Abstract The subject of this study was to evaluate the visible crop losses during the mechanized harvesting of grapes, assess the impacts of changes in the machine parameters and thus to look for the possibility of reducing losses when utilizing this method of harvesting. A comparison with the amount of losses arising from the manual harvesting was also monitored. The research results indicated the average amount of total losses of 1.10–5.62% of harvested crop when utilizing mechanized harvesting. The monitoring revealed the losses occurring in the area of columns in the supporting structure. These ranged from 0.2% to 0.53% of harvested crop. Losses during manual harvesting were found at an average of 1.09% or 1.78%. This research explored how losses due to mechanized grape harvesting can be reduced.
{"title":"Evaluation and Impacts of Grape Harvester Parameters on Harvest Losses","authors":"Martin Dočkalík, J. Jobbágy","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The subject of this study was to evaluate the visible crop losses during the mechanized harvesting of grapes, assess the impacts of changes in the machine parameters and thus to look for the possibility of reducing losses when utilizing this method of harvesting. A comparison with the amount of losses arising from the manual harvesting was also monitored. The research results indicated the average amount of total losses of 1.10–5.62% of harvested crop when utilizing mechanized harvesting. The monitoring revealed the losses occurring in the area of columns in the supporting structure. These ranged from 0.2% to 0.53% of harvested crop. Losses during manual harvesting were found at an average of 1.09% or 1.78%. This research explored how losses due to mechanized grape harvesting can be reduced.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"183 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47075791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kristyadi, D. Permana, Muhammad Pramuda Nugraha Sirodz, Encu Saefudin, I. Farkas
Abstract The performance and emission of a small diesel engine fuelled by commercial diesel fuel in Indonesia are present in this paper. Various commercial diesel fuels in Indonesia are produced and marketed by Pertamina. As the largest oil company in Indonesia, Pertamina has developed various diesel fuels, namely Solar, Biosolar (B30), Dexlite, and Pertadex. This study explains in more detail the performance, fuel consumption, and emission produced by the four types of fuels, and they were investigated experimentally using a single-cylinder diesel engine at various engine speeds, from 1,000 rpm to 4,500 rpm. The result shows the engine fuelled by Pertadex generates the highest power and torque, while the lowest is generated by the Biosolar fuelled engine. The maximum torque and power generated by the Pertadex fuelled engine are about 25.5 Nm and 7200 W, respectively. The engine fuelled by Pertadex has the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 0.3037 kg·kW·h, compared to the engines fuelled by the Dexlite, Solar, and Biosolar fuels, with values around 0.3127, 0.3215, and 0.3338 kg·kW·h, respectively. At the same time, the measurement of gas emissions, including CO2, CO, NOx, and HC was conducted simultaneously.
{"title":"Performance and Emission of Diesel Engine Fuelled by Commercial Bio-Diesel Fuels in Indonesia","authors":"T. Kristyadi, D. Permana, Muhammad Pramuda Nugraha Sirodz, Encu Saefudin, I. Farkas","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The performance and emission of a small diesel engine fuelled by commercial diesel fuel in Indonesia are present in this paper. Various commercial diesel fuels in Indonesia are produced and marketed by Pertamina. As the largest oil company in Indonesia, Pertamina has developed various diesel fuels, namely Solar, Biosolar (B30), Dexlite, and Pertadex. This study explains in more detail the performance, fuel consumption, and emission produced by the four types of fuels, and they were investigated experimentally using a single-cylinder diesel engine at various engine speeds, from 1,000 rpm to 4,500 rpm. The result shows the engine fuelled by Pertadex generates the highest power and torque, while the lowest is generated by the Biosolar fuelled engine. The maximum torque and power generated by the Pertadex fuelled engine are about 25.5 Nm and 7200 W, respectively. The engine fuelled by Pertadex has the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 0.3037 kg·kW·h, compared to the engines fuelled by the Dexlite, Solar, and Biosolar fuels, with values around 0.3127, 0.3215, and 0.3338 kg·kW·h, respectively. At the same time, the measurement of gas emissions, including CO2, CO, NOx, and HC was conducted simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"221 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47757718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Bulgakov, P. Findura, V. Nadykto, V. Kyurchev, M. Tikhovod
Abstract The yield of any crop depends on soil moisture. One of the moisture conservation technological methods is fallow in the form of soil mulch with a layer not exceeding a thickness of 5–6 cm. To create this, a harrow utilizing special working devices was designed. This paper presents the results obtained on the dynamics of changes in soil moisture in a fallow field treated with a new harrowing unit compared to a serial cultivator operating at a depth higher than 6 cm. It was observed that the soil moisture in the harrowed area of the fallow field was 1.4 times higher, while the moisture reserves were 2.2 times higher in contrast to the field with the agrotechnical environment, treated with the sweeps of a serial cultivator. The actual soil tillage depth uniformity reached with the new harrowing unit is higher in comparison to that of the basic cultivator unit because, according to the F-test, the dispersion of fluctuations in the field tillage depth by the former (0.64 cm2) is significantly less than that for the latter (3.24 cm2).
