After the collapse of the Soviet Union into 15 independent states in December 1991, including the Russian Federation, there was a real opportunity to reset relations between Moscow and Islamabad. The Russian Federation did not take advantage of the new geopolitical situation to significantly improve mutual relations in the last decade of the twentieth century. However, in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, there was an intensification of political, economic and military relations between the two countries, which fluctuated. The author focused in the article on the premises that underline the improvement of mutual relations in these three areas. The premises that have inhibited and inhibit more intensive cooperation, especially in the political and economic fields, were also presented. In the end was formulated a few conclusions.
{"title":"Stosunki rosyjsko-pakistańskie. Aspekty polityczne, gospodarcze i militarne","authors":"Robert Jakimowicz","doi":"10.15804/ksm20230302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/ksm20230302","url":null,"abstract":"After the collapse of the Soviet Union into 15 independent states in December 1991, including the Russian Federation, there was a real opportunity to reset relations between Moscow and Islamabad. The Russian Federation did not take advantage of the new geopolitical situation to significantly improve mutual relations in the last decade of the twentieth century. However, in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, there was an intensification of political, economic and military relations between the two countries, which fluctuated. The author focused in the article on the premises that underline the improvement of mutual relations in these three areas. The premises that have inhibited and inhibit more intensive cooperation, especially in the political and economic fields, were also presented. In the end was formulated a few conclusions.","PeriodicalId":431204,"journal":{"name":"Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135562544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Second World War caused the collapse of the rules prevailing in the world so far. The cruelty of warfare, which also affected civilians, made the international community aware that the principles of humanitarianism adopted so far are insufficient. The world demanded that war criminals be brought to justice. At that point, no international court existed to take on the challenge. Two tribunals were established – the International Military Tribunal based in Nuremberg and the International Tribunal for the Far East based in Tokyo, whose task was to try the most serious crimes committed during II World War. The civilian population, especially women, suffered from sexual violence and rape. The International Tribunal for the Far East did not remain silent on the subject of sex crimes and undertook to judge war criminals who were also responsible for rapes. The actions of the International Tribunal for the Far East were one of the first steps in history in the field of punishing the crime of rape committed during armed conflicts and influenced the development of international criminal law in this area.
{"title":"Wpływ Międzynarodowego Trybunału dla Dalekiego Wschodu na rozwój Międzynarodowego Prawa Humanitarnego Konfliktów Zbrojnych w aspekcie przemocy seksualnej","authors":"Agnieszka Szych","doi":"10.15804/ksm20230303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/ksm20230303","url":null,"abstract":"The Second World War caused the collapse of the rules prevailing in the world so far. The cruelty of warfare, which also affected civilians, made the international community aware that the principles of humanitarianism adopted so far are insufficient. The world demanded that war criminals be brought to justice. At that point, no international court existed to take on the challenge. Two tribunals were established – the International Military Tribunal based in Nuremberg and the International Tribunal for the Far East based in Tokyo, whose task was to try the most serious crimes committed during II World War. The civilian population, especially women, suffered from sexual violence and rape. The International Tribunal for the Far East did not remain silent on the subject of sex crimes and undertook to judge war criminals who were also responsible for rapes. The actions of the International Tribunal for the Far East were one of the first steps in history in the field of punishing the crime of rape committed during armed conflicts and influenced the development of international criminal law in this area.","PeriodicalId":431204,"journal":{"name":"Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie","volume":"9 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135561027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russia’s war in Ukraine has been ongoing since 2014, but initially Russian actions took the form of a hybrid war. Ukraine was in peaceful relations with the rest of the world when Russia seized Ukraine’s Crimea without a declaration of war and waged war in Donbass. Its full-scale scope, launched on February 24, 2022, was unprecedented in post-war Europe and caused several million people living in the invaded country to leave Ukrainian territory. The purpose of this article is to show how organizations and institutions in Munich are addressing the influx of refugees into the city, including refugees from Ukraine. As a research hypothesis, it was assumed that in Germany, including Munich, the German experience of 2015 and subsequent years in accepting newcomers from the Middle East played a huge role in solving the problems of refugees from Ukraine after February 24, 2022. The basic research problems are contained in questions such as: what changes in asylum law have been made in Germany by the federal government; who in the city of Munich is entitled to assistance and what benefits does it cover?; what is the assistance to refugees provided by the Office for Housing and Migration in Munich?; what does the Office for the Prevention of Homelessness do?; what are the tasks of the Local Mediation Office?; what are the competencies of the so-called Social Service for the Deaf?; what is the scope of activities of the Office of Return Assistance?; what are the return offices in Bavaria?; what are the activities of the Office for Intercultural Work?; what is the scope of activities of the Foreign Qualification Development Service Center? The leading research method used in the research conducted is institutionallegal analysis.
