recent years, Atlanta suburbs attracted more migrants, both from within the Atlanta region and from the rest of the United States, as compared to the Atlanta city proper. In recent decades, neighborhoods in the Suburb-I becoming racially more diverse, and one would expect this trend will extend in other regions too in the future.","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-02DOI: 10.1007/s40980-016-0029-1
K. Walker
{"title":"Tools for Interactive Visualization of Global Demographic Concepts in R","authors":"K. Walker","doi":"10.1007/s40980-016-0029-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-016-0029-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2016-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-016-0029-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53017388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-21DOI: 10.1007/s40980-016-0028-2
H. Rabiei-Dastjerdi, S. Matthews, A. Ardalan
{"title":"Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Urban Facilities and Services in Tehran","authors":"H. Rabiei-Dastjerdi, S. Matthews, A. Ardalan","doi":"10.1007/s40980-016-0028-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-016-0028-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-016-0028-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42667921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-04DOI: 10.1007/s40980-016-0025-5
P. Roy, Jahida Gulshan, S. S. Hossain
{"title":"Spatially Revised Estimation of Infant Mortality in Bangladesh","authors":"P. Roy, Jahida Gulshan, S. S. Hossain","doi":"10.1007/s40980-016-0025-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-016-0025-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-016-0025-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46358933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01Epub Date: 2015-06-23DOI: 10.1007/s40980-015-0013-1
Carolina Perez-Heydrich, Joshua L Warren, Clara R Burgert, Michael E Emch
With this paper we explore the sensitivity of study results to spatial displacements associated with Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data in research that integrates ancillary raster data. Through simulation studies, we found that the impact of DHS point displacements on raster-based analyses can be moderated through the generation of covariates representing average values from neighborhood buffers. Additionally, raster surface characteristics (i.e., spatial smoothness) were found to affect the extent of bias introduced through point displacements. Although simple point extraction produced unbiased estimates in analyses involving smooth continuous surfaces, it is not recommended in analyses that involve categorical raster surfaces.
{"title":"Influence of Demographic and Health Survey Point Displacements on Raster-Based Analyses.","authors":"Carolina Perez-Heydrich, Joshua L Warren, Clara R Burgert, Michael E Emch","doi":"10.1007/s40980-015-0013-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-015-0013-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With this paper we explore the sensitivity of study results to spatial displacements associated with Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data in research that integrates ancillary raster data. Through simulation studies, we found that the impact of DHS point displacements on raster-based analyses can be moderated through the generation of covariates representing average values from neighborhood buffers. Additionally, raster surface characteristics (i.e., spatial smoothness) were found to affect the extent of bias introduced through point displacements. Although simple point extraction produced unbiased estimates in analyses involving smooth continuous surfaces, it is not recommended in analyses that involve categorical raster surfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-015-0013-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36210529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01DOI: 10.1007/s40980-016-0027-3
E. Gayawan, O. T. Omolofe
{"title":"Analyzing Spatial Distribution of Antenatal Care Utilization in West Africa Using a Geo-additive Zero-Inflated Count Model","authors":"E. Gayawan, O. T. Omolofe","doi":"10.1007/s40980-016-0027-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-016-0027-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-016-0027-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"53016939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-01Epub Date: 2015-06-20DOI: 10.1007/s40980-015-0015-z
Joshua L Warren, Carolina Perez-Heydrich, Clara R Burgert, Michael E Emch
We use Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data to evaluate the impact of random spatial displacements on analyses that involve assigning covariate values from ancillary areal and point feature data. We introduce a method to determine the maximum probability covariate (MPC), and compare this to the naive covariate (NC) selection method with respect to obtaining the true covariate of interest. The MPC selection method outperforms the NC selection method by increasing the probability that the correct covariate is chosen. Proposed guidelines also address how characteristics of ancillary areal and point features contribute to uncertainty in covariate assignment.
{"title":"Influence of Demographic and Health Survey Point Displacements on Point-in-Polygon Analyses.","authors":"Joshua L Warren, Carolina Perez-Heydrich, Clara R Burgert, Michael E Emch","doi":"10.1007/s40980-015-0015-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40980-015-0015-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We use Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data to evaluate the impact of random spatial displacements on analyses that involve assigning covariate values from ancillary areal and point feature data. We introduce a method to determine the maximum probability covariate (MPC), and compare this to the naive covariate (NC) selection method with respect to obtaining the true covariate of interest. The MPC selection method outperforms the NC selection method by increasing the probability that the correct covariate is chosen. Proposed guidelines also address how characteristics of ancillary areal and point features contribute to uncertainty in covariate assignment.</p>","PeriodicalId":43022,"journal":{"name":"Spatial Demography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40980-015-0015-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34700597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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