Volodymyr Bulgakov, Maksym Stankevych, Pavol Findura, Іvan Golovach, Zinoviy Ruzhilo, Viktor Kornyushin, Maria Andrievska
Abstract Theoretical research was conducted using the basic principles of higher mathematics and theoretical mechanics. Numerical calculations and graphical dependences are obtained using a PC based on developed and standard programs. The movement of the potato heap on the wing surface of the V-shaped heap distributor in the process of its distribution over the entire width of the separating conveyor was studied. An equivalent scheme of interaction of potato heap particle with the surface of the distributor wing is constructed, on the basis of which differential equations of its motion on the specified surface are made, taking into account the main constructive and kinematic parameters of the separating conveyor and V-shaped distributor. Based on the integration of the specified system of differential equations in quadratures, analytical expressions describing the laws of change of speed and movement of a particle of a potato heap in time at various values of constructive and kinematic parameters of the distributor and separating conveyor are received. Based on the obtained analytical expressions, calculations were performed and graphical dependences of heap velocity along the distributor wing on time at different values of the angle of distributor wings taking into account the oscillations of the separating conveyor blade were obtained. The allowable speed of movement of the heap along the wing of the distributor is determined from the condition of maintaining the equality of supply of the heap to the distributor and its ascent from the distributor. The specified speed is 1.62 m∙s −1 . The analysis of graphical dependences shows that the speed of the heap along the wing of the distributor decreases with increasing angle of the wing. If the speed is reduced to less than the allowable value, the heap will be unloaded on the wings of the distributor, which will lead to a disturbance of the technological process of the potato harvester. With the allowable time of movement of the heap along the distributor wing, the maximum allowable values of the deflection of the distributor wing are within 40–45°.
{"title":"Theory of Heap Particle Motion in Vibration Cleaning of Potatoes","authors":"Volodymyr Bulgakov, Maksym Stankevych, Pavol Findura, Іvan Golovach, Zinoviy Ruzhilo, Viktor Kornyushin, Maria Andrievska","doi":"10.2478/ata-2023-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2023-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Theoretical research was conducted using the basic principles of higher mathematics and theoretical mechanics. Numerical calculations and graphical dependences are obtained using a PC based on developed and standard programs. The movement of the potato heap on the wing surface of the V-shaped heap distributor in the process of its distribution over the entire width of the separating conveyor was studied. An equivalent scheme of interaction of potato heap particle with the surface of the distributor wing is constructed, on the basis of which differential equations of its motion on the specified surface are made, taking into account the main constructive and kinematic parameters of the separating conveyor and V-shaped distributor. Based on the integration of the specified system of differential equations in quadratures, analytical expressions describing the laws of change of speed and movement of a particle of a potato heap in time at various values of constructive and kinematic parameters of the distributor and separating conveyor are received. Based on the obtained analytical expressions, calculations were performed and graphical dependences of heap velocity along the distributor wing on time at different values of the angle of distributor wings taking into account the oscillations of the separating conveyor blade were obtained. The allowable speed of movement of the heap along the wing of the distributor is determined from the condition of maintaining the equality of supply of the heap to the distributor and its ascent from the distributor. The specified speed is 1.62 m∙s −1 . The analysis of graphical dependences shows that the speed of the heap along the wing of the distributor decreases with increasing angle of the wing. If the speed is reduced to less than the allowable value, the heap will be unloaded on the wings of the distributor, which will lead to a disturbance of the technological process of the potato harvester. With the allowable time of movement of the heap along the distributor wing, the maximum allowable values of the deflection of the distributor wing are within 40–45°.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"119 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134956712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ghazwan A. Dahham, Mahmood N. Al-Irhayim, Khalid E. Al-Mistawi, Montaser Kh. Khessro
Abstract The specific objective of this study is to find a suitable artificial neural network model for estimating the operation indicators (disturbed soil volume, effective field capacity, draft force, and energy requirement) of ploughing units (tractor disc) in various soil conditions. The experiment involved two different factors, i.e., (Ι) soil texture index and (ΙΙ) field work index, and included soil moisture content, tractor engine power, soil bulk density, tillage speed, tillage depth, and tillage width, which were linked to one dimensionless index. We assessed the effectiveness of artificial neural network and multiple linear regression models between the values predicted and the actual values using the mean absolute error criterion to test data points. When the artificial neural network model was applied, the mean absolute error values for disturbed soil volume, effective field capacity, draft force, and energy requirement were 69.41 m 3 ·hr −1 , 0.04 ha·hr −1 , 1.24 kN, and 1.95 kw·hr·ha −1 , respectively. In order to evaluate the behaviour of new models, the coefficient R 2 was used as a criterion, where R 2 values in artificial neural network were 0.9872, 0.9553, 0.9948, and 0.9718, respectively, for the aforementioned testing dataset. Simultaneously, R 2 values in multiple linear regression were 0.7623, 0.696, 0.492, and 0.5572, respectively, for the same testing dataset. Based on these comparisons, it was clear that predictions using the artificial neural network models proposed are very satisfactory.