{"title":"Experimental Study of Two Fallow Field Treatment Influence Methods on Soil Moisture Dynamics","authors":"V. Bulgakov, P. Findura, V. Nadykto, V. Kyurchev, M. Tikhovod","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The yield of any crop depends on soil moisture. One of the moisture conservation technological methods is fallow in the form of soil mulch with a layer not exceeding a thickness of 5–6 cm. To create this, a harrow utilizing special working devices was designed. This paper presents the results obtained on the dynamics of changes in soil moisture in a fallow field treated with a new harrowing unit compared to a serial cultivator operating at a depth higher than 6 cm. It was observed that the soil moisture in the harrowed area of the fallow field was 1.4 times higher, while the moisture reserves were 2.2 times higher in contrast to the field with the agrotechnical environment, treated with the sweeps of a serial cultivator. The actual soil tillage depth uniformity reached with the new harrowing unit is higher in comparison to that of the basic cultivator unit because, according to the F-test, the dispersion of fluctuations in the field tillage depth by the former (0.64 cm2) is significantly less than that for the latter (3.24 cm2).","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"176 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42793834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This scientific article deals with cyclic corrosion testing of bimetallic joints in order to describe the influence of different surface treatment as a protection against galvanic corrosion on bimetallic materials. Multi-material body parts joined with advanced manufacturing technologies are used to achieve the required car properties. Metallic materials have different values of electronegativity and joining increases the risk of corrosion. Different types of coatings are used to prevent galvanic corrosion, but each increases investments and costs. Galvanic corrosion affects the lifecycle of the car. Cyclic corrosion testing provides replicable results to estimate the range of corrosion in a real environment. Test specimens from different materials were riveted and treated with various surface treatments. The method and design of samples preparation is unique and reflects the reality more than current methods. It has not yet been published in any literature. The corrosion test was performed for 6 weeks. Samples were subjected to a salt mist with temperatures of 25 °C and 50 °C, wetting and drying phases. The samples were evaluated according to the standard EN ISO 4628-1:2016. Microscopic and energy-dispersive analysis were performed. Tests have shown considerable galvanic corrosion on uncoated samples. On the samples with ecoated surface galvanic corrosion was not recorded.