{"title":"Instytucje i organizacje w Monachium na rzecz uchodźców – wybrane aspekty","authors":"Teresa Astramowicz-Leyk","doi":"10.15804/ksm20230306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/ksm20230306","url":null,"abstract":"Russia’s war in Ukraine has been ongoing since 2014, but initially Russian actions took the form of a hybrid war. Ukraine was in peaceful relations with the rest of the world when Russia seized Ukraine’s Crimea without a declaration of war and waged war in Donbass. Its full-scale scope, launched on February 24, 2022, was unprecedented in post-war Europe and caused several million people living in the invaded country to leave Ukrainian territory. The purpose of this article is to show how organizations and institutions in Munich are addressing the influx of refugees into the city, including refugees from Ukraine. As a research hypothesis, it was assumed that in Germany, including Munich, the German experience of 2015 and subsequent years in accepting newcomers from the Middle East played a huge role in solving the problems of refugees from Ukraine after February 24, 2022. The basic research problems are contained in questions such as: what changes in asylum law have been made in Germany by the federal government; who in the city of Munich is entitled to assistance and what benefits does it cover?; what is the assistance to refugees provided by the Office for Housing and Migration in Munich?; what does the Office for the Prevention of Homelessness do?; what are the tasks of the Local Mediation Office?; what are the competencies of the so-called Social Service for the Deaf?; what is the scope of activities of the Office of Return Assistance?; what are the return offices in Bavaria?; what are the activities of the Office for Intercultural Work?; what is the scope of activities of the Foreign Qualification Development Service Center? The leading research method used in the research conducted is institutionallegal analysis.","PeriodicalId":431204,"journal":{"name":"Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135561556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the beginning of the 1830s, mass emigration from Poland, not occurring on such a scale before, was noted, mainly for political reasons (especially after the defeats of the November and January uprisings). The emigration trend continued throughout practically the entire 20th century. It entered the history of Poles, especially the war and post-war period. The coming to power of the communists generated many problems. For political reasons, many dissidents sought freedom outside enslaved Poland. Many of them voluntarily and also under the compulsion of the then “people’s” government. There were two main centers of the political and cultural life of the Polish diaspora – in London and Paris. The Literary Institute, with its founder Jerzy Giedroyc and collaborator Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, played a significant role in the post-war period. Both, despite having different experiences and visions of a free and independent Poland, unanimously saw emigration as a specific form of struggle against the communist regime in Poland. They saw help and weapons in this struggle in the spoken and written word, through which they influenced both the Polish diaspora in many countries and their compatriots in Poland, which was subjugated by communists. They noticed the entire complexity of the problems faced by Polish emigrants, especially those arriving abroad at the beginning of the 1980s. Their accurate diagnoses and advice were not always accepted by the Polish diaspora. The interviews with them in a retrospective form reflect the atmosphere and spirit of the difficult and complex reality of that time.
