Abstract Research purpose. The article aims to identify the risk groups arising in foreign trade in the four main groups of processed beverages at a national level. Design / Methodology / Approach. Processed agricultural drinks do not fall into the category of essential food. The article examines four main drink groups: waters (including mineral waters and aerated waters, with additive), beer, wine, and other alcoholic (e.g., spirits, liqueurs, whiskies, rums, gins, vodkas, etc.) beverages. The case of Lithuania is presented. Analysis and assumption of scientific literature and TOPSIS method are used. The study does not aim to assess all risk factors but to identify the groups of risk factors and to rank them according to their importance for each processed beverage sectors supply chains. Findings. Based on the scientific literature analysis, the eight risk groups were identified and were evaluated according to their importance for the beverages supply chain. Experts ranked risk groups taking into account their importance for international processed beverages trade for each product group. The results show that the most important is the Demand risks group for all processed beverages, and the least important is Political risk. The significance of other risk groups for a particular beverage supply chains differs. Supply risks were second in the ‘water with add’ group, while in the ‘other alcohol’ group, it is in fourth place. For the ‘other alcohol’ group, supply risks are less significant. Production risks are one of the most important in the wine trade. Financial risks are one of the most important in the ‘other alcohol’ group. Management and operational risks play an essential role in the beer supply chains. The least significant is three risk groups: Logistical and infrastructural risks, Policy and regulatory risks, Political risks. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The identified risks groups in the four main groups of processed beverages can help shape the country’s trade policy, mitigate trade risks, and effectively manage the agricultural trade beverage subsector. Research results can be practically used both for government or business decisions and for the public sector (trade associations).
{"title":"Identification of Lithuanian International Trade Risk in Beverages","authors":"L. Baranauskaitė, D. Jurevičienė","doi":"10.2478/jec-2021-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research purpose. The article aims to identify the risk groups arising in foreign trade in the four main groups of processed beverages at a national level. Design / Methodology / Approach. Processed agricultural drinks do not fall into the category of essential food. The article examines four main drink groups: waters (including mineral waters and aerated waters, with additive), beer, wine, and other alcoholic (e.g., spirits, liqueurs, whiskies, rums, gins, vodkas, etc.) beverages. The case of Lithuania is presented. Analysis and assumption of scientific literature and TOPSIS method are used. The study does not aim to assess all risk factors but to identify the groups of risk factors and to rank them according to their importance for each processed beverage sectors supply chains. Findings. Based on the scientific literature analysis, the eight risk groups were identified and were evaluated according to their importance for the beverages supply chain. Experts ranked risk groups taking into account their importance for international processed beverages trade for each product group. The results show that the most important is the Demand risks group for all processed beverages, and the least important is Political risk. The significance of other risk groups for a particular beverage supply chains differs. Supply risks were second in the ‘water with add’ group, while in the ‘other alcohol’ group, it is in fourth place. For the ‘other alcohol’ group, supply risks are less significant. Production risks are one of the most important in the wine trade. Financial risks are one of the most important in the ‘other alcohol’ group. Management and operational risks play an essential role in the beer supply chains. The least significant is three risk groups: Logistical and infrastructural risks, Policy and regulatory risks, Political risks. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The identified risks groups in the four main groups of processed beverages can help shape the country’s trade policy, mitigate trade risks, and effectively manage the agricultural trade beverage subsector. Research results can be practically used both for government or business decisions and for the public sector (trade associations).","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126042496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research purpose. The research aimed at identifying the main factors influencing export values in the region of Great Britain (GB) for the period of the last 30 years. Design / Methodology / Approach. In order to implement the investigation, the following tasks were intended: (1) To analyse scientific literature and mark out at least five non - dependent variables that impact export values of Great Britain. (2) Basing on findings, outlined in a scientific review, suggest or choose the methodology that is the most appropriate for this kind of tasks’ determination. (3) Collect the data for dependent and non-dependent variables (at least 30 samples). (4) Based on the presented methodology, determine the selected factors’ impact and make the statistical and economic analysis. The research was mainly done using quantitative analysis methods (descriptive, correlation, regressive analysis). Quantitative modelling and descriptive statistics methods are selected for investigation because they can suggest a different approach to analysing the factors influencing export values. Findings. Five non-dependent variables were marked out as factors influencing the export values in the selected region: gross domestic product (GDP); the number of employees in the region; amounts of cargo transportation; average salary in the region and labour costs. Calculation of the correlation coefficients showed that all independent variables were statistically significant. There is a very strong relationship between export values and GDP, employment, and labour costs. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The findings of this research can be applied in order to evaluate and determine the economic impact of the GB processes on the entire world, as Britain’s export values are among the top ten in the world. It is important to emphasise that the deeper analysis of the influencing factors of the volume of export in Great Britain showed an interrelation of these factors. So further investigation of this factor’s impact is essential.