摘要:这篇科学文章讨论了双金属接头的循环腐蚀试验，以描述不同的表面处理作为防止电偶腐蚀对双金属材料的影响。采用多种材料的车身部件，结合先进的制造技术，以实现所需的汽车性能。金属材料具有不同的电负性值，连接会增加腐蚀的风险。不同类型的涂层用于防止电偶腐蚀，但每一种都增加了投资和成本。电偶腐蚀影响汽车的使用寿命。循环腐蚀测试提供了可复制的结果，以估计在真实环境中的腐蚀范围。对不同材料的试样进行铆接，并进行不同的表面处理。样品制备的方法和设计是独特的，比现有的方法更能反映现实。它还没有在任何文献中发表。腐蚀试验进行6周。样品经受温度为25°C和50°C的盐雾，湿和干阶段。样品根据标准EN ISO 4628-1:2016进行评估。进行了显微和能量色散分析。试验表明，在未涂覆的样品上有相当大的电偶腐蚀。表面涂覆的样品没有电偶腐蚀记录。
{"title":"Corrosion Evaluation of Body in White Bimetallic Joints","authors":"Ján Lilko, M. Kotus, Martin Baráth, R. Drlička","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This scientific article deals with cyclic corrosion testing of bimetallic joints in order to describe the influence of different surface treatment as a protection against galvanic corrosion on bimetallic materials. Multi-material body parts joined with advanced manufacturing technologies are used to achieve the required car properties. Metallic materials have different values of electronegativity and joining increases the risk of corrosion. Different types of coatings are used to prevent galvanic corrosion, but each increases investments and costs. Galvanic corrosion affects the lifecycle of the car. Cyclic corrosion testing provides replicable results to estimate the range of corrosion in a real environment. Test specimens from different materials were riveted and treated with various surface treatments. The method and design of samples preparation is unique and reflects the reality more than current methods. It has not yet been published in any literature. The corrosion test was performed for 6 weeks. Samples were subjected to a salt mist with temperatures of 25 °C and 50 °C, wetting and drying phases. The samples were evaluated according to the standard EN ISO 4628-1:2016. Microscopic and energy-dispersive analysis were performed. Tests have shown considerable galvanic corrosion on uncoated samples. On the samples with ecoated surface galvanic corrosion was not recorded.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"190 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43079977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A mathematical analysis was done to find out the factors that affect the excavating force and power of a chain type trenching machine. The mathematical analysis showed that the excavating force and power of the chain type trenching machine are affected by tool cutting speed, tool-cutting angle, angle between cutting movement and vertical direction, trench depth and width, coefficient of friction between soil and metal, soil cohesion resistance, and soil specific weight. The results of field experiments showed that the theoretical excavating force (Ftt) was lower than the actual excavating force by 4.0 kN and 3.5 kN for the 1.2 m and 1.5 m trench depth, respectively. The theoretical excavating power (Pr) was lower than the actual excavating power by 3.8% and 2.8% at a trench depth of 1.2 m and 1.5 m, respectively.
{"title":"Mathematical Prediction of Excavating Force and Power of Chain Type Trenching Machine","authors":"M. Ghoni̇my, E. A. E. Rahman, A. Alzoheiry","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A mathematical analysis was done to find out the factors that affect the excavating force and power of a chain type trenching machine. The mathematical analysis showed that the excavating force and power of the chain type trenching machine are affected by tool cutting speed, tool-cutting angle, angle between cutting movement and vertical direction, trench depth and width, coefficient of friction between soil and metal, soil cohesion resistance, and soil specific weight. The results of field experiments showed that the theoretical excavating force (Ftt) was lower than the actual excavating force by 4.0 kN and 3.5 kN for the 1.2 m and 1.5 m trench depth, respectively. The theoretical excavating power (Pr) was lower than the actual excavating power by 3.8% and 2.8% at a trench depth of 1.2 m and 1.5 m, respectively.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"197 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43792289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Liquid mineral fertilizers (LMF) have a high sorption ability, can be metered precisely, and the intra-soil application of LMF is relevant. However, the agricultural equipment for this process that introduces the liquid fertilizer under processed soil layer in the form of a wide band has not yet been proposed. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the performance of a 102 mm wide rectangular discharge microchannel of the proposed soil tillage knife designed for deep tillage and intra-soil application of liquid fertilizers and to study the influence of the microchannel length (L) and slot height (h) on the uniformity of discharge. Solidworks Flow Simulation® was used during investigations, and simulation results were compared with experiment results. It has been determined that the effective slot height for water discharge at Vi = 3–4 m·s−1 is 0.1 (±0.01) mm, an effective microchannel length is 20 (±2) mm, and the influence of L depends on h. Sheet thickness will not change at a distance of 10–15 mm (b). Fall angle is 0–5°. In conclusion, the proposed discharge microchannel with asymmetrical feed is applicable for intra-soil application of LMF, and the surface tension effect has to be considered. A way to enhancing the sheet uniformity is the geometrical modification of feed channel shape.