摘要本研究的具体目的是寻找一种合适的人工神经网络模型来估计不同土壤条件下耕作装置(拖拉机盘)的运行指标(扰动土壤体积、有效田间容量、牵引力和能量需求)。试验涉及(Ι)土壤质地指数和(ΙΙ)田间作业指数两个不同的因子，包括土壤含水量、拖拉机发动机功率、土壤容重、耕作速度、耕作深度和耕作宽度，这些因子与一个无量纲指标联系在一起。我们使用平均绝对误差准则来测试数据点，评估了人工神经网络和多元线性回归模型在预测值与实际值之间的有效性。应用人工神经网络模型时，扰动土体积、有效田间容量、牵引力和能量需求的平均绝对误差分别为69.41 m 3·hr−1、0.04 ha·hr−1、1.24 kN和1.95 kw·hr·ha−1。为了评估新模型的行为，使用系数r2作为标准，其中对于上述测试数据集，人工神经网络中的r2值分别为0.9872,0.9553,0.9948和0.9718。同时，对于同一测试数据集，多元线性回归的r2值分别为0.7623、0.696、0.492和0.5572。基于这些比较，很明显，使用人工神经网络模型提出的预测是非常令人满意的。
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Artificial Neural Network Modelling to a Ploughing Unit in Various Soil Conditions","authors":"Ghazwan A. Dahham, Mahmood N. Al-Irhayim, Khalid E. Al-Mistawi, Montaser Kh. Khessro","doi":"10.2478/ata-2023-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2023-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The specific objective of this study is to find a suitable artificial neural network model for estimating the operation indicators (disturbed soil volume, effective field capacity, draft force, and energy requirement) of ploughing units (tractor disc) in various soil conditions. The experiment involved two different factors, i.e., (Ι) soil texture index and (ΙΙ) field work index, and included soil moisture content, tractor engine power, soil bulk density, tillage speed, tillage depth, and tillage width, which were linked to one dimensionless index. We assessed the effectiveness of artificial neural network and multiple linear regression models between the values predicted and the actual values using the mean absolute error criterion to test data points. When the artificial neural network model was applied, the mean absolute error values for disturbed soil volume, effective field capacity, draft force, and energy requirement were 69.41 m 3 ·hr −1 , 0.04 ha·hr −1 , 1.24 kN, and 1.95 kw·hr·ha −1 , respectively. In order to evaluate the behaviour of new models, the coefficient R 2 was used as a criterion, where R 2 values in artificial neural network were 0.9872, 0.9553, 0.9948, and 0.9718, respectively, for the aforementioned testing dataset. Simultaneously, R 2 values in multiple linear regression were 0.7623, 0.696, 0.492, and 0.5572, respectively, for the same testing dataset. Based on these comparisons, it was clear that predictions using the artificial neural network models proposed are very satisfactory.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"119 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134956715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandr Veselovsky, Irina Troyanovskaya, Yurii Syromyatnikov, Sergey Voinash, Vladimir Malikov, Ramil Zagidullin, Linar Sabitov
Abstract The paper presents data on the resource and wear of the gears of agricultural tractor transmissions, on the basis of which the research problem and the novelty of the proposed methodology are formulated, based on the development and application of the stress state model of the gear, taking into account surface hardening. The methodology and calculation scheme for determining the power parameters of gearing are described in detail. In this case, the dependences and results of previous studies in the field of increasing the durability and reducing the wear of gears of transmission elements of vehicles of various functional purposes were used. To achieve this goal, the mathematical models of the stress state of gears are constructed without the presence of an external diffusion hardening coating and with a coating. Based on the simulation of the process of interaction of rubbing pairs of gears, the distribution of stresses in the contact zone over the surface layer of non-hardened and cemented to a depth of 1 mm gears, as well as the dependence of deflection on the thickness of the cemented layer and the deformation of the cemented layer during operation was established. Considering the research results given in literature, as well as those obtained on the basis of our own research, it should be noted that the analysis of gear stress state is an important direction in the study of the durability of gear units, the entire gearbox, and other gears of tractor transmissions and automotive technology at the present time. At the same time, the actual task is to establish the ratios of the allowable wear of gears and the limiting value of displacement of the centre distance, taking into account changes in the stress state scheme when using various types of coatings.
