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Borderline disorders 边缘型障碍
Pub Date : 2002-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770120116804
David K. Glidden
There are all too many victims of violence. A woman walking peacefully in New York City is felled by a psychopath wielding a brick. A baby in LA is slain by a stray bullet from yet another drive-by. On a crowded bus in Sri Lanka a bomb explodes, blowing passengers to bits. Palestinian and Israeli children continue to be maimed in a war instigated by great-grandfathers. Christians are slaughtered in Indonesia, enslaved in the Sudan. In Northern Ireland, Protestants and Catholics assassinate one another, despite a peace accord. Muslims are pursued by Hindu mobs in India, killed by tanks in Chechnya, while Iraq and Iran slaughtered tens of thousands in brutal border wars. Villagers in West Africa lose limbs to the machetes of adolescent renegades and diamond smugglers. Hutus butcher Tutsis in Rwanda, while Tutsis murder Hutus in Burundi. Serbs, Albanians, Bosnians, Croatians rape, torture, and slaughter one another’s innocents. Ethnic hatred, racism, religious intolerance, and the fetid fervor of righteous fury feed the violence. Where are the peacemakers? Who will heed them? Civil wars and drug wars, religious wars and wars of ideology chie y victimize civilian populations, easy prey too ignorant or frail to resist. From Central to South America, across the continent of Africa, throughout the shifting sands of the Middle East, pervading the emerging nations of far eastern Europe and central Asia, and extending to the most remote islands of the Indian Ocean or the South PaciŽ c, hatred relentlessly seeks its victims. Terror on the streets, terror across the globe—brutalizing, maiming, debilitating terror—cripples generations and whole nations awash with bloodied memories. The expanding waves of violence reach ever more distant shores. Middle-Eastern terrorists blaspheming the name of Allah have hijacked passenger planes in the United States. Using civil aircraft as cruise missiles, they murdered and disabled thousands of victims from vastly different nationalities, destroying American cathedrals of commerce and assaulting its Pentagon of military might. Incinerated bodies falling from the sky made cityscapes into crematoria, reminiscent of the ashes from the rosy plague centuries
暴力的受害者太多了。一名妇女在纽约平静地走着,被一名挥舞着砖头的精神病患者击倒。洛杉矶一名婴儿被另一辆汽车的流弹击中身亡。在斯里兰卡一辆拥挤的公共汽车上,一枚炸弹爆炸,将乘客炸成碎片。巴勒斯坦和以色列的儿童继续在一场由曾祖父煽动的战争中致残。基督徒在印度尼西亚被屠杀,在苏丹被奴役。在北爱尔兰,尽管有和平协议,新教徒和天主教徒仍然互相暗杀。穆斯林在印度受到印度教暴徒的追捕,在车臣被坦克杀害,而伊拉克和伊朗在残酷的边境战争中屠杀了数万人。西非的村民们被青少年变节者和钻石走私者的大砍刀夺去了四肢。胡图人在卢旺达屠杀图西人,而图西人在布隆迪屠杀胡图人。塞尔维亚人、阿尔巴尼亚人、波斯尼亚人、克罗地亚人互相强奸、折磨和屠杀无辜的人。种族仇恨、种族主义、宗教不容忍和正义愤怒的恶臭狂热助长了暴力。和平缔造者在哪里?谁会注意他们呢?内战和毒品战争、宗教战争和意识形态战争主要使平民受害,他们是无知或脆弱而无力抵抗的容易牺牲品。从中美洲到南美洲,从非洲大陆到中东流沙,从东欧和中亚的新兴国家到印度洋或南太平洋最偏远的岛屿,仇恨无情地寻找受害者。街头的恐怖,遍布全球的恐怖——残暴的、残害的、使人衰弱的恐怖——使几代人和整个国家都沉浸在血腥的记忆中。愈演愈烈的暴力浪潮蔓延到更远的海岸。中东恐怖分子亵渎了安拉的名字,劫持了美国的客机。他们利用民用飞机作为巡航导弹,杀害和致残了数千名来自不同国家的受害者,摧毁了美国的商业大教堂,袭击了美国的军事力量五角大楼。焚化的尸体从空中落下,把城市景观变成了火葬场,让人想起玫瑰色瘟疫世纪的灰烬
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引用次数: 0
The paradox of public art: Democratic space, the avant-garde, and Richard Serra's "Tilted Arc" 公共艺术的悖论:民主空间、先锋派与理查德·塞拉的“倾斜的弧线”
Pub Date : 2002-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770120116831
C. Levine
This essay interprets the controversy over Richard Serra's monumental sculpture, Tilted Arc , which was designed for a public plaza in downtown Manhattan in 1979 and then torn down five years later after intense public outcry. Levine reads this controversy as characteristic of contemporary debates over the arts, which continue the tradition of the nineteenth century avant-garde, pitting art against a wider public, and insisting that art must deliberately resist mainstream tastes and values in favor of marginality and innovation. This definition of art has posed a lasting dilemma for democratic societies: how, after all, should a democracy deal with art that represents an intentional rejection of the majority? The problem becomes even more intractable when it comes to avant-garde art commissioned for public spaces, where the art object can challenge public tastes and movements in a way that is inescapable for those who must live and work in the space. Disturbed by the imposition of a massive and incomprehensible art object in a public plaza, Serra's opponents argued that Tilted Arc frustrated a whole range of socially beneficial activities, labor and leisure alike. And they claimed that Serra's supporters were dangerously anti-democratic. But despite the avant-garde's challenge to majority tastes, this essay makes the case that it remains a democratic value to continue to sponsor avant-garde art in public spaces.