{"title":"Evaluation of Influencing Factors on Great Britain‘S Export Values","authors":"M. Medineckienė, Viktorija Kirdaite","doi":"10.2478/jec-2021-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research purpose. The research aimed at identifying the main factors influencing export values in the region of Great Britain (GB) for the period of the last 30 years. Design / Methodology / Approach. In order to implement the investigation, the following tasks were intended: (1) To analyse scientific literature and mark out at least five non - dependent variables that impact export values of Great Britain. (2) Basing on findings, outlined in a scientific review, suggest or choose the methodology that is the most appropriate for this kind of tasks’ determination. (3) Collect the data for dependent and non-dependent variables (at least 30 samples). (4) Based on the presented methodology, determine the selected factors’ impact and make the statistical and economic analysis. The research was mainly done using quantitative analysis methods (descriptive, correlation, regressive analysis). Quantitative modelling and descriptive statistics methods are selected for investigation because they can suggest a different approach to analysing the factors influencing export values. Findings. Five non-dependent variables were marked out as factors influencing the export values in the selected region: gross domestic product (GDP); the number of employees in the region; amounts of cargo transportation; average salary in the region and labour costs. Calculation of the correlation coefficients showed that all independent variables were statistically significant. There is a very strong relationship between export values and GDP, employment, and labour costs. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The findings of this research can be applied in order to evaluate and determine the economic impact of the GB processes on the entire world, as Britain’s export values are among the top ten in the world. It is important to emphasise that the deeper analysis of the influencing factors of the volume of export in Great Britain showed an interrelation of these factors. So further investigation of this factor’s impact is essential.","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"366 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132983763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research purpose. The study is focused on the Covid-19 pandemic crisis in the European Union. This study investigates the current driving trends and trade-offs of the Covid-19 pandemic phenomenon and social inclusion trends in the European countries. Design / Methodology / Approach. The methodology is based on conventional statistical index theory and statistics. The study investigates cases, deaths, and key Covid-19 statistics. The research design combines key social inclusion statistics of the Eurostat and the official Covid-19 statistics of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Covid-19 data is updated to 1.3.2021. Social inclusion variables are selected from the Eurostat database. Social inclusion variables cover poverty, material deprivation, income distribution, income, quality of life, employment, and education matters. Scattering matrices on the relationships among the key variables under review are reported. Findings. The study reports basic trends of Covid-19 cases, deaths, deaths/cases and calculates these Covid-19 trends in 29 European countries. This study reports trade-off analyses of key social inclusion trends of the European Union countries. Key indicators are linked to economic income, income distribution, poverty, gender issues, and housing statistics. The 19 key indicators of social inclusion are analysed and reported with Covid-19 data. Statistical correlation analysis tables (2a and 2b) are calculated with key European social inclusion indicators. The study reveals some relevant aspects of the social inclusion policy of the European Union about the ongoing Covid-19 crisis and exit strategies. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This conference paper demonstrates novel and exciting possibilities of integrated data pooling (The Eurostat and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). Original results of key trend drivers are provided by the authors. Value-adding and interesting results are delivered for European governments and the business community. Results and findings of the study can be used in the planning of economic recovery and Covid-19 exit policies in the member states of the European Union.