{"title":"Features of Wear of Gears of Agricultural Machinery","authors":"Aleksandr Veselovsky, Irina Troyanovskaya, Yurii Syromyatnikov, Sergey Voinash, Vladimir Malikov, Ramil Zagidullin, Linar Sabitov","doi":"10.2478/ata-2023-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2023-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presents data on the resource and wear of the gears of agricultural tractor transmissions, on the basis of which the research problem and the novelty of the proposed methodology are formulated, based on the development and application of the stress state model of the gear, taking into account surface hardening. The methodology and calculation scheme for determining the power parameters of gearing are described in detail. In this case, the dependences and results of previous studies in the field of increasing the durability and reducing the wear of gears of transmission elements of vehicles of various functional purposes were used. To achieve this goal, the mathematical models of the stress state of gears are constructed without the presence of an external diffusion hardening coating and with a coating. Based on the simulation of the process of interaction of rubbing pairs of gears, the distribution of stresses in the contact zone over the surface layer of non-hardened and cemented to a depth of 1 mm gears, as well as the dependence of deflection on the thickness of the cemented layer and the deformation of the cemented layer during operation was established. Considering the research results given in literature, as well as those obtained on the basis of our own research, it should be noted that the analysis of gear stress state is an important direction in the study of the durability of gear units, the entire gearbox, and other gears of tractor transmissions and automotive technology at the present time. At the same time, the actual task is to establish the ratios of the allowable wear of gears and the limiting value of displacement of the centre distance, taking into account changes in the stress state scheme when using various types of coatings.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"119 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michal Hruška, Jakub Povýšil, Sudeep Sangamesh Babu, Petr Vaculík, Petr Benda, Anna Maria Zifia, Martin Fůs, Nikita Vojtěchová, Stanislav Jelen
Abstract The topic of this article is a comparison of the speed of accommodation and the reading accuracy of conventional and digital rear-view mirrors. The data for the research described in this article was obtained through laboratory measurements using precise measuring techniques on a medium-sized, relatively heterogeneous group of users, consisting mainly of university students and employees. In the experiment, all research participants performed a series of test tasks on two identical passenger vehicles, where one was equipped with conventional side mirrors, while the other had digital side mirrors installed. The main reason for carrying out this study is to try to imitate a common situation where the driver is forced to drive a car with these modern technologies in normal traffic and to understand the specific issues associated with the use of this technology. The speed of accommodation and reading accuracy is a very important parameter in this regard, which is also important for maximizing road traffic safety. The data obtained from this research was subsequently subjected to selected statistical analysis. Results confirmed statistically significant differences in the speed of accommodation when reading data from conventional and digital mirrors. It has been shown that the use of digital mirror technology can have a direct negative effect on road safety, especially in combination with other negative effects given by the technical nature of the technology under investigation, such as image latency in digital displays.