这篇文章解释了理查德·塞拉(Richard Serra)的纪念性雕塑《倾斜的弧线》(Tilted Arc)引发的争议,该雕塑于1979年设计用于曼哈顿市中心的一个公共广场,五年后因强烈的公众抗议而被拆除。莱文将这种争议解读为当代艺术争论的特征,这种争论延续了19世纪先锋派的传统,使艺术与更广泛的公众对立,并坚持艺术必须刻意抵制主流品味和价值观,以支持边缘化和创新。这种对艺术的定义给民主社会带来了一个持久的困境:毕竟,民主社会应该如何处理代表有意拒绝多数人的艺术?当涉及到为公共空间委托的前卫艺术时,这个问题变得更加棘手,因为艺术品可以挑战公众的品味和运动,对于那些必须在该空间生活和工作的人来说,这是不可避免的。Serra的反对者对在公共广场上强加一个巨大而难以理解的艺术品感到不安,他们认为,“倾斜的弧形”阻碍了一系列对社会有益的活动,包括劳动和休闲活动。他们还声称塞拉的支持者是危险的反民主分子。尽管前卫艺术对大多数人的品味构成了挑战,但这篇文章表明,在公共空间继续赞助前卫艺术仍然是一种民主价值。
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引用次数: 13
Ashes and aftermath 灰烬和余波
Pub Date : 2002-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770120116787
N. Smith
Living within walking distance of "ground zero," Neil Smith directly confronted not only the enormity of the destruction, but also the inability to comprehend on the part of many for whom the violence of the 20th century had remained distant, even when the American state was directly implicated. Answers to the question "why us" require a "multi-scalar" perspective—one capable of recognizing the multiple and complex connections traversing local, national and global spaces.
尼尔·史密斯(Neil Smith)住在距离“归零地”仅几步之遥的地方,他不仅直接面对巨大的破坏,而且无法理解许多人对20世纪的暴力仍然遥不可及,即使美国政府直接受到牵连。回答“为什么是我们”这个问题需要一个“多尺度”的视角——一个能够认识到跨越地方、国家和全球空间的多重和复杂联系的视角。
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引用次数: 3
Introduction: Geographies of the 11th 导论:地理第十一课
Pub Date : 2002-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770120116778
A. Light
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引用次数: 0
Urban planning in the founding of Cartesian thought 城市规划在笛卡儿思想的创立
Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770124810
A. Akkerman
It is a matter of tacit consensus that rationalist adeptness in urban planning traces its foundations to the philosophy of the Renaissance thinker and mathematician René Descartes. This study suggests, in turn, that the planned urban environment of the Renaissance may have also led Descartes, and his intellectual peers, to tenets that became the foundations of modern philosophy and science. The geometric street pattern of the late middle ages and the Renaissance, the planned townscapes, street views and the formal garden design, appeared as parables for the perfection of the universe and the supremacy of critical reason. It is within this urban metaphor that Descartes's philosophical narrative betrays perceptual and conceptual impact from the contrast between convoluted medieval townscapes and the emerging harmonious street patterns where defined vistas and predictable clarity of street views were paramount. The geometrically delineated street views of the Renaissance new town became the spark that lit the philosopher's sagacity in reflecting upon the concept of "clear and distinct ideas." Past suggestions that Descartes was led to his philosophical breakthroughs through his discovery of co-ordinate geometry reinforce further the stance that Renaissance planning predisposed rationalist thought.