摘要液体矿质肥料(LMF)具有较高的吸附能力，可以精确计量，与土壤中LMF的施用有关。然而，用于该工艺的以宽频带形式在处理过的土层下引入液肥的农业设备尚未提出。本研究的目的是评估所设计的用于深耕和土内施用液肥的土壤耕作刀的102 mm宽矩形放电微通道的性能，并研究微通道长度(L)和槽高(h)对放电均匀性的影响。在研究过程中使用Solidworks Flow Simulation®，并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明，在Vi = 3-4 m·s−1条件下，水排放的有效槽高为0.1(±0.01)mm，有效微通道长度为20(±2)mm, L的影响取决于h。在距离为10-15 mm (b)时，板厚不变。落角为0-5°。综上所述，非对称进料放电微通道适用于LMF的土内施用，但需考虑表面张力效应。提高板料均匀性的一种方法是对进料通道形状进行几何修饰。
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Tillage Knife Discharge Microchannel","authors":"Khozhakeldi Tanbayev, S. Nukeshev, A. Sugirbay","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Liquid mineral fertilizers (LMF) have a high sorption ability, can be metered precisely, and the intra-soil application of LMF is relevant. However, the agricultural equipment for this process that introduces the liquid fertilizer under processed soil layer in the form of a wide band has not yet been proposed. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the performance of a 102 mm wide rectangular discharge microchannel of the proposed soil tillage knife designed for deep tillage and intra-soil application of liquid fertilizers and to study the influence of the microchannel length (L) and slot height (h) on the uniformity of discharge. Solidworks Flow Simulation® was used during investigations, and simulation results were compared with experiment results. It has been determined that the effective slot height for water discharge at Vi = 3–4 m·s−1 is 0.1 (±0.01) mm, an effective microchannel length is 20 (±2) mm, and the influence of L depends on h. Sheet thickness will not change at a distance of 10–15 mm (b). Fall angle is 0–5°. In conclusion, the proposed discharge microchannel with asymmetrical feed is applicable for intra-soil application of LMF, and the surface tension effect has to be considered. A way to enhancing the sheet uniformity is the geometrical modification of feed channel shape.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"169 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43970505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The study dealt with the experimental and numerical assessment of the apple cultivar Golden Delicious (Malus domestica L.) at compressive loading in lateral direction. The development of fruit hemisphere behaviour was examined between two parallel plates. Apple samples were subjected to tests at different strain rates. The experiments were conducted at eleven velocities from 10 to 350 mm·min−1 for the purposes of achieving different strain rates. Compression tests of the fruits at different strain rates corresponded to the quasi-state loading. Impacts of loading rate and strain rate on force and stress at compression were studied. The material exhibited nonlinear behaviour of dependency of stresses on strains, but linear viscoelastic behaviour of dependency of stresses on strain rate. The application possibilities of Kelvin-Voight viscoelastic model were evaluated. Forces, strains, stresses and the apparent moduli of elasticity were evaluated for the detection of fruit damage at different strain rates.
{"title":"Compressive Loading of Apple Cultivar Golden Delicious","authors":"Ľ. Kubík, V. Kažimírová, M. Božiková","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study dealt with the experimental and numerical assessment of the apple cultivar Golden Delicious (Malus domestica L.) at compressive loading in lateral direction. The development of fruit hemisphere behaviour was examined between two parallel plates. Apple samples were subjected to tests at different strain rates. The experiments were conducted at eleven velocities from 10 to 350 mm·min−1 for the purposes of achieving different strain rates. Compression tests of the fruits at different strain rates corresponded to the quasi-state loading. Impacts of loading rate and strain rate on force and stress at compression were studied. The material exhibited nonlinear behaviour of dependency of stresses on strains, but linear viscoelastic behaviour of dependency of stresses on strain rate. The application possibilities of Kelvin-Voight viscoelastic model were evaluated. Forces, strains, stresses and the apparent moduli of elasticity were evaluated for the detection of fruit damage at different strain rates.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"144 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47260041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The research presented supported a comprehensive assessment of the condition of real oil samples of the HM quality class and VG 46 viscosity grade as functions of oil usage time in the hydraulic system of two round timber sorting and transport carriages (RSTWI and RSTWII) Baljer & Zembrod intended for handling wood logs by following the degradation and concentration of abrasive metals in the oil. The oil data were collected every Δ = 500 operating hours during one year by off-line monitoring of hydraulic oil. Measured values were compared to the acceptability limits. Multivariate associations were analysed using a principal component analysis (PCA; Statistica 12.0) to describe the patterns of co-variation among the examined traits. Based on the data obtained, it was observed that the oil in RSTWI was more oxidatively stressed in contrast to the oil in RSTWII despite it being subjected to an excessive wear mode.