{"title":"Comparison of Accommodation Speed and Reading Accuracy for Conventional and Digital Rear-View Mirrors with Emphasis on Overall Traffic Safety","authors":"Michal Hruška, Jakub Povýšil, Sudeep Sangamesh Babu, Petr Vaculík, Petr Benda, Anna Maria Zifia, Martin Fůs, Nikita Vojtěchová, Stanislav Jelen","doi":"10.2478/ata-2023-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2023-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The topic of this article is a comparison of the speed of accommodation and the reading accuracy of conventional and digital rear-view mirrors. The data for the research described in this article was obtained through laboratory measurements using precise measuring techniques on a medium-sized, relatively heterogeneous group of users, consisting mainly of university students and employees. In the experiment, all research participants performed a series of test tasks on two identical passenger vehicles, where one was equipped with conventional side mirrors, while the other had digital side mirrors installed. The main reason for carrying out this study is to try to imitate a common situation where the driver is forced to drive a car with these modern technologies in normal traffic and to understand the specific issues associated with the use of this technology. The speed of accommodation and reading accuracy is a very important parameter in this regard, which is also important for maximizing road traffic safety. The data obtained from this research was subsequently subjected to selected statistical analysis. Results confirmed statistically significant differences in the speed of accommodation when reading data from conventional and digital mirrors. It has been shown that the use of digital mirror technology can have a direct negative effect on road safety, especially in combination with other negative effects given by the technical nature of the technology under investigation, such as image latency in digital displays.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"119 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ján Kosiba, Gabriela Čurgaliová, Zdenko Tkáč, Juraj Jablonický, Liudmyla Hanushchak-Yefimenko, Tetiana Bukoros
Abstract This article deals with the testing of regulating and non-regulating hydraulic pumps in laboratory conditions. The laboratory test was carried out on the hydraulic device consisting of two separate hydraulic circuits (for testing the non-regulating hydraulic pump and regulating hydraulic pump). A throttle valve or proportional throttle valve is used for loading. During the laboratory tests, the flow efficiency of the non-regulating hydraulic pump at rotation speed n = 1,500 rpm (nominal speed) was η pp = 98.91% (0 MPa) and η pp = 94.97% (20 MPa), and for the regulating hydraulic pump, the values were η pp = 97.57% (0 MPa) and η pp = 94.54% (20 MPa). The determined values of flow efficiency of hydraulic pumps determine the correct operation of the experimental hydraulic laboratory equipment.
{"title":"Testing of Regulating and Non-Regulating Hydraulic Pumps","authors":"Ján Kosiba, Gabriela Čurgaliová, Zdenko Tkáč, Juraj Jablonický, Liudmyla Hanushchak-Yefimenko, Tetiana Bukoros","doi":"10.2478/ata-2023-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2023-0031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article deals with the testing of regulating and non-regulating hydraulic pumps in laboratory conditions. The laboratory test was carried out on the hydraulic device consisting of two separate hydraulic circuits (for testing the non-regulating hydraulic pump and regulating hydraulic pump). A throttle valve or proportional throttle valve is used for loading. During the laboratory tests, the flow efficiency of the non-regulating hydraulic pump at rotation speed n = 1,500 rpm (nominal speed) was η pp = 98.91% (0 MPa) and η pp = 94.97% (20 MPa), and for the regulating hydraulic pump, the values were η pp = 97.57% (0 MPa) and η pp = 94.54% (20 MPa). The determined values of flow efficiency of hydraulic pumps determine the correct operation of the experimental hydraulic laboratory equipment.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"119 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134956711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In order to meet the growing agricultural demands, modern machinery needs to be deployed and cheaper energy supply needs to be ensured. With advancements in artificial intelligence, fruit harvesting robots can improve both the quality and productivity of fruit picking and increase orange fruit exports. However, to ensure effective working of the fruit harvesting robot, an energy source that is both efficient and cost-effective is necessary. This paper aims at designing of a solar energy system for a lightweight fruit harvesting robot for orange orchards in Pakistan and conducting a feasibility study for the deployment of the robot for remote agricultural land. The site for fruit harvesting robot employment is decided by irradiance using random forest regression. Solar system sizing is done based on the design and energy requirements of the fruit harvesting robot. The Homer Pro software is used for simulation of the system to analyse the potential of using solar system for fruit harvesting robot in Sargodha, Pakistan. The results show that compared to hybrid system, a stand-alone system is a more cost effective, reliable, and efficient option with a payback time of 3.36 years and levelized cost of energy being $0.085 per unit kWh. This study proves that solar energy is a viable and cheaper solution for using modern agricultural machineries, like fruit harvesting robot, in remote areas in developing countries, like Pakistan, to enhance productivity and improving quality of the produce.