理性主义者对城市规划的精通可以追溯到文艺复兴时期思想家和数学家笛卡尔的哲学,这是一个默契的共识。这项研究反过来表明,文艺复兴时期的规划城市环境可能也引导了笛卡尔和他的知识分子同行,形成了成为现代哲学和科学基础的原则。中世纪晚期和文艺复兴时期的几何街道格局、有计划的城镇景观、街景和正式的花园设计,都是宇宙完美和批判理性至上的寓言。正是在这个城市隐喻中,笛卡尔的哲学叙事背叛了中世纪城镇景观与新兴和谐街道模式之间对比的感性和概念性影响,在和谐街道模式中,明确的远景和可预测的清晰街景至关重要。文艺复兴时期新城镇几何形状的街景成为点燃哲学家智慧的火花,让他反思“清晰而独特的思想”这一概念。过去有人认为,笛卡尔的哲学突破是通过他对坐标几何的发现而实现的,这进一步强化了文艺复兴时期的计划倾向于理性主义思想的观点。
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引用次数: 24
Moving places: A comment on the traveling Vietnam Memorial 移动的地方:对旅行中的越南纪念碑的评论
Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770125038
R. Hall
Recently my University, along with various other local sponsors, brought “The Moving Wall” to our campus. Much ado was made over this traveling fold-up replica of the Vietnam Memorial in Washington, DC. Speakers were invited, visitors  ocked to “The Wall,” and there was much weeping, remembering, and patriotic  ag-waving. Strangely, however, there was something wrong, something unsettling, or as I might say, something “out of place,” about all of this. My friend and colleague (Professor R. Taylor Scott), sensing this before I did, was more than a little upset over the theatrics of this wall-replica. He in fact thought this propped-up hollow movie set mock-up of the real monument in Washington was nothing less than a desecration. To his sensibility, something was deeply troubling about the assumption that lay behind this event. That assumption is that we can uproot at will a truly sacred place, a place that is truly moving, and without desecrating it, simply set a replica of it down wherever some group (who is willing to pay) wants it. (I do not mean to suggest that “The Moving Wall” is simply a money making scheme. But then again, I do not know that it is not. In a country in which everything is for sale, perhaps our sacred monuments have their price too. I add that there are at least seven of these traveling shows touring the country at a cost of several thousands dollars per engagement.) As my colleague thought of it, something important, something vital, was lost when that grooved-out, grave-like place in the Mall in our nation’s capital was turned into a traveling circus. To express his reservations about these matters, Professor Scott wrote a guest column in the local newspaper, one of the sponsors that brought “The Wall” to town. Reluctantly, and with biting editorial comment, the paper published his essay and invited the public to respond. And respond they did, with a vengeance. My friend actually began to fear for his life. The public was outraged that a local Professor (of Religion no less, and an Episcopal cleric to boot) would deign to criticize such a symbol of American heroism. One might as well call apple pie and the  ag into question. Disappointingly, to me and to him, was the fact that the  ood of local letters of response to the Editor, almost all of which supported “The Wall,” did not see any point in my colleague’s objection to it. Being against the wall, so to speak, and feeling a bit alone, Taylor sought me out
最近,我的大学和其他一些当地的赞助商一起,把“移动的墙”带到我们的校园。华盛顿特区越南纪念碑的折叠式旅行复制品引起了很多关注。演讲者被邀请了,参观者被锁在“墙”上,有很多人哭泣,回忆,爱国的手挥舞。然而,奇怪的是,这一切都有些不对劲,令人不安,或者我可以说,有些“不合时宜”。我的朋友兼同事(r·泰勒·斯科特(R. Taylor Scott)教授)在我之前就意识到了这一点,他对这幅壁画复制品的戏剧性表现感到非常不安。事实上,他认为这个以华盛顿真实纪念碑为原型的空心电影模型完全是一种亵渎。在他看来,这一事件背后的假设令人深感不安。这个假设是,我们可以随意铲除一个真正神圣的地方,一个真正移动的地方,在不亵渎它的情况下,简单地在某个群体(愿意付钱的人)想要的地方建立一个复制品。(我并不是说“移动的墙”只是一个赚钱的计划。但话又说回来,我不知道它不是。在一个一切都可以出售的国家,也许我们神圣的纪念碑也有它们的价格。我补充说,至少有七场这样的巡回演出在全国巡回演出,每场演出花费数千美元。)正如我的同事所认为的那样,当我们国家首都的大草坪上那个破破烂烂、像坟墓一样的地方变成了一个流动的马戏团时,一些重要的、至关重要的东西失去了。为了表达他对这些问题的保留意见,斯科特教授在当地报纸上写了一篇客座专栏,这家报纸是把“墙”带到镇上的赞助商之一。该报不情愿地发表了他的文章,并发表了尖刻的社论评论,并邀请公众对此作出回应。他们确实做出了回应,而且是报复。我的朋友开始担心他的生命安全。公众对当地一位教授(不仅是宗教教授,还是圣公会牧师)竟然屈尊批评这样一个美国英雄主义的象征感到愤怒。人们可能会质疑苹果派和农业。令我和他失望的是,当地给《编辑》的大部分回信,几乎都是支持《墙》的,却看不出我的同事反对《墙》有什么意义。可以说,泰勒靠着墙,感到有点孤单,就来找我