{"title":"Changes in the Key Physicochemical Parameters and Selected Trace Elements of Oil Due to Its Use in Hydraulic System of Woodworking Equipment","authors":"M. Kučera, M. Hnilicová","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The research presented supported a comprehensive assessment of the condition of real oil samples of the HM quality class and VG 46 viscosity grade as functions of oil usage time in the hydraulic system of two round timber sorting and transport carriages (RSTWI and RSTWII) Baljer & Zembrod intended for handling wood logs by following the degradation and concentration of abrasive metals in the oil. The oil data were collected every Δ = 500 operating hours during one year by off-line monitoring of hydraulic oil. Measured values were compared to the acceptability limits. Multivariate associations were analysed using a principal component analysis (PCA; Statistica 12.0) to describe the patterns of co-variation among the examined traits. Based on the data obtained, it was observed that the oil in RSTWI was more oxidatively stressed in contrast to the oil in RSTWII despite it being subjected to an excessive wear mode.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"137 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44578585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Pourdarbani, S. Ardabili, Ebrahim Akbarpouran, J. L. Hernández-Hernández
Abstract Currently, more than half of the road transport fleet uses diesel engines, which are often identified as the primary source of air pollution. This parameter is enough to optimize engine performance and emissions. The engine optimization can be done using several methods, the most notably by modifying the engine structure, changing the type of fuel using additives and biofuels, or achieving the optimal operating range of the engine. Modifying the engine structure and addition of different kinds of materials to optimize fuel is not recommended either due to necessity of vast time input, financial resources, or extensive research. However, the third way to achieve optimal engine performance conditions can be the most accessible option. According to the results, the best operational load for diesel engine is approx. 94–95% of the full load from the multi-objective optimization point of view, indicating that the optimum load can be achieved before the full load condition. At this point, the operator can achieve the brake power of 198.45 kW and brake thermal efficiency of 40.7% in the presence of brake specific fuel consumption of 0.226 kg·kWh−1. At this condition, CO2 emission is 124.85 g·kWh−1, NOx emission 7.34 g·kWh−1, CO emission 0.6 g·kWh−1, unburnt hydrocarbon emission approx. 0.009 g·kWh−1, and soot formation approx. 0.006 g·kWh−1. This point is equal to the exergy efficiency of approx. 35% and the exergy destruction of approx. 45%. In terms of endpoint results, this condition achieved the impact indices of 7.96E-007 in terms of human health, 0.105 PDF·m2·yr. in terms of ecosystem quality, 0.24 kg CO2 eq. in terms of climate change, and 12.96 MJ in terms of resources.