{"title":"European COVID -19 Pandemic Data and Social Inclusion Policy in the European Union: Drivers-Driven Trend Analysis","authors":"J. Kaivo‐oja, Samuli Aho, Theresa Lauraéus","doi":"10.2478/jec-2021-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research purpose. The study is focused on the Covid-19 pandemic crisis in the European Union. This study investigates the current driving trends and trade-offs of the Covid-19 pandemic phenomenon and social inclusion trends in the European countries. Design / Methodology / Approach. The methodology is based on conventional statistical index theory and statistics. The study investigates cases, deaths, and key Covid-19 statistics. The research design combines key social inclusion statistics of the Eurostat and the official Covid-19 statistics of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Covid-19 data is updated to 1.3.2021. Social inclusion variables are selected from the Eurostat database. Social inclusion variables cover poverty, material deprivation, income distribution, income, quality of life, employment, and education matters. Scattering matrices on the relationships among the key variables under review are reported. Findings. The study reports basic trends of Covid-19 cases, deaths, deaths/cases and calculates these Covid-19 trends in 29 European countries. This study reports trade-off analyses of key social inclusion trends of the European Union countries. Key indicators are linked to economic income, income distribution, poverty, gender issues, and housing statistics. The 19 key indicators of social inclusion are analysed and reported with Covid-19 data. Statistical correlation analysis tables (2a and 2b) are calculated with key European social inclusion indicators. The study reveals some relevant aspects of the social inclusion policy of the European Union about the ongoing Covid-19 crisis and exit strategies. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This conference paper demonstrates novel and exciting possibilities of integrated data pooling (The Eurostat and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). Original results of key trend drivers are provided by the authors. Value-adding and interesting results are delivered for European governments and the business community. Results and findings of the study can be used in the planning of economic recovery and Covid-19 exit policies in the member states of the European Union.","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134440841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research purpose. The purpose of this study is to single out the tools of creative communication and to identify which of them are most used in the communication of architectural heritage in Vilnius. Design / Methodology / Approach. Comparative analysis of scientific literature, qualitative expert interviews. Findings. The communication of the architectural heritage is multifaceted because the heritage is multifunctional. Heritage communication operates through various channels and is focused on different target groups; however, in order for the communication to be effective, as expected, the coherence of communication is required, as well as a comprehensive approach to all aspects of communication. Structured communication is essential for the best communication impact. Originality / Value / Practical implications. Heritage communication is an actively developing field that is receiving increasing attention from scientists and the public. Much attention is paid to heritage during various cultural events, during which the public has the opportunity to get acquainted with the usually inaccessible heritage or its premises. In this way, the revitalisation of heritage involves urban residents, communities, interested groups who, for cultural, religious or other reasons, are concerned with heritage preservation. Although much attention is paid to heritage communication and sponsors are being attracted, there are fears that the communication of architectural heritage is not sufficient due to the lack of funding for architectural heritage. The consequence of the lack of funding is the disappearance of architectural objects. Thus, the analysis of architectural heritage communication is a relevant and researched topic.
