Š. Boďo, Gabriel Lüttmerding, R. Gálik, P. Kunc, I. Knížková, G. Gürdil
Abstract The paper presented is dedicated to investigation of the temperature-humidity index (THI) and its impacts on the performance parameters of dairy cattle. These parameters were recorded at four farms in the central Slovakia; the experiments took place three years. These parameters comprised milking time, time spent in the milking box, and connection time. The THI was calculated according to the standard formula and individual periods were established on the basis of achieved THI values. The results showed that the milking time and the time spent in the milking box were not reduced when the THI ranged from 68 to 71, with a daily milk yield of 28.96 kg. If the THI exceeded 72, the milking time and the time spent in the milking box were shortened, which was statistically confirmed. However, even with a daily milk yield of 31.27 kg, a reduction in the milking time and time spent in the milking box was reduced. This was caused by the THI higher than 68, which was also statistically confirmed. Based on the results obtained, the dairy cows respond to heat stress by reducing the milking time and reducing time spent in the milking box.
{"title":"Analysis of Selected Data from Robotic Milking Regarding to Heat Stress of Dairy Cows","authors":"Š. Boďo, Gabriel Lüttmerding, R. Gálik, P. Kunc, I. Knížková, G. Gürdil","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presented is dedicated to investigation of the temperature-humidity index (THI) and its impacts on the performance parameters of dairy cattle. These parameters were recorded at four farms in the central Slovakia; the experiments took place three years. These parameters comprised milking time, time spent in the milking box, and connection time. The THI was calculated according to the standard formula and individual periods were established on the basis of achieved THI values. The results showed that the milking time and the time spent in the milking box were not reduced when the THI ranged from 68 to 71, with a daily milk yield of 28.96 kg. If the THI exceeded 72, the milking time and the time spent in the milking box were shortened, which was statistically confirmed. However, even with a daily milk yield of 31.27 kg, a reduction in the milking time and time spent in the milking box was reduced. This was caused by the THI higher than 68, which was also statistically confirmed. Based on the results obtained, the dairy cows respond to heat stress by reducing the milking time and reducing time spent in the milking box.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41360380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Energy utilization and demand are increasing in the entire world, and most of the countries have to depend on renewable energy sources. As a renewable energy source, biodiesel produced from feedstock non-edible mahua oil (MO) can be used with a significant production capacity. In the current performance study, biodiesel was produced from high acid value non-edible MO. The mahua oil biodiesel (MOB) has similar properties as diesel and meets the biodiesel fuel standard. As running the engine with MOB is costlier compared to diesel, low-cost liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was taken as a partial substitute to reduce the operating cost. The dual-mode operation was enabled in the compression ignition (CI) engine by required retrofitting. The engine tests revealed that the MOB can be used as a substitute with LPG fumigation. Based on the cost of MO and engine performance study on mahua biodiesel, it was observed that mahua can serve as a renewable and sustainable energy source to meet the needs of energy and for the improvement in the rural economy.
{"title":"Studies on Mahua Oil Biodiesel as the Sustainable Fuel in Compression Ignition Engine","authors":"N. Kapilan, Sadashiva Prabhu S","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Energy utilization and demand are increasing in the entire world, and most of the countries have to depend on renewable energy sources. As a renewable energy source, biodiesel produced from feedstock non-edible mahua oil (MO) can be used with a significant production capacity. In the current performance study, biodiesel was produced from high acid value non-edible MO. The mahua oil biodiesel (MOB) has similar properties as diesel and meets the biodiesel fuel standard. As running the engine with MOB is costlier compared to diesel, low-cost liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was taken as a partial substitute to reduce the operating cost. The dual-mode operation was enabled in the compression ignition (CI) engine by required retrofitting. The engine tests revealed that the MOB can be used as a substitute with LPG fumigation. Based on the cost of MO and engine performance study on mahua biodiesel, it was observed that mahua can serve as a renewable and sustainable energy source to meet the needs of energy and for the improvement in the rural economy.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47320463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Abrahám, Tomáš Zubčák, R. Majdan, K. Kollárová, Eva Matejková, S. Masarovicová, R. Drlička
Abstract A driving wheel is a part of a tractor, which transmits forces from a tyre to the ground. Therefore, it affects the tractor movement and the pulling of an implement. The paper is aimed at a tractive performance evaluation of special driving wheels based on drawbar pull at 100%-slip. These wheels consist of steel spikes to be applied in the base or working position. The design is characterized by the spikes placed in a tyre-tread pattern. The rubber lugs of the tyre are higher than spikes, therefore, they are not in contact with the ground in the base position. The spikes in the working position exceed the tyre diameter to be in contact with the ground. Tests were performed on a grass plot at a relatively low soil moisture. The spike tyres were compared with the standard tyres using a sub-compact tractor. An increase in drawbar pull reached a statistically significant value of 15.9% in the 2nd gear and 16.7% in the 1st gear.