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引用次数: 1
Wilderness and the wise province: Benton MacKaye's pragmatic vision 荒野与智慧之省:本顿·麦凯的务实视野
Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770125687
B. Minteer
Benton MacKaye's name is rarely evoked in the fields of environmental history and philosophy. The author of the Appalachian Trail in the early 1920s and a co-founder of the Wilderness Society with Aldo Leopold and Bob Marshall in the 1930s, MacKaye's unique contribution to American environmental thought is seldom recognized. This neglect is particularly egregious in the current debate over the intellectual foundations of the American wilderness idea, a discussion to which I believe MacKaye has much to contribute. Specifically, I believe that his pragmatic vision for wilderness conservation, a project supported through an appeal to the values of a reconstructed "indigenous" communal environment, owes much to the social philosophy of Josiah Royce, MacKaye's former teacher at Harvard. While the Appalachian Trail never delivered on MacKaye's goals of progressive reform and failed to unite the regional planning and conservation communities of the time, his vision remains highly relevant to our present-day deliberations about the relationship between wild nature and society at the dawn of the 21st century .
本顿·麦凯的名字在环境史和哲学领域很少被提及。麦凯是20世纪20年代早期《阿巴拉契亚山径》的作者,20世纪30年代与奥尔多·利奥波德和鲍勃·马歇尔共同创立了荒野协会,他对美国环境思想的独特贡献很少得到承认。在当前关于美国荒野观念的知识基础的辩论中,这种忽视尤其令人震惊,我相信麦凯对这一讨论有很多贡献。具体来说,我相信他对荒野保护的务实愿景,一个通过呼吁重建“本土”公共环境的价值观来支持的项目,在很大程度上归功于麦凯以前在哈佛的老师乔赛亚·罗伊斯(Josiah Royce)的社会哲学。虽然阿巴拉契亚小径从未实现麦凯的渐进式改革目标,也未能将当时的区域规划和保护社区联合起来,但他的愿景仍然与我们今天在21世纪初对野生自然与社会关系的思考高度相关。
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引用次数: 5
Wind, energy, landscape: Reconciling nature and technology 风、能源、景观:调和自然与科技
Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770124626
G. Brittan
Despite the fact that they are in most respects environmentally benign, electricity-generating wind turbines frequently encounter a great deal of resistance. Much of this resistance is aesthetic in character; wind turbines somehow do not "fit" in the landscape. On one (classical) view, landscapes are beautiful to the extent that they are "scenic," well-balanced compositions. But wind turbines introduce a discordant note, they are out of "scale." On another (ecological) view, landscapes are beautiful if their various elements form a stable and integrated organic whole. But wind turbines are difficult to integrate into the biotic community; at least in certain respects, they are like "weeds." Moreover, there is a reason why the 100-meter, three bladed wind turbines now favored by the industry cannot very well be accommodated to any landscape view. They are, as Albert Borgmann would put it, characteristic of contemporary technology, distanced "devices" for the production of a commodity rather than "things" with which one can engage. It follows that the only way in which the aesthetic resistance to wind turbines can be overcome is to make them more "thing-like." One such "thing-like" turbine is discussed.