{"title":"Creative Communication Tools in Vilnius Architectural Heritage Communication","authors":"Kristina Astikė","doi":"10.2478/jec-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research purpose. The purpose of this study is to single out the tools of creative communication and to identify which of them are most used in the communication of architectural heritage in Vilnius. Design / Methodology / Approach. Comparative analysis of scientific literature, qualitative expert interviews. Findings. The communication of the architectural heritage is multifaceted because the heritage is multifunctional. Heritage communication operates through various channels and is focused on different target groups; however, in order for the communication to be effective, as expected, the coherence of communication is required, as well as a comprehensive approach to all aspects of communication. Structured communication is essential for the best communication impact. Originality / Value / Practical implications. Heritage communication is an actively developing field that is receiving increasing attention from scientists and the public. Much attention is paid to heritage during various cultural events, during which the public has the opportunity to get acquainted with the usually inaccessible heritage or its premises. In this way, the revitalisation of heritage involves urban residents, communities, interested groups who, for cultural, religious or other reasons, are concerned with heritage preservation. Although much attention is paid to heritage communication and sponsors are being attracted, there are fears that the communication of architectural heritage is not sufficient due to the lack of funding for architectural heritage. The consequence of the lack of funding is the disappearance of architectural objects. Thus, the analysis of architectural heritage communication is a relevant and researched topic.","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133773016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research purpose. This study is dedicated to investigating the peculiarities of personal investment decisions among female and male investors to analyse the gender differences that occur during personal investment strategy establishment processes. This study is based on the literature research and aims at exploring the existing knowledge on financial behaviour and gender influence on personal investment selection. The importance and originality of this study are that it assesses the collective evidence in the personal investment field and explores its processes through the prism of gender impact. The understanding of the gender bias impact on the personal investment strategy development process can play an important role in addressing the issue of gender inequality in finance and investment areas. This paper is dedicated to answering the question of how gender impacts personal investment strategies. Design/ Methodology/ Approach. The major task was to conduct the research on the male and female personal investment decision peculiarities presented in literature sources and to prepare the survey to conduct practical research while applying theoretical knowledge and presenting the findings along with the suggestions on how to improve the female situation in investment field. Findings. The most prominent finding to emerge from this study is that females lack knowledge and understanding in finance and especially investment areas; therefore, this leads to inadequacy in self-confidence in finance and investment matters and, as a result, neglect of successful personal finance management and, more significantly, poor investment strategy decisions. Originality/ Value/ Practical implications. The main goal of the current study was to determine whether the gender difference exists in personal finance and especially investment area, to refine the reasons behind this phenomenon, to analyse what could be done to improve the situation and introduce suggestions for further research. The research was done based on relevant literature, reports, surveys, statistical data used for literature analysis, and Lithuania’s case study for the practical part of the research. The primary objectives were to find out what are the main peculiarities between males and females when it comes to personal investment strategy choices and to analyse financial literacy and investment fields through the female perspective. The main points revealed during this study were that men tend to invest more often than women, as females, in general, prefer to save rather than invest; women tend to choose less risky investment strategies compared to men or save rather than invest. The main factors of this phenomena are the influence of cultural, social, or psychological factors, low financial literacy level, differences in economic status, longer life expectancy, the lack of confidence when it comes to knowledge applied to the financial decisions; males are more likely to choose a higher-r
{"title":"Gender Impact on Personal Investment Strategies","authors":"M. Mikelionyte, A. Lezgovko","doi":"10.2478/jec-2021-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research purpose. This study is dedicated to investigating the peculiarities of personal investment decisions among female and male investors to analyse the gender differences that occur during personal investment strategy establishment processes. This study is based on the literature research and aims at exploring the existing knowledge on financial behaviour and gender influence on personal investment selection. The importance and originality of this study are that it assesses the collective evidence in the personal investment field and explores its processes through the prism of gender impact. The understanding of the gender bias impact on the personal investment strategy development process can play an important role in addressing the issue of gender inequality in finance and investment areas. This paper is dedicated to answering the question of how gender impacts personal investment strategies. Design/ Methodology/ Approach. The major task was to conduct the research on the male and female personal investment decision peculiarities presented in literature sources and to prepare the survey to conduct practical research while applying theoretical knowledge and presenting the findings along with the suggestions on how to improve the female situation in investment field. Findings. The most prominent finding to emerge from this study is that females lack knowledge and understanding in finance and especially investment areas; therefore, this leads to inadequacy in self-confidence in finance and investment matters and, as a result, neglect of successful personal finance management and, more significantly, poor investment strategy decisions. Originality/ Value/ Practical implications. The main goal of the current study was to determine whether the gender difference exists in personal finance and especially