{"title":"Exergo-Environmental Optimization of a Diesel Engine","authors":"R. Pourdarbani, S. Ardabili, Ebrahim Akbarpouran, J. L. Hernández-Hernández","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Currently, more than half of the road transport fleet uses diesel engines, which are often identified as the primary source of air pollution. This parameter is enough to optimize engine performance and emissions. The engine optimization can be done using several methods, the most notably by modifying the engine structure, changing the type of fuel using additives and biofuels, or achieving the optimal operating range of the engine. Modifying the engine structure and addition of different kinds of materials to optimize fuel is not recommended either due to necessity of vast time input, financial resources, or extensive research. However, the third way to achieve optimal engine performance conditions can be the most accessible option. According to the results, the best operational load for diesel engine is approx. 94–95% of the full load from the multi-objective optimization point of view, indicating that the optimum load can be achieved before the full load condition. At this point, the operator can achieve the brake power of 198.45 kW and brake thermal efficiency of 40.7% in the presence of brake specific fuel consumption of 0.226 kg·kWh−1. At this condition, CO2 emission is 124.85 g·kWh−1, NOx emission 7.34 g·kWh−1, CO emission 0.6 g·kWh−1, unburnt hydrocarbon emission approx. 0.009 g·kWh−1, and soot formation approx. 0.006 g·kWh−1. This point is equal to the exergy efficiency of approx. 35% and the exergy destruction of approx. 45%. In terms of endpoint results, this condition achieved the impact indices of 7.96E-007 in terms of human health, 0.105 PDF·m2·yr. in terms of ecosystem quality, 0.24 kg CO2 eq. in terms of climate change, and 12.96 MJ in terms of resources.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"157 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44960439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Reza Abbaspour Gilandeh, Gholamhossein Shahgholi, Yousef Abbaspour Gilandeh
Abstract The final yield of agricultural products depends on the effective factors during the growing season of plants, especially the size of soil aggregates and proper size distribution of aggregates. Therefore, it is very important to select appropriate tillage implement and to provide a suitable seedbed in terms of aggregate size with the least energy consumption. It is a new idea to use paraplough and winged-paraplough as tools for seedbed preparation. To measure and determine the factors affecting the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates and percentage of crop residues on the soil surface, a series of field trials were performed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five replications. The trials were conducted at three forward speeds of 2, 5 and 7 km·h−1 and three operating depths of 0–10; 0–20; 0–30 cm using the mouldboard plough and the paraplough with different wing configurations (without wings, with forward wings, with backward wings). The main impacts of implemented type, forward speed and operating depth and their mutual binary effects were significant at P <1% for both the MWD of aggregates and percentage of remaining residue. The highest MWD of aggregates was related to mouldboard plough (5.59 mm) and the lowest value was related to paraplough with backward wings (2.9 mm). It was found that the winged paraplough created a good pulverization in the soil and sustained a high percentage of crop residues on the soil surface. This issue can be very useful and important in the conservation tillage and the conservation of soil resources, especially in the water deficient areas where the soil is prone to erosion.
{"title":"Paraplough and Mouldboard Plow Performance Evaluation for Seedbed Preparation and Supporting Conservation Tillage","authors":"Mohammad Reza Abbaspour Gilandeh, Gholamhossein Shahgholi, Yousef Abbaspour Gilandeh","doi":"10.2478/ata-2022-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ata-2022-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The final yield of agricultural products depends on the effective factors during the growing season of plants, especially the size of soil aggregates and proper size distribution of aggregates. Therefore, it is very important to select appropriate tillage implement and to provide a suitable seedbed in terms of aggregate size with the least energy consumption. It is a new idea to use paraplough and winged-paraplough as tools for seedbed preparation. To measure and determine the factors affecting the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates and percentage of crop residues on the soil surface, a series of field trials were performed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five replications. The trials were conducted at three forward speeds of 2, 5 and 7 km·h−1 and three operating depths of 0–10; 0–20; 0–30 cm using the mouldboard plough and the paraplough with different wing configurations (without wings, with forward wings, with backward wings). The main impacts of implemented type, forward speed and operating depth and their mutual binary effects were significant at P <1% for both the MWD of aggregates and percentage of remaining residue. The highest MWD of aggregates was related to mouldboard plough (5.59 mm) and the lowest value was related to paraplough with backward wings (2.9 mm). It was found that the winged paraplough created a good pulverization in the soil and sustained a high percentage of crop residues on the soil surface. This issue can be very useful and important in the conservation tillage and the conservation of soil resources, especially in the water deficient areas where the soil is prone to erosion.","PeriodicalId":43089,"journal":{"name":"Acta Technologica Agriculturae","volume":"25 1","pages":"105 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47494998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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