In this paper we investigate the use of parallel forms, or morphological overabundance, in Estonian nouns, which are richly inflected in fourteen cases and two numbers. The complexity of the nominal inflection system derives from the multiplicity of declension classes, which allow for the availability of parallel forms in many morphological paradigm cells. Whereas previous studies of overabundance in nominal inflection have focussed on available overabundance in particular cells, this study focuses on the actual usage of overabundant forms, or ‘realised overabundance’, taking as a starting point those lexemes which are attested with two parallel forms in the corpus. Following the criteria proposed by Thornton (2019) , we investigate the canonicity of realised overabundance in Estonian, in terms of its extent across both lexemes and cells. In addition, frequency ratios of alternate variants and conditions on their usage are investigated by comparing lexemes in the most overabundant cells. Finally, we tackle the connections between morphological overabundance and syntactic argumenthood, exploring the hypothesis that parallel forms serve distinct functions. We find no contextual preference in terms of which of the two forms is used. In general, we find realised overabundance to be restricted and more canonical than potential overabundance.
{"title":"Realised overabundance in Estonian noun paradigms: A corpus study","authors":"Mari Aigro, Virve-Anneli Vihman","doi":"10.3366/word.2023.0227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0227","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we investigate the use of parallel forms, or morphological overabundance, in Estonian nouns, which are richly inflected in fourteen cases and two numbers. The complexity of the nominal inflection system derives from the multiplicity of declension classes, which allow for the availability of parallel forms in many morphological paradigm cells. Whereas previous studies of overabundance in nominal inflection have focussed on available overabundance in particular cells, this study focuses on the actual usage of overabundant forms, or ‘realised overabundance’, taking as a starting point those lexemes which are attested with two parallel forms in the corpus. Following the criteria proposed by Thornton (2019) , we investigate the canonicity of realised overabundance in Estonian, in terms of its extent across both lexemes and cells. In addition, frequency ratios of alternate variants and conditions on their usage are investigated by comparing lexemes in the most overabundant cells. Finally, we tackle the connections between morphological overabundance and syntactic argumenthood, exploring the hypothesis that parallel forms serve distinct functions. We find no contextual preference in terms of which of the two forms is used. In general, we find realised overabundance to be restricted and more canonical than potential overabundance.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":"23 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the reactions of Czech native speakers to cues asking them to supply inflectional forms of nouns and verbs that are either canonical (non-variant), overabundant, or supposedly defective, to see what distinguishing characteristics these three conditions have for production. We find that respondents handle defective material differently from other conditions, producing different sorts of forms at different frequencies, and taking significantly longer to do so. Overabundant cells pattern at the individual level like canonical inflectional cells, but collectively display a significantly more varied and less focused spread of forms produced than our canonical cells. The individual dimension of uncertainty in production is thus limited to defective cells, but the collective dimension of uncertainty is evident between all three conditions.
{"title":"Uncertainty in the production of Czech noun and verb forms","authors":"Neil Bermel, Luděk Knittl, Alexandre Nikolaev","doi":"10.3366/word.2023.0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0231","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the reactions of Czech native speakers to cues asking them to supply inflectional forms of nouns and verbs that are either canonical (non-variant), overabundant, or supposedly defective, to see what distinguishing characteristics these three conditions have for production. We find that respondents handle defective material differently from other conditions, producing different sorts of forms at different frequencies, and taking significantly longer to do so. Overabundant cells pattern at the individual level like canonical inflectional cells, but collectively display a significantly more varied and less focused spread of forms produced than our canonical cells. The individual dimension of uncertainty in production is thus limited to defective cells, but the collective dimension of uncertainty is evident between all three conditions.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":"189 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gordana Hržica, Tomislava Bošnjak Botica, Sara Košutar
Studies on verbal overgeneralization often focus on languages with low morphological complexity. The Croatian conjugational system exhibits varying degrees of complexity, and this complexity is not primarily based on the number of inflectional morphemes, but on an elaborate system of stem changes. During early language development, children face the difficult task of acquiring this system, using overgeneralized forms to overcome its complexity. To date, studies have used a corpus-based method to retrieve overgeneralizations in child language, which has had limited success in capturing this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of overgeneralized verb forms in Croatian monolingual children aged 2;6 to 5;11 using a questionnaire in which parents report overgeneralizations used by their children. We tested the relationship between the production of overgeneralized forms and features of the input language (token frequency and class size). We hypothesized that the rate of overgeneralizations will depend on input language features, i.e. a higher rate of overgeneralizations for infrequent verbs and for verbs with smaller class size. The items selected for the questionnaire are the verbs with stem change used by parents in the longitudinal Croatian corpus of child language. Parents report overgeneralized forms in all verb classes, and verb frequency and class size negatively correlate with the proportion of overgeneralizations. Our results show that children gradually abstract morphological systems in a way that is highly sensitive to the properties of the input.