investment area, to refine the reasons behind this phenomenon, to analyse what could be done to improve the situation and introduce suggestions for further research. The research was done based on relevant literature, reports, surveys, statistical data used for literature analysis, and Lithuania’s case study for the practical part of the research. The primary objectives were to find out what are the main peculiarities between males and females when it comes to personal investment strategy choices and to analyse financial literacy and investment fields through the female perspective. The main points revealed during this study were that men tend to invest more often than women, as females, in general, prefer to save rather than invest; women tend to choose less risky investment strategies compared to men or save rather than invest. The main factors of this phenomena are the influence of cultural, social, or psychological factors, low financial literacy level, differences in economic status, longer life expectancy, the lack of confidence when it comes to knowledge applied to the financial decisions; males are more likely to choose a higher-r","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116604113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research purpose. The paper follows a definition of University Social Responsibility (USR) recently formulated by Kouatli in 2019. In accordance with the definition, the main objective of this study is to identify and establish the importance of individual stakeholders to the university. The article also includes several case studies demonstrating the possibilities of cooperation between university management and other stakeholders to address the social aspects of sustainable development primarily. Design / Methodology / Approach. The focus group method was used to identify all stakeholders. For individual focus groups, respondents rated their importance for universities on a scale from 1 to 7. Subsequently, different stakeholders were divided into relevant groups by factor analysis. The obtained outputs were used for the identification of important university stakeholders in the field of education and science. Findings. The university’s most important stakeholders in education were found to include applicants for study and their parents, student, and academic staff, and last but not least, foreign students. In the field of science and research, the university’s main stakeholders are academics, enterprises, and the professional public. Emphasis is placed on how the university can cooperate with its stakeholders in CSR activities. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The value of the proposed stakeholder framework can be seen in the identification of important stakeholders for universities. The paper also includes case studies related to the cooperation with the Czech university to fulfil its USR objectives.
{"title":"Importance of Stakeholders within University Social Responsibility","authors":"L. Smolíková, David Schüller","doi":"10.2478/jec-2021-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research purpose. The paper follows a definition of University Social Responsibility (USR) recently formulated by Kouatli in 2019. In accordance with the definition, the main objective of this study is to identify and establish the importance of individual stakeholders to the university. The article also includes several case studies demonstrating the possibilities of cooperation between university management and other stakeholders to address the social aspects of sustainable development primarily. Design / Methodology / Approach. The focus group method was used to identify all stakeholders. For individual focus groups, respondents rated their importance for universities on a scale from 1 to 7. Subsequently, different stakeholders were divided into relevant groups by factor analysis. The obtained outputs were used for the identification of important university stakeholders in the field of education and science. Findings. The university’s most important stakeholders in education were found to include applicants for study and their parents, student, and academic staff, and last but not least, foreign students. In the field of science and research, the university’s main stakeholders are academics, enterprises, and the professional public. Emphasis is placed on how the university can cooperate with its stakeholders in CSR activities. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The value of the proposed stakeholder framework can be seen in the identification of important stakeholders for universities. The paper also includes case studies related to the cooperation with the Czech university to fulfil its USR objectives.","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116028504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research purpose. The European Union recognizes the importance of information systems for improving the performance of trans-European transport network ports by promoting a set of initiatives focused on their use. The Directive 2010/65/EU obliges the provision of electronic services for the reception and treatment of declaratory acts necessary for the entry and exit of ships into the European Community and opens the way for future harmonization in the European Union of such services. The research purpose is to analyze and assess the degree of adequacy of European seaport information systems relative to the requirements of the European Directive to the availability of electronic services. Are they complying with the directive? Design / Methodology / Approach. The objective of the study was to characterize the current situation of the main European seaports regarding the impacts of the European Directive. In this sense, it was decided to construct a survey to facilitate the identification and characterization of the options and actions taken by each country regarding the implementation of the Directive 2010/65/UE. This study was attended by the main EU Members and Norway. Findings. From the analysis of the results of the European survey on the implementation of the Directive, we can conclude that the implementation of the Directive is carried out by entities of the State sphere. Member States show a low priority to the exchange of information between the Member States and the majority has not taken any action in this direction. With respect to the Single Window development model, the mixed model is the one adopted in most Member States. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The central objective of Directive 2010/65/EU is to simplify and harmonize the administrative procedures required for maritime transport through electronic means. This Directive is seen as an opportunity to facilitate trade and administrative barriers through harmonization and standardization of the European Seaports Organization. The analysis of directive adoption represents an opportunity to increase scientific knowledge in this economic sector.