{"title":"Drawbar Performance of Tractor Tyres with Steel Spikes At 100%-Wheel Slip","authors":"R. Abrahám, Tomáš Zubčák, R. Majdan, K. Kollárová, Eva Matejková, S. Masarovicová, R. Drlička","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A driving wheel is a part of a tractor, which transmits forces from a tyre to the ground. Therefore, it affects the tractor movement and the pulling of an implement. The paper is aimed at a tractive performance evaluation of special driving wheels based on drawbar pull at 100%-slip. These wheels consist of steel spikes to be applied in the base or working position. The design is characterized by the spikes placed in a tyre-tread pattern. The rubber lugs of the tyre are higher than spikes, therefore, they are not in contact with the ground in the base position. The spikes in the working position exceed the tyre diameter to be in contact with the ground. Tests were performed on a grass plot at a relatively low soil moisture. The spike tyres were compared with the standard tyres using a sub-compact tractor. An increase in drawbar pull reached a statistically significant value of 15.9% in the 2nd gear and 16.7% in the 1st gear.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45988744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed Abu Ali, Eid Abd El-Rahman, Gamal El-Deen Nasr
Abstract A small-scale wheat cleaning machine was designed to winnow and separate grains from materials-other-than-grains (MOG), such as premature grains and chaff, in order to enhance the quality of grains. It was evaluated technically with respect to assessment criteria: cleanliness, grain loss, chaff rejection, and cleaning efficiency. Experiments were carried out at three levels of sieve slopes (5, 10, and 15°), two sieve reciprocating speeds (0.48 and 0.95 m·s−1), two levels of feed rates (1 and 1.5 kg·min−1), and three air velocities (5, 6 and 7 m·s−1). The results showed that, at sieve reciprocating speed of 0.95 m·s−1, the maximum cleanliness value was – 96.25% – observed at 1.5 kg·min−1 feed rate, 5 m·s−1 air velocity and 5° sieve slope. The minimum cleanliness value – 76.82% – was observed at a feed rate of 1 kg·min−1, 15° sieve slope, 7 m·s−1 air velocity, and 0.48 m·s−1 sieve reciprocating speed. The results showed that the use of either a very low, or a very high sieve slope angle and sieve reciprocating speed while using different air velocities and feed rates is not recommended.
{"title":"Design and Assessment of a Small-Scale Machine for Cleaning Wheat Grains","authors":"Mohamed Abu Ali, Eid Abd El-Rahman, Gamal El-Deen Nasr","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A small-scale wheat cleaning machine was designed to winnow and separate grains from materials-other-than-grains (MOG), such as premature grains and chaff, in order to enhance the quality of grains. It was evaluated technically with respect to assessment criteria: cleanliness, grain loss, chaff rejection, and cleaning efficiency. Experiments were carried out at three levels of sieve slopes (5, 10, and 15°), two sieve reciprocating speeds (0.48 and 0.95 m·s−1), two levels of feed rates (1 and 1.5 kg·min−1), and three air velocities (5, 6 and 7 m·s−1). The results showed that, at sieve reciprocating speed of 0.95 m·s−1, the maximum cleanliness value was – 96.25% – observed at 1.5 kg·min−1 feed rate, 5 m·s−1 air velocity and 5° sieve slope. The minimum cleanliness value – 76.82% – was observed at a feed rate of 1 kg·min−1, 15° sieve slope, 7 m·s−1 air velocity, and 0.48 m·s−1 sieve reciprocating speed. The results showed that the use of either a very low, or a very high sieve slope angle and sieve reciprocating speed while using different air velocities and feed rates is not recommended.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49226916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Nadykto, P. Findura, V. Kyurchev, Oleksander Orel
Abstract Currently, liquid biofuels, and especially biodiesel, are increasingly used. In terms of agricultural production, there arises an urgent question whether utilization of biofuels in agricultural tractors is feasible and efficient. Majority of results regarding the biodiesel use comes from bench tests of engines. However, work of any machine-tractor unit under real conditions, except for the steady-state mode of movement, includes acceleration mode after a turn, or after it was forced stop in the field. It has been established that the addition of sunflower methyl ester (SME) into conventional diesel (CD) leads to a decrease in the throttle response of a tractor engine during its field operation. Using 50% CD and 50% SME as fuel mixture, the tillage machine-tractor unit’s acceleration time increased by 16.6%. Operating on SME only, the unit’s acceleration time reached 50%. The acceleration process of a machine-tractor unit using fuel with addition of SME is non-linear. It consists of two parts: more intensive − with SME content in diesel fuel of up to 50%, and less intensive − with an increase in SME proportion over 50%. When using a mixture of CD with SME in a ratio of 50 : 50, the soil cultivation machine-tractor unit performance decreased by 7.2%, and fuel consumption per tilled area increased by 5.3%.