尽管风力发电涡轮机在大多数方面对环境无害,但它们经常遇到很大的阻力。这种抵制在很大程度上是美学性质的;风力涡轮机在某种程度上并不“适合”这种景观。在一种(古典)观点中,风景的美在于它们是“风景优美”的、平衡的构图。但是风力涡轮机带来了一个不和谐的音符,它们超出了“音阶”。从另一个(生态学)的角度来看,如果景观的各种元素形成一个稳定而完整的有机整体,那么景观就是美的。但是风力涡轮机很难融入生物群落;至少在某些方面,它们就像“杂草”。此外,现在业界青睐的100米三叶片风力涡轮机不能很好地适应任何景观也是有原因的。正如阿尔伯特·博格曼(Albert Borgmann)所说,它们是当代技术的特征,是用于生产商品的远距离“设备”,而不是人们可以参与的“事物”。由此可见,克服风力涡轮机美学阻力的唯一方法是使它们更“像东西”。本文讨论了一种类似“物”的涡轮机。
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引用次数: 68
J.E. Malpas's Place and Experience: A Philosophical Topography (Cambridge University Press, 1999) Converging and diverging in/on place 马尔帕斯的《地方与经验:哲学地形图》(剑桥大学出版社,1999)
Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770123141
E. Casey
I am delighted to comment on Jeff Malpas’s Place and Experience, clearly the most important recent book on the question of place—likely, the most important book ever on this elusive subject. Malpas himself prefers to call place “opaque” or “obscure”: and if this is so, he is the one who, after so many centuries of neglect and misunderstanding, has cast the most light into its darkest corners. In particular, he has opened a dialogue on place which extends across entire continents and channels of philosophy—and between philosophy and literature and psychology—in deft and decisive ways. For place-o-philes such as myself, he has opened an entire realm of discourse about this difŽ cult topic.
我很高兴评论杰夫·马尔帕斯的《地方与经验》,这显然是最近关于地方问题的最重要的书——很可能是关于这个难以捉摸的主题的最重要的书。马尔帕斯本人更喜欢称一个地方为“不透明的”或“晦涩的”,如果真是这样的话,那么在经历了这么多世纪的忽视和误解之后,他就是那个在最黑暗的角落里投下最光明的人。尤其值得一提的是,他以灵活而果断的方式开启了一场关于地域的对话,这场对话跨越了整个大陆和哲学的各个渠道,并在哲学、文学和心理学之间展开了对话。对于像我这样的地方爱好者来说,他打开了一个关于这个难以置信的话题的完整的话语领域。
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引用次数: 5
Comparing topographies: Across paths/around place: A reply to Casey 比较地形:穿越路径/围绕地点:对Casey的回复
Pub Date : 2001-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/10903770123850
J. Malpas
by the vulnerability of place, which re ects human contingency and mortality: “the fragility and mortality of human life must be seen as nothing other than the same fragility and mortality that attaches to the places and spaces of human dwelling and just as inevitable” (PE, 191). 6. Malpas’s use of “event” ties it to objective space: see PE, 35, 168. In my own usage, it signiŽ es the coming together of space and time in place—in one occurrence. See The Fate of Place (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 309 ff., 339. 7. For this phrase, see PE, 22, 33, 170. 8. Malpas employs “room” only rarely, e.g., at PE, 64, where it signiŽ es what subjective and objective space share. For the broader reaches of “room,” see The Fate of Place, 87, 122–3, 257–8, 261, 266, 282. 9. The phrase “the character of places as unitary structures” is employed at PE, 185. 10. On places as contained in their own frames, and on their folding-out and folding-in character, see PE, 172.
地点的脆弱性,反映了人类的偶然性和死亡率:“人类生命的脆弱性和死亡率必须被视为与人类居住的地点和空间相同的脆弱性和死亡率,并且同样不可避免”(PE, 191)。6. Malpas对“事件”的使用将其与客观空间联系在一起:参见PE, 35,168。在我自己的用法中,它表示空间和时间在某个地方——在一个事件中——的结合。参见《地方的命运》(伯克利:加州大学出版社,1997),第309页。, 339年。7. 这个短语见PE, 22, 33, 170。8. 马尔帕斯很少使用“房间”,例如,在PE, 64,在那里它表示主观和客观空间共享。关于“房间”的更广范围,见《地方的命运》,87、122-3、257-8、261、266、282。9. “地方作为单一结构的特征”这句话被用在PE, 185。10. 关于包含在它们自己的框架中的位置,以及它们的折叠和折叠特性,见PE, 172。
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引用次数: 16
期刊
Philosophy & Geography
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