{"title":"Emigracyjne konstatacje Jerzego Giedroycia i Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego z 1983 r. Perspektywa francuska i włoska","authors":"Paweł Glugla","doi":"10.15804/ksm20230305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/ksm20230305","url":null,"abstract":"From the beginning of the 1830s, mass emigration from Poland, not occurring on such a scale before, was noted, mainly for political reasons (especially after the defeats of the November and January uprisings). The emigration trend continued throughout practically the entire 20th century. It entered the history of Poles, especially the war and post-war period. The coming to power of the communists generated many problems. For political reasons, many dissidents sought freedom outside enslaved Poland. Many of them voluntarily and also under the compulsion of the then “people’s” government. There were two main centers of the political and cultural life of the Polish diaspora – in London and Paris. The Literary Institute, with its founder Jerzy Giedroyc and collaborator Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, played a significant role in the post-war period. Both, despite having different experiences and visions of a free and independent Poland, unanimously saw emigration as a specific form of struggle against the communist regime in Poland. They saw help and weapons in this struggle in the spoken and written word, through which they influenced both the Polish diaspora in many countries and their compatriots in Poland, which was subjugated by communists. They noticed the entire complexity of the problems faced by Polish emigrants, especially those arriving abroad at the beginning of the 1980s. Their accurate diagnoses and advice were not always accepted by the Polish diaspora. The interviews with them in a retrospective form reflect the atmosphere and spirit of the difficult and complex reality of that time.","PeriodicalId":431204,"journal":{"name":"Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135562534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Joanna Marszałek-Kawa, Katarzyna Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz (red.), Stosunki chińsko-amerykańskie w warunkach rozwoju nowoczesnych technologii, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2020, ss. 250","authors":"Gabriela Radziwonowska","doi":"10.15804/ksm20230211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/ksm20230211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":431204,"journal":{"name":"Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dwie odpowiedzi na dwie recenzje","authors":"Bogusław Górka","doi":"10.15804/ksm20230313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/ksm20230313","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":431204,"journal":{"name":"Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135562834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Undoubtedly, Russia occupies a distinct position within the political landscape, differentiating it from Western democracies that themselves exhibit considerable variation. This uniqueness can be attributed, in part, to Russia’s geographic characteristics, encompassing diverse subdivisions characterized by variations in population, natural resources, territorial expanse, and distance from the central authority. However, what truly distinguishes Russia is its contemporary history and recent experiences with federalization— a framework that has defined its operations since it became the Russian Federation following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The objective of this paper is to analyze the distinctive features of Russian federalism in its early stages, employing a comparative perspective against the Spanish case, in order to ascertain the consequences of the legal, organizational, and territorial arrangements established during Russia’s early democratization period. The focus is to evaluate the implications of these changes on the establishment of a legally-binding democracy and a well-functioning federation, ultimately questioning whether Russia genuinely qualifies for either of these classifications.
{"title":"Democratization and federalization. A comparative perspective between Russia’s and Spain’s early forays into a federal system","authors":"Adrián Peñate Suárez","doi":"10.15804/ksm20230204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/ksm20230204","url":null,"abstract":"Undoubtedly, Russia occupies a distinct position within the political landscape, differentiating it from Western democracies that themselves exhibit considerable variation. This uniqueness can be attributed, in part, to Russia’s geographic characteristics, encompassing diverse subdivisions characterized by variations in population, natural resources, territorial expanse, and distance from the central authority. However, what truly distinguishes Russia is its contemporary history and recent experiences with federalization— a framework that has defined its operations since it became the Russian Federation following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The objective of this paper is to analyze the distinctive features of Russian federalism in its early stages, employing a comparative perspective against the Spanish case, in order to ascertain the consequences of the legal, organizational, and territorial arrangements established during Russia’s early democratization period. The focus is to evaluate the implications of these changes on the establishment of a legally-binding democracy and a well-functioning federation, ultimately questioning whether Russia genuinely qualifies for either of these classifications.","PeriodicalId":431204,"journal":{"name":"Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research, which is proposed for the consideration of the scientific community, the author analyzes the essence of the concept of “economic offense”, studies, and summarizes scientific approaches to grounds for economic liability. A separate section of the research is the issue of understanding the essence of the economic offense as a ground for compensation for non-pecuniary damage to business entities. Based on the study and analysis of theoretical research on relevant issues, the author argues that universal characteristics of an economic offence are elements of its composition, and the sufficient ground for liability for non-pecuniary damage to business entities is the economic offense. At the same time, all other grounds for economic liability, which are distinguished by some scholars as independent grounds, incl. law ground, economic legal personality, and certain aspects (or conditions) of economic offense, are not separate grounds but comprise the economic offense’s composition. In addition, the author identifies and studies the elements of the economic offense’s composition as a ground for compensation for non-pecuniary damage to business entities. It is established that they are the object, the objective element, the subject, the subjective aspect. Thus, the research findings allow concluding that the economic offense may have a full or reduced composition, depending on the legal requirements for a particular element of the offense. Moreover, the most controversial issues concerning economic offenses, including the subjective aspect of the economic offense or the guilt of the business entity, are highlighted as ones which require further detailed scientific research.