{"title":"Stem overgeneralizations in the acquisition of Croatian verbal morphology: Evidence from parental questionnaires","authors":"Gordana Hržica, Tomislava Bošnjak Botica, Sara Košutar","doi":"10.3366/word.2023.0228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0228","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on verbal overgeneralization often focus on languages with low morphological complexity. The Croatian conjugational system exhibits varying degrees of complexity, and this complexity is not primarily based on the number of inflectional morphemes, but on an elaborate system of stem changes. During early language development, children face the difficult task of acquiring this system, using overgeneralized forms to overcome its complexity. To date, studies have used a corpus-based method to retrieve overgeneralizations in child language, which has had limited success in capturing this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of overgeneralized verb forms in Croatian monolingual children aged 2;6 to 5;11 using a questionnaire in which parents report overgeneralizations used by their children. We tested the relationship between the production of overgeneralized forms and features of the input language (token frequency and class size). We hypothesized that the rate of overgeneralizations will depend on input language features, i.e. a higher rate of overgeneralizations for infrequent verbs and for verbs with smaller class size. The items selected for the questionnaire are the verbs with stem change used by parents in the longitudinal Croatian corpus of child language. Parents report overgeneralized forms in all verb classes, and verb frequency and class size negatively correlate with the proportion of overgeneralizations. Our results show that children gradually abstract morphological systems in a way that is highly sensitive to the properties of the input.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":"198 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dominika Kováříková, Martin Beneš, Kamila Smejkalová, Oleg Kovářík
This paper demonstrates how the corpus grammar tool GramatiKat can be used to improve and refine morphological information in the Internet Language Reference Book (ILRB), which presents complete declension paradigms for 45,632 standard Czech nouns. The paradigm tables are based mainly on morphological types, following structuralist conceptions of language as a fully articulated system. The paper discusses how to update the ILRB and provide users with empirically based grammatical information for individual word forms in each cell of the paradigm. All noun lemmas have been investigated using the GramatiKat tool for research into grammatical categories in Czech. The tool observes the distribution of word forms of a particular lexeme in comparison with the standard distribution across the whole word class. It is capable of identifying nouns that have an unusually high occurrence of a certain word form, as well as nouns with unattested word forms. GramatiKat is based on the data from two corpora of Czech written texts, SYN2015 and SYN2020 (200 million word tokens). The paper investigates the relationship between defectiveness and overabundance on one side and language variability and potentiality on the other. Based on the unique combination of data from the ILRB and GramatiKat, the paper suggests how information about unusually frequent or overabundant word forms as well as unattested ones should be pointed out, so that ILRB provides the user with accurate, empirically based data.
{"title":"The structuralist tradition meets empirical data: Corpus data enhancing the Czech Internet Language Reference Book","authors":"Dominika Kováříková, Martin Beneš, Kamila Smejkalová, Oleg Kovářík","doi":"10.3366/word.2023.0230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0230","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates how the corpus grammar tool GramatiKat can be used to improve and refine morphological information in the Internet Language Reference Book (ILRB), which presents complete declension paradigms for 45,632 standard Czech nouns. The paradigm tables are based mainly on morphological types, following structuralist conceptions of language as a fully articulated system. The paper discusses how to update the ILRB and provide users with empirically based grammatical information for individual word forms in each cell of the paradigm. All noun lemmas have been investigated using the GramatiKat tool for research into grammatical categories in Czech. The tool observes the distribution of word forms of a particular lexeme in comparison with the standard distribution across the whole word class. It is capable of identifying nouns that have an unusually high occurrence of a certain word form, as well as nouns with unattested word forms. GramatiKat is based on the data from two corpora of Czech written texts, SYN2015 and SYN2020 (200 million word tokens). The paper investigates the relationship between defectiveness and overabundance on one side and language variability and potentiality on the other. Based on the unique combination of data from the ILRB and GramatiKat, the paper suggests how information about unusually frequent or overabundant word forms as well as unattested ones should be pointed out, so that ILRB provides the user with accurate, empirically based data.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":"15 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135565240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the relationship between lower-than-expected frequencies of word forms and inherent gaps in Finnish inflectional paradigms. The research aims to determine whether it is possible to predict paradigmatic gaps from lower-than-expected frequencies of word forms. We examined Finnish nouns inflected in a marginal case (the instructive) and hypothesized that some of these nouns may potentially have gaps in their inflectional paradigms. However, we found that such gaps are contingent and do not cause uncertainty when filled. We find that the correlation between inherent gaps and lower frequencies is one-directional: predicting inherent gaps from lower-than-expected frequencies is problematic. The results suggest that any paradigmatic gap suggested by corpus frequency is more likely to be contingent than inherent, and that the less semantic need there is for a particular word form, the more likely it will be unattested even in a large corpus. The research highlights the importance of considering semantic profiles when analyzing the grammaticality of word forms and suggests that statistical tests like Fisher’s exact are not necessarily the right approach to tackle the problem of negative evidence in corpus studies.