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of a Solar Energy System for a Fruit Harvesting Robot in Pakistan","authors":"Sadaf Zeeshan, Tauseef Aized","doi":"10.2478/ata-2023-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2023-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In order to meet the growing agricultural demands, modern machinery needs to be deployed and cheaper energy supply needs to be ensured. With advancements in artificial intelligence, fruit harvesting robots can improve both the quality and productivity of fruit picking and increase orange fruit exports. However, to ensure effective working of the fruit harvesting robot, an energy source that is both efficient and cost-effective is necessary. This paper aims at designing of a solar energy system for a lightweight fruit harvesting robot for orange orchards in Pakistan and conducting a feasibility study for the deployment of the robot for remote agricultural land. The site for fruit harvesting robot employment is decided by irradiance using random forest regression. Solar system sizing is done based on the design and energy requirements of the fruit harvesting robot. The Homer Pro software is used for simulation of the system to analyse the potential of using solar system for fruit harvesting robot in Sargodha, Pakistan. The results show that compared to hybrid system, a stand-alone system is a more cost effective, reliable, and efficient option with a payback time of 3.36 years and levelized cost of energy being $0.085 per unit kWh. This study proves that solar energy is a viable and cheaper solution for using modern agricultural machineries, like fruit harvesting robot, in remote areas in developing countries, like Pakistan, to enhance productivity and improving quality of the produce.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"120 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134956705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petr Vaculík, Viera Kažimírová, Andrea Smejtková, Tomáš Jehlička
Abstract The paper presented is aimed at the determination of electricity consumption at selected dairy farms during milking employing automatic milking systems (AMS). The research was focused on the determination of electricity consumption during the performance of essential activities that are related to the AMS utilization, i.e., electricity consumption by a single AMS unit per day, by a single assembly compressor per day, by a single AMS unit and a single assembly compressor per day, per milking, and per 1 litre of milk. Measurements were conducted at eight dairy farms in Central Europe that house dairy cows of the black-spotted Holstein cattle breed. The cattle groups assessed comprised 95 to 105 animals subjected to milking over the entire observed period. On the basis of the measurements conducted, it was observed that the average amount of energy consumed per 1 litre of milked milk was 0.0232 kWh over the entire observed period. Regarding the essential activities, the results obtained indicate that the energy consumption throughout the year is relatively balanced, despite the fact that it is affected by a wide range of factors, including chiefly the herd management, as well as overall organization of entire farm, milk yield, health status of cattle, current climatic conditions, fodder quality, etc.
{"title":"Selected Parameters Affecting the Electricity Consumption of Automatic Milking Systems","authors":"Petr Vaculík, Viera Kažimírová, Andrea Smejtková, Tomáš Jehlička","doi":"10.2478/ata-2023-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2023-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presented is aimed at the determination of electricity consumption at selected dairy farms during milking employing automatic milking systems (AMS). The research was focused on the determination of electricity consumption during the performance of essential activities that are related to the AMS utilization, i.e., electricity consumption by a single AMS unit per day, by a single assembly compressor per day, by a single AMS unit and a single assembly compressor per day, per milking, and per 1 litre of milk. Measurements were conducted at eight dairy farms in Central Europe that house dairy cows of the black-spotted Holstein cattle breed. The cattle groups assessed comprised 95 to 105 animals subjected to milking over the entire observed period. On the basis of the measurements conducted, it was observed that the average amount of energy consumed per 1 litre of milked milk was 0.0232 kWh over the entire observed period. Regarding the essential activities, the results obtained indicate that the energy consumption throughout the year is relatively balanced, despite the fact that it is affected by a wide range of factors, including chiefly the herd management, as well as overall organization of entire farm, milk yield, health status of cattle, current climatic conditions, fodder quality, etc.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134956707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Kožuch, Ľubomír Hujo, Łukasz Muślewski, Marietta Markiewicz-Patalon
Abstract The paper deals with the dynamic and stationary testing of vehicle braking systems for a selected set of eight intercity buses in an unloaded state. In case of the dynamic test carried out on a defined test area, a decelerometer is used to record the braking deceleration of a set of vehicles, which is placed in the vehicle during the course of test. According to the methodical procedure, the vehicle is accelerated to a speed of 40 km·h -1 and subsequently braked with the maximum braking deceleration. Braking deceleration values recorded by the decelerometer were used to calculate vehicle braking. During the stationary test, a roller brake tester was used, on which the maximum braking forces on the front and rear axles of the vehicle are measured, and then, the braking of the vehicle is calculated from these values according to the methodical procedure. The calculated braking values of vehicles during the dynamic and stationary test are subsequently compared, where it is possible to observe the percentage difference of these values, which may be caused by several factors taken into account in the results of the paper.