{"title":"ECONOMIC OFFENSE AS A GROUND FOR COMPENSATION FOR NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGE TO BUSINESS ENTITIES","authors":"L. Oliinyk","doi":"10.15804/ksm20220106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/ksm20220106","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, which is proposed for the consideration of the scientific community, the author analyzes the essence of the concept of “economic offense”, studies, and summarizes scientific approaches to grounds for economic liability. A separate section of the research is the issue of understanding the essence of the economic offense as a ground for compensation for non-pecuniary damage to business entities. Based on the study and analysis of theoretical research on relevant issues, the author argues that universal characteristics of an economic offence are elements of its composition, and the sufficient ground for liability for non-pecuniary damage to business entities is the economic offense. At the same time, all other grounds for economic liability, which are distinguished by some scholars as independent grounds, incl. law ground, economic legal personality, and certain aspects (or conditions) of economic offense, are not separate grounds but comprise the economic offense’s composition. In addition, the author identifies and studies the elements of the economic offense’s composition as a ground for compensation for non-pecuniary damage to business entities. It is established that they are the object, the objective element, the subject, the subjective aspect. Thus, the research findings allow concluding that the economic offense may have a full or reduced composition, depending on the legal requirements for a particular element of the offense. Moreover, the most controversial issues concerning economic offenses, including the subjective aspect of the economic offense or the guilt of the business entity, are highlighted as ones which require further detailed scientific research.","PeriodicalId":431204,"journal":{"name":"Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121486196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of determining the location of the main events of the Battle of Zhovti Vody in 1648 is considered. The Battle of Zhovti Vody, which changed the course of history not only in Ukraine and Poland but also in other European countries, is still poorly studied. There is no definitive answer to some key questions, such as the location of the « Urochishche Zhovti Vody», the place where the registered Cossacks joined Bohdan Khmelnitsky. Based on the analysis of sources and cartographic information, as well as a personal study of the area, the author draws conclusions about the location of the besieged Polish camp, the location of Kamenny Zaton. The author draws attention for the first time to special marks on one of the versions of the General Map of Ukraine by Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan published by Willem Hondius in 1648, related to the Battle of Zhovti Vody. The study used a comparative analysis of historical maps and critical analysis of sources, regardless of the influence and authority of the authors. Identification and analysis of contradictions in the available empirical material led to the search for effective ways to eliminate them. As a result of the research, it became possible for the first time to locate the places of the main events of the beginning of the national liberation struggles of the Ukrainian people in the middle of the 17th century.
确定1648年佐夫提沃迪战役主要事件的地点的问题被考虑。不仅改变了乌克兰和波兰的历史进程，也改变了其他欧洲国家的历史进程的佐夫蒂沃季战役，至今仍未得到充分的研究。一些关键问题没有明确的答案，比如«Urochishche Zhovti Vody»的位置，注册哥萨克加入Bohdan Khmelnitsky的地方。根据对资料来源和地图资料的分析，以及对该地区的个人研究，作者得出了关于被围困的波兰营地的位置，即Kamenny Zaton的位置的结论。作者首次提请注意威廉·洪迪乌斯(Willem Hondius)于1648年出版的纪尧姆·勒瓦瑟尔·德·博普兰(Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan)绘制的乌克兰总地图的一个版本上的特殊标记，该地图与若夫提沃迪战役有关。该研究不考虑作者的影响力和权威，对历史地图进行了比较分析，并对资料来源进行了批判性分析。对现有经验材料中矛盾的识别和分析导致寻找消除它们的有效方法。研究的结果是，第一次有可能确定17世纪中叶乌克兰人民民族解放斗争开始时的主要事件的地点。
{"title":"ISSUES RELATED TO THE TERRITORIAL LOCATION OF THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE BATTLE OF ZHOVTI VODY IN 1648","authors":"Halina Soldatenko","doi":"10.15804/ksm20220108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/ksm20220108","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of determining the location of the main events of the Battle of Zhovti Vody in 1648 is considered. The Battle of Zhovti Vody, which changed the course of history not only in Ukraine and Poland but also in other European countries, is still poorly studied. There is no definitive answer to some key questions, such as the location of the « Urochishche Zhovti Vody», the place where the registered Cossacks joined Bohdan Khmelnitsky. Based on the analysis of sources and cartographic information, as well as a personal study of the area, the author draws conclusions about the location of the besieged Polish camp, the location of Kamenny Zaton. The author draws attention for the first time to special marks on one of the versions of the General Map of Ukraine by Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan published by Willem Hondius in 1648, related to the Battle of Zhovti Vody. The study used a comparative analysis of historical maps and critical analysis of sources, regardless of the influence and authority of the authors. Identification and analysis of contradictions in the available empirical material led to the search for effective ways to eliminate them. As a result of the research, it became possible for the first time to locate the places of the main events of the beginning of the national liberation struggles of the Ukrainian people in the middle of the 17th century.","PeriodicalId":431204,"journal":{"name":"Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114540498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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