{"title":"Influence of Biodiesel on Performance of Machine-Tractor Units","authors":"V. Nadykto, P. Findura, V. Kyurchev, Oleksander Orel","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Currently, liquid biofuels, and especially biodiesel, are increasingly used. In terms of agricultural production, there arises an urgent question whether utilization of biofuels in agricultural tractors is feasible and efficient. Majority of results regarding the biodiesel use comes from bench tests of engines. However, work of any machine-tractor unit under real conditions, except for the steady-state mode of movement, includes acceleration mode after a turn, or after it was forced stop in the field. It has been established that the addition of sunflower methyl ester (SME) into conventional diesel (CD) leads to a decrease in the throttle response of a tractor engine during its field operation. Using 50% CD and 50% SME as fuel mixture, the tillage machine-tractor unit’s acceleration time increased by 16.6%. Operating on SME only, the unit’s acceleration time reached 50%. The acceleration process of a machine-tractor unit using fuel with addition of SME is non-linear. It consists of two parts: more intensive − with SME content in diesel fuel of up to 50%, and less intensive − with an increase in SME proportion over 50%. When using a mixture of CD with SME in a ratio of 50 : 50, the soil cultivation machine-tractor unit performance decreased by 7.2%, and fuel consumption per tilled area increased by 5.3%.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47984983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The performance of grain combine harvesters is determined by three factors: threshing power, losses and fuel consumption. Loss can be reduced by separating processes and providing a suitable mathematical model for each of them by examining and measuring the factors influencing loss and optimizing their function. This model is then to be used for the purposes of controlling the system. An important process that has a significant impact on combine loss is the cleaning system. This study modelled and optimized the function of a cleaning system using response surface methodology (RSM). Feed rate, fan speed, and upper sieve opening were considered independent variables; the percentage of grain passage, content of materials-other-than-grains (MOG), and semi threshed cluster (s.t.c.) passing through the upper sieve were viewed as dependent variables. The results showed a significant effect of all three independent variables on the percentage of free grains with a probability level of 0.01. However, not all interactions were significant. Moreover, it was found that only mechanical factors had a significant effect on the percentage of s.t.c. passing, while fan speed and all interactions showed no significant effect. All three independent variables significantly affected the MOG content passing. An appropriate exponential model was found for all three dependent variables. Subsequently, the optimal conditions were determined for the maximum passage of free grains through the upper sieve and the minimum MOG at 3.33 kg·s−1 feed rate, 742 rpm fan speed, and an upper sieve with 10 mm openings with a desirability of 0.84, based on RSM modelling.
