Spatial Demography最新文献

Modern computational capabilities have brought about concerns about risks associated with the level of information disclosed in public datasets. A tension exists between making data available that protects the confidentiality of individuals while containing sufficiently detailed geographic information to underpin the utility of research. Our aim is to inform data collectors and suppliers about geographic choices for confidentiality protection and to balance this with reassurance to the research community that data will still be fit-for-purpose. We test this using simple logistic regression models, by investigating the interplay between two geographical entities (points for the observations and polygons for area attributes) at a variety of scales, using a synthetic population of 22,000 people. In an England and Wales setting, we do this for individuals located by postcodes and by postal sector and postal district centroids and link these to a variety of census geographies. We also ‘jitter’ postcode coordinates to test the effect of moving people away from their original location. We find a smoothing of relationships up the geographical hierarchy. However, if postal sector centroids are used to locate individuals, linkages to Lower/Medium Super Output Area scales and subsequent results are very similar to the more detailed unit postcodes. Postcode locations jittered by 500–750 m in any direction are likely to allow the same conclusions to be drawn as for the original locations. Within these geographic scenarios, there is likely to be a sufficient level of confidentiality protection while statistical relationships are very similar to those obtained using the most detailed geographic locators.

Connections between individuals' sociodemographic characteristics and their social attitudes have been widely studied, but there has been less research on how individuals' spatial patterns are related to attitudes. Studies that do incorporate space have focused on residential locations, neglecting spatial experience outside residential neighborhoods. To fill this gap, we test hypotheses relating multiple measures of activity space (AS) to social attitudes, using innovative spatial data from Nepal. First, we hypothesize that the gender and caste attitudes of a focal individual will be positively associated with the gender and caste attitudes of others in the focal individual's AS, including spaces beyond the residential neighborhood. Second, we hypothesize that privileged individuals (i.e., males and those of the Chhetri/Brahmin caste) with greater potential exposure to females and those of lower castes in their AS will have more egalitarian attitudes about gender and caste than those with less exposure in their AS. Linear regression models provide support for both hypotheses.

The study aimed to investigate ethnic/racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality in Brazilian federative units and their respective capitals in 2020. Population data and number of COVID-19 deaths were extracted by skin color (white, black, brown and indigenous) from all Brazilian states and their respective capitals. The mortality rate of COVID-19 by ethnicity in Brazilian states was higher between people from brown skin color, followed by indigenous and black. Only in one state, in the Federal District and in the federal capital, age-standardized mortality rates were higher among white's people. There is a high percentage of deaths from COVID-19 higher than expected among non-white individuals, especially in south-central states and capitals of the country. Mortality from COVID-19 affect ethnic-racial groups unevenly in Brazil and the number of excess deaths among non-whites was over 9000. Urgent government measures are needed to reduce the racial disparity in health indicators in Brazil.