{"title":"Studying negative evidence in Finnish language corpora","authors":"Alexandre Nikolaev, Neil Bermel","doi":"10.3366/word.2023.0229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0229","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the relationship between lower-than-expected frequencies of word forms and inherent gaps in Finnish inflectional paradigms. The research aims to determine whether it is possible to predict paradigmatic gaps from lower-than-expected frequencies of word forms. We examined Finnish nouns inflected in a marginal case (the instructive) and hypothesized that some of these nouns may potentially have gaps in their inflectional paradigms. However, we found that such gaps are contingent and do not cause uncertainty when filled. We find that the correlation between inherent gaps and lower frequencies is one-directional: predicting inherent gaps from lower-than-expected frequencies is problematic. The results suggest that any paradigmatic gap suggested by corpus frequency is more likely to be contingent than inherent, and that the less semantic need there is for a particular word form, the more likely it will be unattested even in a large corpus. The research highlights the importance of considering semantic profiles when analyzing the grammaticality of word forms and suggests that statistical tests like Fisher’s exact are not necessarily the right approach to tackle the problem of negative evidence in corpus studies.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":"18 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135565237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Affix rivalry is defined as the phenomenon of morphological competition where affixes and meaning are in a many-to-one relationship. Because of their poor semantic content, demonyms are perfect candidates for the investigation of selectional constraints in such a context. Indeed the morphological processes they originate from are characterized by their shared, straightfoward semantic relation, as they denote inhabitants linked to the toponym they derive from, which allows for the apparently simplified scrutinization of non-semantic properties. Investigations suggest a more nuanced and complex reality. The present study provides a quantitative and statistical investigation of the rivalry between French - ois, - ais, - ien and - éen suffixes. It notably relies on phonological and morphological features. Its contribution pertains to the use of statistical modeling to provide a quantitative description and to the integration of extralinguistic features on the nature of geographical proximity in a quantitative approach. The study shows that while the model cannot accurately predict the suffix of a given demonym based on these features, it still draws on the main tendencies underlying affix rivalry in the formation of French demonyms.
{"title":"Affix rivalry in French demonym formation: The role of linguistic and non-linguistic parameters","authors":"Juliette Thuilier, D. Tribout, Marine Wauquier","doi":"10.3366/word.2023.0223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0223","url":null,"abstract":"Affix rivalry is defined as the phenomenon of morphological competition where affixes and meaning are in a many-to-one relationship. Because of their poor semantic content, demonyms are perfect candidates for the investigation of selectional constraints in such a context. Indeed the morphological processes they originate from are characterized by their shared, straightfoward semantic relation, as they denote inhabitants linked to the toponym they derive from, which allows for the apparently simplified scrutinization of non-semantic properties. Investigations suggest a more nuanced and complex reality. The present study provides a quantitative and statistical investigation of the rivalry between French - ois, - ais, - ien and - éen suffixes. It notably relies on phonological and morphological features. Its contribution pertains to the use of statistical modeling to provide a quantitative description and to the integration of extralinguistic features on the nature of geographical proximity in a quantitative approach. The study shows that while the model cannot accurately predict the suffix of a given demonym based on these features, it still draws on the main tendencies underlying affix rivalry in the formation of French demonyms.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42914169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We contrast two views of rivalry in word formation. Under the classical, categorical view, two processes are rivals if they are semantically equivalent. Under the more nuanced, gradient view, two processes can be rivals at different degrees, depending on how frequently they are amenable to be deployed as alternatives to one another. We propose to use methods from distributional semantics to explore the usefulness of both views. Building on data from French, we first show that distributional differences between average difference vectors capture semantic similarity across derivational processes in a manner comparable to the expectations of expert morphologists. We then propose an operational implementation of the classical view of rivalry based on computational classifiers: processes are rivals if and only if a classifier is unable to discriminate between them. Experimentation with French data shows that this operationalization correctly captures the broad brushes of rivalry, but also reveals finer, gradient aspects of competition in the spirit of gradient rivalry.