{"title":"Optimized Mathematical Model of a Grain Cleaning System Functioning in a Combine Harvester using Response Surface Methodology","authors":"Ali Mirzazadeh, S. Abdollahpour, Mehdi Hakimzadeh","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The performance of grain combine harvesters is determined by three factors: threshing power, losses and fuel consumption. Loss can be reduced by separating processes and providing a suitable mathematical model for each of them by examining and measuring the factors influencing loss and optimizing their function. This model is then to be used for the purposes of controlling the system. An important process that has a significant impact on combine loss is the cleaning system. This study modelled and optimized the function of a cleaning system using response surface methodology (RSM). Feed rate, fan speed, and upper sieve opening were considered independent variables; the percentage of grain passage, content of materials-other-than-grains (MOG), and semi threshed cluster (s.t.c.) passing through the upper sieve were viewed as dependent variables. The results showed a significant effect of all three independent variables on the percentage of free grains with a probability level of 0.01. However, not all interactions were significant. Moreover, it was found that only mechanical factors had a significant effect on the percentage of s.t.c. passing, while fan speed and all interactions showed no significant effect. All three independent variables significantly affected the MOG content passing. An appropriate exponential model was found for all three dependent variables. Subsequently, the optimal conditions were determined for the maximum passage of free grains through the upper sieve and the minimum MOG at 3.33 kg·s−1 feed rate, 742 rpm fan speed, and an upper sieve with 10 mm openings with a desirability of 0.84, based on RSM modelling.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41423167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Hruby, L. Vacho, Ľ. Kubík, L. Tóth, Juraj Baláži, Patrik Kósa, Marián Kišev
Abstract This paper deals with the determination of the absolute errors of a small time of flight (ToF) distance sensor with respect to coloured surfaces at different illumination intensities. The aim was to determine the absolute error of the measured distance by the VL53L1X sensor when set to short-mode and long-mode at different illumination intensities: 10 lx and 350 lx depending on the coloured surface using regression analysis methods. The research was performed using 7 colour samples with different spectral colours determined according to the CIE Lab colour model. Based on the performed experiments, it was found that the error at different sensor settings, change of colour surface and different illumination intensity is approximated by a linear function only up to a certain measured distance. The process is influenced by proposed factors such as: illumination intensity, coloured surface with different illumination reflectance and signal-noise parameters of the tested sensor during the experiment.
{"title":"Characteristics of Distance Errors of Infrared Sensor Relation to Colour Surfaces","authors":"D. Hruby, L. Vacho, Ľ. Kubík, L. Tóth, Juraj Baláži, Patrik Kósa, Marián Kišev","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper deals with the determination of the absolute errors of a small time of flight (ToF) distance sensor with respect to coloured surfaces at different illumination intensities. The aim was to determine the absolute error of the measured distance by the VL53L1X sensor when set to short-mode and long-mode at different illumination intensities: 10 lx and 350 lx depending on the coloured surface using regression analysis methods. The research was performed using 7 colour samples with different spectral colours determined according to the CIE Lab colour model. Based on the performed experiments, it was found that the error at different sensor settings, change of colour surface and different illumination intensity is approximated by a linear function only up to a certain measured distance. The process is influenced by proposed factors such as: illumination intensity, coloured surface with different illumination reflectance and signal-noise parameters of the tested sensor during the experiment.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45535079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Presented paper aimed to employ the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid and simultaneous method for quality assessment of biochar samples made of agricultural waste materials (chatter bamboo; firewood; coconut shell). Spectral data were obtained in the wavelength range of 1000–2500 nm, while actual fixed carbon, volatile matter and ash contents were observed using standard chemical analysis. Moreover, prediction models were established using two different regression approaches: principal component regression and partial least square regression. Prediction performances were evaluated by assessment of several statistical indicators, such as correlation coefficient and ratio of prediction to deviation index. The results showed that PLS generated a better prediction performance with maximum r coefficient and RPD index – 0.89 and 2.26 for fixed carbon; 0.93 and 2.84 for volatile matter; 0.90 and 2.30 for ash content. Based on the results acquired, it can be concluded that NIRS is usable for the purposes of a rapid and simultaneous approach to biochar quality determination.
{"title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Rapid and Simultaneous Approach to Predict the Fixed Carbon, Volatile Matter and Ash Contents in Biochar Produced from Agricultural Residues","authors":"A. A. Munawar, Devianti, P. Satriyo, S. A. Bahari","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Presented paper aimed to employ the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid and simultaneous method for quality assessment of biochar samples made of agricultural waste materials (chatter bamboo; firewood; coconut shell). Spectral data were obtained in the wavelength range of 1000–2500 nm, while actual fixed carbon, volatile matter and ash contents were observed using standard chemical analysis. Moreover, prediction models were established using two different regression approaches: principal component regression and partial least square regression. Prediction performances were evaluated by assessment of several statistical indicators, such as correlation coefficient and ratio of prediction to deviation index. The results showed that PLS generated a better prediction performance with maximum r coefficient and RPD index – 0.89 and 2.26 for fixed carbon; 0.93 and 2.84 for volatile matter; 0.90 and 2.30 for ash content. Based on the results acquired, it can be concluded that NIRS is usable for the purposes of a rapid and simultaneous approach to biochar quality determination.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42104785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The paper presented examines the dynamics of wear of restored parts using different materials for the friction pair. The pair of crankshaft and sliding bearing largely determines the machine service life – although their overall wear index is less than 1%, it can still lead to a large number of failures and malfunctions. Vibrating arc overlaying in a shield of gas mixture of 60% argon and 40% carbon dioxide was used for restoring the surface of rollers. Subsequently, these were treated by heating with high-frequency current (HFC) and lowered to a hardness of 55±2 HRC and ground to the final size. It was found that the antifriction coating of plain bearings with electrochemical lead alloy ЕО92 showed excellent performance and insignificant wear in combination with reference material St45 and welded coating DUR500. In combination with electrochemical lead alloy ЕО92, the welded coating DUR500 showed a significantly higher wear on actuation compared to the reference material St45 at sliding friction. The relative wear resistance enhancement of crankshafts and bearings by restorative coatings represents an essential measure, as their service life can be prolonged by 20–50% in contrast to the new parts without restorative coatings.