{"title":"Dynamic and Stationary Testing of Vehicle Braking Systems","authors":"Peter Kožuch, Ľubomír Hujo, Łukasz Muślewski, Marietta Markiewicz-Patalon","doi":"10.2478/ata-2023-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2023-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper deals with the dynamic and stationary testing of vehicle braking systems for a selected set of eight intercity buses in an unloaded state. In case of the dynamic test carried out on a defined test area, a decelerometer is used to record the braking deceleration of a set of vehicles, which is placed in the vehicle during the course of test. According to the methodical procedure, the vehicle is accelerated to a speed of 40 km·h -1 and subsequently braked with the maximum braking deceleration. Braking deceleration values recorded by the decelerometer were used to calculate vehicle braking. During the stationary test, a roller brake tester was used, on which the maximum braking forces on the front and rear axles of the vehicle are measured, and then, the braking of the vehicle is calculated from these values according to the methodical procedure. The calculated braking values of vehicles during the dynamic and stationary test are subsequently compared, where it is possible to observe the percentage difference of these values, which may be caused by several factors taken into account in the results of the paper.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"119 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134956716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaginal inflammation represents a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by infection, inflammation, or disruption of vaginal microflora. The most common causes of vaginal infection are Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coliand Candida albicans. Antibiotic resistance is a major global problem, which can be mitigated by using natural antimicrobial substances such as essential oils. Each essential oil has an extremely complex composition (some essential oilshave over 200 components), which prevents microorganisms from developing resistance. Therefore, essential oils retain their effects.The aim of our study was to investigate antibacterial activity Melaleuca alternifolia, Achillea millefoliumand Cinnamomumcamphoravaginal suppositories, and see which essential oil has the strongest potential to be used as active ingredient for vaginal infections.The antimicrobial activity of the vaginal suppositories was examined using the disk diffusion method. Standard bacterial strains were used for the ATCC collection: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis)ATCC 51299, Escherichia coli (E. coli)ATCC 25922, Candida albicans (C. albicans)ATCC 10231.The results showed that Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil has an antimicrobial effect on all tested strains, with the strongest effect on Candida albicans(ZI 22.7 mm). Achillea millefoliumessential oil had no effect on Enterococcus faecalis, whereas Cinnamomum camphoraessential oil did not show zones of inhibition of Candida albicans.KEYWORDS:vaginal suppository, Melaleuca alternifolia, Achillea millefolium, Cinnamomum camphora,antimicrobial activity
{"title":"ACOMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF MELALEUCA ALTERNIFOLIA,ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUMAND CINNNAMOMUM CAMPHORAVAGINAL SUPPOSITORIES","authors":"Merima Ibišević, Saša Pilipović, Darja Husejnagić, Fadila Malohodžić, Alma Kulanić, Lejla Mustafić, Ermina Cilović Kozarević, Emir Horozić, Enida Karić","doi":"10.51558/2232-7568.2023.16.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51558/2232-7568.2023.16.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Vaginal inflammation represents a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by infection, inflammation, or disruption of vaginal microflora. The most common causes of vaginal infection are Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coliand Candida albicans. Antibiotic resistance is a major global problem, which can be mitigated by using natural antimicrobial substances such as essential oils. Each essential oil has an extremely complex composition (some essential oilshave over 200 components), which prevents microorganisms from developing resistance. Therefore, essential oils retain their effects.The aim of our study was to investigate antibacterial activity Melaleuca alternifolia, Achillea millefoliumand Cinnamomumcamphoravaginal suppositories, and see which essential oil has the strongest potential to be used as active ingredient for vaginal infections.The antimicrobial activity of the vaginal suppositories was examined using the disk diffusion method. Standard bacterial strains were used for the ATCC collection: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis)ATCC 51299, Escherichia coli (E. coli)ATCC 25922, Candida