{"title":"A distributional assessment of rivalry in word formation","authors":"Matı́as Guzmán Naranjo, Olivier Bonami","doi":"10.3366/word.2023.0222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0222","url":null,"abstract":"We contrast two views of rivalry in word formation. Under the classical, categorical view, two processes are rivals if they are semantically equivalent. Under the more nuanced, gradient view, two processes can be rivals at different degrees, depending on how frequently they are amenable to be deployed as alternatives to one another. We propose to use methods from distributional semantics to explore the usefulness of both views. Building on data from French, we first show that distributional differences between average difference vectors capture semantic similarity across derivational processes in a manner comparable to the expectations of expert morphologists. We then propose an operational implementation of the classical view of rivalry based on computational classifiers: processes are rivals if and only if a classifier is unable to discriminate between them. Experimentation with French data shows that this operationalization correctly captures the broad brushes of rivalry, but also reveals finer, gradient aspects of competition in the spirit of gradient rivalry.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49371806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Affix rivalry is a key element in the organization and evolution of derivational systems. Its study provides insight into word-formation semantics, morphological change, productivity, lexical variation, and the many-to-many relationship between form and meaning. Affix rivalry is characterized by its gradient nature and the multiplicity of factors that can be involved in its resolution. On the one hand, rival affixes can be regarded as more or less competing depending on their semantic similarity and on the proportion of semantic functions they have in common. On the other hand, the distinction between rival affixes can rely on different linguistic properties, including not only semantic, but also phonological, morphological, syntactic, stylistic, and sociolinguistic properties. Differences are observed as tendencies and have a variable influence on affix selection. Quantitative methods can be used to precisely assess degrees of rivalry and multifactorial resolution of competition. Based on the statistical analysis of large sets of derivatives, they can provide an accurate description of affix rivalry and help us better understand the mechanisms of competition in word formation.
{"title":"Affix rivalry: Theoretical and methodological challenges","authors":"R. Huyghe, Rossella Varvara","doi":"10.3366/word.2023.0218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0218","url":null,"abstract":"Affix rivalry is a key element in the organization and evolution of derivational systems. Its study provides insight into word-formation semantics, morphological change, productivity, lexical variation, and the many-to-many relationship between form and meaning. Affix rivalry is characterized by its gradient nature and the multiplicity of factors that can be involved in its resolution. On the one hand, rival affixes can be regarded as more or less competing depending on their semantic similarity and on the proportion of semantic functions they have in common. On the other hand, the distinction between rival affixes can rely on different linguistic properties, including not only semantic, but also phonological, morphological, syntactic, stylistic, and sociolinguistic properties. Differences are observed as tendencies and have a variable influence on affix selection. Quantitative methods can be used to precisely assess degrees of rivalry and multifactorial resolution of competition. Based on the statistical analysis of large sets of derivatives, they can provide an accurate description of affix rivalry and help us better understand the mechanisms of competition in word formation.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43534119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is devoted to the rivalry between suffixes in the derivation of denominal adjectives in Russian. In particular, it proposes a large-scale quantitative analysis based on the Russian National Corpus. Its main goal is to contribute to identifying the properties that determine the choice of the suffix in these derivatives. Denominal adjectival derivation in Russian makes use of a wide variety of exponents. Most of them are phonological variants (extensions) of three main suffixes, - n-, - sk- and - Ov-. These three, which can be considered as basic, constitute the focus of our analysis. Two datasets were built for this research, a general one containing one of the suffixes above, and a more specific one containing doublets, which is to say, adjectives constructed on the same base with different suffixes. Data from the two sets are analyzed by means of various statistical models. Our results globally provide a quantitatively robust confirmation of observations previously made in the literature. In particular, we show that -n- occupies a specific position in the derivational system of Russian, as it is less productive and its derivatives are tendentially less transparent and more prone to display lexicalized meanings that point towards the qualitative pole of the qualitative-relational semantic spectrum. Moreover, - sk- and - Ov- are more likely to form doublets (be attached to the same bases), a further argument in favor of a greater homogeneity between them as opposed to - n-.
{"title":"A quantitative approach to doublets in Russian denominal adjective construction","authors":"N. Bobkova, Fabio Montermini","doi":"10.3366/word.2023.0221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2023.0221","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the rivalry between suffixes in the derivation of denominal adjectives in Russian. In particular, it proposes a large-scale quantitative analysis based on the Russian National Corpus. Its main goal is to contribute to identifying the properties that determine the choice of the suffix in these derivatives. Denominal adjectival derivation in Russian makes use of a wide variety of exponents. Most of them are phonological variants (extensions) of three main suffixes, - n-, - sk- and - Ov-. These three, which can be considered as basic, constitute the focus of our analysis. Two datasets were built for this research, a general one containing one of the suffixes above, and a more specific one containing doublets, which is to say, adjectives constructed on the same base with different suffixes. Data from the two sets are analyzed by means of various statistical models. Our results globally provide a quantitatively robust confirmation of observations previously made in the literature. In particular, we show that -n- occupies a specific position in the derivational system of Russian, as it is less productive and its derivatives are tendentially less transparent and more prone to display lexicalized meanings that point towards the qualitative pole of the qualitative-relational semantic spectrum. Moreover, - sk- and - Ov- are more likely to form doublets (be attached to the same bases), a further argument in favor of a greater homogeneity between them as opposed to - n-.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47780321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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