{"title":"European Seaports Information Systems. The Impacts of Directive 2010/65/EU","authors":"C. Pinto, P. Anunciação","doi":"10.2478/jec-2020-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2020-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research purpose. The European Union recognizes the importance of information systems for improving the performance of trans-European transport network ports by promoting a set of initiatives focused on their use. The Directive 2010/65/EU obliges the provision of electronic services for the reception and treatment of declaratory acts necessary for the entry and exit of ships into the European Community and opens the way for future harmonization in the European Union of such services. The research purpose is to analyze and assess the degree of adequacy of European seaport information systems relative to the requirements of the European Directive to the availability of electronic services. Are they complying with the directive? Design / Methodology / Approach. The objective of the study was to characterize the current situation of the main European seaports regarding the impacts of the European Directive. In this sense, it was decided to construct a survey to facilitate the identification and characterization of the options and actions taken by each country regarding the implementation of the Directive 2010/65/UE. This study was attended by the main EU Members and Norway. Findings. From the analysis of the results of the European survey on the implementation of the Directive, we can conclude that the implementation of the Directive is carried out by entities of the State sphere. Member States show a low priority to the exchange of information between the Member States and the majority has not taken any action in this direction. With respect to the Single Window development model, the mixed model is the one adopted in most Member States. Originality / Value / Practical implications. The central objective of Directive 2010/65/EU is to simplify and harmonize the administrative procedures required for maritime transport through electronic means. This Directive is seen as an opportunity to facilitate trade and administrative barriers through harmonization and standardization of the European Seaports Organization. The analysis of directive adoption represents an opportunity to increase scientific knowledge in this economic sector.","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125512848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research purpose. This paper has established the index of the cycle of money. The index shows the level of the appropriately structured economy. According to the theory of the cycle of money, it is examined if an amount of money is recycled in the economy a lot of times or this amount of money is lost from an economy to other economies or banks abroad, because of inadequate structure of the economy of the country, then the purpose of the paper is to show an application of the case cycle of money, here in the case of Latvia. Therefore, this work aims to clarify how the theory of the cycle of money works to a real case scenario, and in general, how the cycle of money applies to an economy. Moreover, the index of the cycle of money shows how an economy could counteract to an economic crisis and how well-structured it is. Design/Methodology/Approach. The methodology followed in this work is based on the mathematical application of the theory of the cycle of money. Then, the current results have as root the equations of this theory for the examination of the case of Latvia for the period from 2012 to 2017. Beyond the mathematical applications, the R.B.Q. model with the Q.E. method is applied to ensure the credibility of the results. Therefore, we have a real case scenario and a simulation case for the case of Latvia. Findings. The results of the index of the cycle of money to the case of Latvia are compared with the global average index of the cycle of money. The results show, as expected, that Latvia is above the average global value. Latvia’s findings show that it is a well-structured economy and can counteract an economic crisis. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The results are original and show for the first time the cycle of money of Latvia through the application of this theory. This research is the first application of the cycle of money in the case of index calculations. So, it is a completely new concept based on the theory of the cycle of money.