{"title":"Abrasion Resistance of Restorative Coatings for Crankshafts and Bearings in Agricultural Machinery","authors":"P. Kangalov, M. Nikolov, I. Todorov","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper presented examines the dynamics of wear of restored parts using different materials for the friction pair. The pair of crankshaft and sliding bearing largely determines the machine service life – although their overall wear index is less than 1%, it can still lead to a large number of failures and malfunctions. Vibrating arc overlaying in a shield of gas mixture of 60% argon and 40% carbon dioxide was used for restoring the surface of rollers. Subsequently, these were treated by heating with high-frequency current (HFC) and lowered to a hardness of 55±2 HRC and ground to the final size. It was found that the antifriction coating of plain bearings with electrochemical lead alloy ЕО92 showed excellent performance and insignificant wear in combination with reference material St45 and welded coating DUR500. In combination with electrochemical lead alloy ЕО92, the welded coating DUR500 showed a significantly higher wear on actuation compared to the reference material St45 at sliding friction. The relative wear resistance enhancement of crankshafts and bearings by restorative coatings represents an essential measure, as their service life can be prolonged by 20–50% in contrast to the new parts without restorative coatings.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44797225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Shcherbak, L. Ganushchak-Yefimenko, O. Nifatova, J. Kosiba, T. Holota, V. Yatsenko
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of practical use of the Hackathon Platform for ecological protection of the university biosystem to prevent a new outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affects companies and population’s behaviour. The most significant change occurred in the attitude of companies to the environment from technical and technological points of view. To increase their production sustainability, these companies are looking at the possibilities of waste recovery through sustainable recycling, or recovery of waste as a source of secondary raw material. One of the simplest ways is to use agricultural waste for energy purposes, bringing bioenergy to the forefront as a new area of Industry 4.0. The ALARA model was used to assess the quality of six biosystem components (atmospheric air, water resources, soil layer, the level of land pollution with chemicals and littering by the unauthorized dumps; sufficient volume of green planting on the territory). This allowed the development of management decisions and environmental protection measures based on the system of calculated indicators of potential environmental damage for each of six biosystem components. The forecast of plan implementation: the quality of four from among six biosystem components (atmospheric air, water resources, soil layer, sufficient volume of green planting on the territory) will increase on average by 30–40%. A minor improvement in the quality of the other biosystem components (approx. by 10%) raises concerns about the high probability of a new outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"The Use of University Biosystem Environmental Protection Platform to Prevent a New Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"V. Shcherbak, L. Ganushchak-Yefimenko, O. Nifatova, J. Kosiba, T. Holota, V. Yatsenko","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of practical use of the Hackathon Platform for ecological protection of the university biosystem to prevent a new outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affects companies and population’s behaviour. The most significant change occurred in the attitude of companies to the environment from technical and technological points of view. To increase their production sustainability, these companies are looking at the possibilities of waste recovery through sustainable recycling, or recovery of waste as a source of secondary raw material. One of the simplest ways is to use agricultural waste for energy purposes, bringing bioenergy to the forefront as a new area of Industry 4.0. The ALARA model was used to assess the quality of six biosystem components (atmospheric air, water resources, soil layer, the level of land pollution with chemicals and littering by the unauthorized dumps; sufficient volume of green planting on the territory). This allowed the development of management decisions and environmental protection measures based on the system of calculated indicators of potential environmental damage for each of six biosystem components. The forecast of plan implementation: the quality of four from among six biosystem components (atmospheric air, water resources, soil layer, sufficient volume of green planting on the territory) will increase on average by 30–40%. A minor improvement in the quality of the other biosystem components (approx. by 10%) raises concerns about the high probability of a new outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48661316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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