albicans (C. albicans)ATCC 10231.The results showed that Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil has an antimicrobial effect on all tested strains, with the strongest effect on Candida albicans(ZI 22.7 mm). Achillea millefoliumessential oil had no effect on Enterococcus faecalis, whereas Cinnamomum camphoraessential oil did not show zones of inhibition of Candida albicans.KEYWORDS:vaginal suppository, Melaleuca alternifolia, Achillea millefolium, Cinnamomum camphora,antimicrobial activity","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135605649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given that many synthetic medications can induce a variety of negative reactions in patients, a search for natural substances with minimal side effects in patients has been conducted. Nowadays,researchers are focusing on plant medicines, which have been used to heal illnesses since ancient times. The plant Crataegus monogynaJack. (hawthorn) is the most abuntant plant in the Rosaceae family that is also used in traditional medicine. C. monogyna's pharmaceutical, phytochemical, functional, and therapeutic qualities are based on a wide range of useful secondary metabolites, which include phenolic compound (flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins), vitamin C and antioxidants.Total (poly)phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins contents in C. monogynaJacq.extracts were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminium chloride and the pH differential methods, respectively. The extraction lasted 15to 120 min, with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:15 w/v and 1:30 w/v and solvents of 30% and 60% ethanol.According to the results, the extraction process has the highest velocity within the first 15 min, when the majority of (poly)phenols and flavonoids are extracted, but it becomes slower as time passes. Higher yields are obtained by utilizing a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 w/v rather than a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:15 w/v, which indicates that when the amount of drug increases over a certain optimal value, the resistance to mass transferfrom a solid material to liquid increases. Finally, the results about the impact of the ethanol contentin the solvent demonstrate that a larger ethanol content greatly favors the extraction of flavonoids, but this is not as evident for the extraction of total (poly)phenols and anthocyanins.KEYWORDS:anthocyanins, extraction, flavonoids, (poly)phenols
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON HAWTHORN(CRATAEGUS MONOGYNA JACK.)EXTRACTION","authors":"Nebojša Vasiljević, Vladan Mićić, Ljubica Vasiljević, Dragica Lazić, Milorad Tomić, Duško Kostić","doi":"10.51558/2232-7568.2023.16.1.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51558/2232-7568.2023.16.1.29","url":null,"abstract":"Given that many synthetic medications can induce a variety of negative reactions in patients, a search for natural substances with minimal side effects in patients has been conducted. Nowadays,researchers are focusing on plant medicines, which have been used to heal illnesses since ancient times. The plant Crataegus monogynaJack. (hawthorn) is the most abuntant plant in the Rosaceae family that is also used in traditional medicine. C. monogyna's pharmaceutical, phytochemical, functional, and therapeutic qualities are based on a wide range of useful secondary metabolites, which include phenolic compound (flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins), vitamin C and antioxidants.Total (poly)phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins contents in C. monogynaJacq.extracts were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminium chloride and the pH differential methods, respectively. The extraction lasted 15to 120 min, with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:15 w/v and 1:30 w/v and solvents of 30% and 60% ethanol.According to the results, the extraction process has the highest velocity within the first 15 min, when the majority of (poly)phenols and flavonoids are extracted, but it becomes slower as time passes. Higher yields are obtained by utilizing a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:30 w/v rather than a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:15 w/v, which indicates that when the amount of drug increases over a certain optimal value, the resistance to mass transferfrom a solid material to liquid increases. Finally, the results about the impact of the ethanol contentin the solvent demonstrate that a larger ethanol content greatly favors the extraction of flavonoids, but this is not as evident for the extraction of total (poly)phenols and anthocyanins.KEYWORDS:anthocyanins, extraction, flavonoids, (poly)phenols","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135606023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：