{"title":"Index of the Cycle of Money - The Case of Latvia","authors":"Constantinos Challoumis","doi":"10.2478/jec-2020-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2020-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research purpose. This paper has established the index of the cycle of money. The index shows the level of the appropriately structured economy. According to the theory of the cycle of money, it is examined if an amount of money is recycled in the economy a lot of times or this amount of money is lost from an economy to other economies or banks abroad, because of inadequate structure of the economy of the country, then the purpose of the paper is to show an application of the case cycle of money, here in the case of Latvia. Therefore, this work aims to clarify how the theory of the cycle of money works to a real case scenario, and in general, how the cycle of money applies to an economy. Moreover, the index of the cycle of money shows how an economy could counteract to an economic crisis and how well-structured it is. Design/Methodology/Approach. The methodology followed in this work is based on the mathematical application of the theory of the cycle of money. Then, the current results have as root the equations of this theory for the examination of the case of Latvia for the period from 2012 to 2017. Beyond the mathematical applications, the R.B.Q. model with the Q.E. method is applied to ensure the credibility of the results. Therefore, we have a real case scenario and a simulation case for the case of Latvia. Findings. The results of the index of the cycle of money to the case of Latvia are compared with the global average index of the cycle of money. The results show, as expected, that Latvia is above the average global value. Latvia’s findings show that it is a well-structured economy and can counteract an economic crisis. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The results are original and show for the first time the cycle of money of Latvia through the application of this theory. This research is the first application of the cycle of money in the case of index calculations. So, it is a completely new concept based on the theory of the cycle of money.","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121048218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Research purpose. Especially against the background of a globalised world, municipal managers are confronted with increasingly complex tasks. Furthermore, the range of tasks of a municipality and its stakeholders are very heterogeneous. While repetitive work processes are basically characterised by a clear starting position and objectives and the resources required to achieve these objectives are known and available, these manageable prerequisites are usually not present in complex public administration systems. The transfer of purely management ratio-based approaches from the business management sector is difficult for public administration, since not profit but the common good is the prioritized target. Municipal managers need a holistic approach that addresses the municipal council, the population, companies, administrative organization and budget management in order to be able to control municipalities within a diagnostic framework. Design/Methodology/Approach. First of all, a brief insight into the history of the new municipal budget law in Germany is given. The aim of the budget law is to reform the budget and accounting system, but above all, to strengthen municipal control through goal orientation. After an overview of the current diagnostic frameworks, it becomes clear that a holistic approach is missing. To develop such a framework, success factors for municipal control are identified. These are then combined into success clusters to create a more manageable, holistic structure for implementation – the Kehler Management System (KMS). A survey and two case studies, which were conducted within two years in the municipality of Ottersweier, empirically prove the practical relevance of the KMS approach. Findings. 36 success factors were identified, which were structured into six success clusters. One success cluster addresses the trusting cooperation between politics and administration (in short: politics and administration). A culture of leadership and cooperation within the administration is another cluster of success (in short: culture of leadership and cooperation). Sustainable human resources management forms the third cluster of success factors (in short: human resources management). A further cluster could be identified in the strategic area (in short: strategy). A fifth cluster of success relates to the conversion to a modern budget and accounting system, which considers resource consumption (in short: municipal accrual accounting as a control instrument). The last success cluster addresses changes in the administrative environment (in short: learning organization). The six success clusters are not independent, however, these have a causal order. The municipal accrual accounting as a control instrument and the integration of the strategy are fundamental for the other four success clusters, which address the implementation of the reform process. Originality/Value/Practical implications. In 2015, the framework of the KMS was e
{"title":"The Kehler Management System: A Holistic Framework for the Administration of Municipalities","authors":"R. Böhmer, Uwe Busbach-Richard, Britta Kiesel","doi":"10.2478/jec-2020-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2020-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research purpose. Especially against the background of a globalised world, municipal managers are confronted with increasingly complex tasks. Furthermore, the range of tasks of a municipality and its stakeholders are very heterogeneous. While repetitive work processes are basically characterised by a clear starting position and objectives and the resources required to achieve these objectives are known and available, these manageable prerequisites are usually not present in complex public administration systems. The transfer of purely management ratio-based approaches from the business management sector is difficult for public administration, since not profit but the common good is the prioritized target. Municipal managers need a holistic approach that addresses the municipal council, the population, companies, administrative organization and budget management in order to be able to control municipalities within a diagnostic framework. Design/Methodology/Approach. First of all, a brief insight into the history of the new municipal budget law in Germany is given. The aim of the budget law is to reform the budget and accounting system, but above all, to strengthen municipal control through goal orientation. After an overview of the current diagnostic frameworks, it becomes clear that a holistic approach is missing. To develop such a framework, success factors for municipal control are identified. These are then combined into success clusters to create a more manageable, holistic structure for implementation – the Kehler Management System (KMS). A survey and two case studies, which were conducted within two years in the municipality of Ottersweier, empirically prove the practical relevance of the KMS approach. Findings. 36 success factors were identified, which were structured into six success clusters. One success cluster addresses the trusting cooperation between politics and administration (in short: politics and administration). A culture of leadership and cooperation within the administration is another cluster of success (in short: culture of leadership and cooperation). Sustainable human resources management forms the third cluster of success factors (in short: human resources management). A further cluster could be identified in the strategic area (in short: strategy). A fifth cluster of success relates to the conversion to a modern budget and accounting system, which considers resource consumption (in short: municipal accrual accounting as a control instrument). The last success cluster addresses changes in the administrative environment (in short: learning organization). The six success clusters are not independent, however, these have a causal order. The municipal accrual accounting as a control instrument and the integration of the strategy are fundamental for the other four success clusters, which address the implementation of the reform process. Originality/Value/Practical implications. In 2015, the framework of the KMS was e","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114622345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Purpose. This study aimed to explore the relationship between organisational justice and commitment and how the combined influence of organisational justice and perceived organisational support (POS) impacts on commitment. Research Methodology. Data were obtained through questionnaires administered to 124 teaching and non-teaching staff, who were conveniently selected by the researchers from Ghanaian public universities. Descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. Findings. The results from regression analysis of data collected showed a significant positive relationship among the dimensions of organisational justice and affective commitment. Furthermore, POS was found to moderate the relationship between organisational justice and commitment, as the effect of justice on commitment increased when POS was added to the model. Practical Implications. The present study supported the expected relationship among justice, POS and organisational commitment and implied that higher level of fairness and support from the organisation can favourably influence the commitment level of employees. Originality. The current research examines the moderating role of POS on organisational justice–commitment link using samples from the Ghanaian higher education institutions. Thus, it makes relevant contribution to the existing literature by modelling both organisational justice and support and analysing its effect on organisational commitment.
{"title":"Perceived Organisational Support as a Moderator in the Relationship Between Organisational Justice and Affective Organisational Commitment","authors":"Evelyn Twumasi, Belinda Addo","doi":"10.2478/jec-2020-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2020-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Purpose. This study aimed to explore the relationship between organisational justice and commitment and how the combined influence of organisational justice and perceived organisational support (POS) impacts on commitment. Research Methodology. Data were obtained through questionnaires administered to 124 teaching and non-teaching staff, who were conveniently selected by the researchers from Ghanaian public universities. Descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. Findings. The results from regression analysis of data collected showed a significant positive relationship among the dimensions of organisational justice and affective commitment. Furthermore, POS was found to moderate the relationship between organisational justice and commitment, as the effect of justice on commitment increased when POS was added to the model. Practical Implications. The present study supported the expected relationship among justice, POS and organisational commitment and implied that higher level of fairness and support from the organisation can favourably influence the commitment level of employees. Originality. The current research examines the moderating role of POS on organisational justice–commitment link using samples from the Ghanaian higher education institutions. Thus, it makes relevant contribution to the existing literature by modelling both organisational justice and support and analysing its effect on organisational commitment.","PeriodicalId":431224,"journal":{"name":"Economics and Culture","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127920062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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