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Different lexicons make different rivals 不同的词汇产生不同的竞争对手
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2023.0219
Sabine Arndt-Lappe
Analogy-based theories assume that in situations of affix competition, language users create novel word forms on the basis of similar existing forms in their Mental Lexicons ( Baayen et al. 2011 ; Daelemans & van den Bosch 2005; Skousen 1989 ). Interestingly, however, simulation studies employing computational implementations of analogical theories have almost invariably adopted a rather abstractionist view of the Mental Lexicon, representing the word stock of the language, and abstracting away from differences between individual speakers (see, e.g., Arndt-Lappe 2014 ; Chapman & Skousen 2005 ; Eddington 2006 ; Nieder et al. 2021 ). This is a problem because it precludes the possibility of testing a central prediction of analogical theories: if affixes are assigned on the fly on the basis of similar words in the lexicon, then speakers with different lexicons should make different choices. The present paper provides a proof-of-concept study addressing this issue for the form-based rivalry between the two English adjectival suffixes - ic and - ical. Analogical Modeling of Language (AML; Skousen et al. 2013 ) is used as a computational model. On the basis of a survey of the distribution of derivatives in different registers in the British National Corpus, predictions of the analogical model are compared for a simulated speaker with a large vocabulary (including academic words) and a simulated speaker with a small vocabulary that is based mainly on words from spoken language. The statistical analysis of the simulations reveals that, while sharing some basic properties, the two models make very clear – and testable – predictions about speaker differences.
基于类比的理论认为,在词缀竞争的情况下,语言使用者在其心理词汇表中相似的现有形式的基础上创造新的词形(Baayen et al. 2011;Daelemans,van den Bosch 2005;Skousen 1989)。然而,有趣的是,使用类比理论的计算实现的模拟研究几乎总是采用一种相当抽象的心理词典观点,代表语言的单词库存,并抽象出个体说话者之间的差异(参见,例如,Arndt-Lappe 2014;查普曼,Skousen 2005;Eddington 2006;Nieder et al. 2021)。这是一个问题,因为它排除了测试类比理论的一个中心预测的可能性:如果词缀是根据词典中相似的单词动态分配的,那么使用不同词典的人应该做出不同的选择。本文针对英语两个形容词后缀- ic和ical之间基于形式的竞争进行了概念验证研究。语言的类比建模(AML)Skousen et al. 2013)被用作计算模型。在对英国国家语料库中不同语域的衍生词分布进行调查的基础上,对具有大量词汇(包括学术词汇)的模拟说话者和具有主要基于口语词汇的小词汇的模拟说话者进行了类比模型的预测比较。模拟的统计分析表明,尽管这两个模型有一些共同的基本特性,但它们对说话者的差异做出了非常清晰且可测试的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Three ways of looking at morphological rivalry 三种看待形态竞争的方式
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2023.0220
Mark Aronoff
Blocking and elsewhere distribution have been at the forefront of morphological theory for half a century. Each involves the preemption of one word by another. Neither is fundamental. A combination of Gause’s Principle of Competitive Exclusion and Yang’s Tolerance Principle, both devised for other reasons and both formalized mathematically, provides an explanatory basis for both blocking and elsewhere distribution.
半个世纪以来,阻塞和其他分布一直是形态学理论的前沿。每一种都涉及到一个单词被另一个单词抢占。两者都不是根本问题。高斯的竞争排斥原理和杨的容忍原理的结合,都是出于其他原因而设计的,都是用数学形式形式化的,为阻塞和其他地方的分布提供了解释基础。
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引用次数: 3
Front matter 前页
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2023.0217
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引用次数: 0
The Agreement Hierarchy revisited: The typology of controllers 重新审视协议层次:控制者的类型
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2022.0208
Greville G. Corbett
The Agreement Hierarchy consists of four principal target positions: attributive, predicate, relative pronoun and anaphoric personal pronoun. It constrains the distribution of alternative agreements, in that the likelihood of agreement with greater semantic justification increases monotonically as we move rightwards along the hierarchy. The Agreement Hierarchy covers a wide range of disparate data, and continues to figure regularly in work on theoretical syntax. Since the hierarchy was first proposed, typology has moved on. This means that to remain fit for the purposes for which it is currently used, the hierarchy needs an overhaul. The typology of agreement controllers is the area where the need is most urgent; this is therefore our focus. The canonical typology of controllers is shown to have two dimensions: lexeme to phrase, and local to extraneous (the latter involving honorific agreement, associative agreement, back agreement and “pancake sentences”). These two dimensions are amply illustrated. Finally, interactions between the different types of agreement controller are investigated, since these prove revealing for the typology. Besides making progress on the typology of agreement, the paper contributes to typology more generally, in incorporating insights from other typological disciplines.
协议层次由四个主要的宾语位置组成:定语、谓语、关系代词和回指人称代词。它限制了替代协议的分布,因为随着我们沿着层次结构向右移动,具有更大语义正当性的协议的可能性单调增加。协议层次结构涵盖了广泛的不同数据,并在理论语法方面继续定期出现。自从等级制度首次提出以来,类型学已经向前发展。这意味着为了保持其目前使用的目的,等级制度需要彻底改革。协议控制者的类型是最迫切需要的领域;因此,这是我们的重点。控制器的规范类型学有两个维度:词位到短语,局部到无关(后者涉及敬语一致、联想一致、背一致和“煎饼句”)。这两个维度都得到了充分的说明。最后,研究了不同类型的协议控制器之间的相互作用,因为这些对类型学来说是有启示的。除了在协议的类型学方面取得进展外,本文还结合了其他类型学学科的见解,对类型学做出了更广泛的贡献。
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引用次数: 2
Microvariation in agreement inflection: Subject clitics vs inflection 一致性屈折的微小变化:受试者倾向与屈折
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2022.0214
Diego Pescarini
This article examines the relationship between the presence and shape of subject clitics and verbal endings in a sample of 187 Italo-Romance dialects. It is found that in the majority of languages subject clitics outnumber distinctive inflectional endings. The absence of underspecified systems militates in favour of diachronic and synchronic explanations claiming that the presence of subject clitics is related to the richness of inflection. At the same time, however, the predominance of overspecified systems indicates that further factors are at play in shaping inventories of subject clitics. The second result is that, from a geolinguistic perspective, close dialects exhibit more similarities in the inflectional system than in clitic systems. This brings further support to the claim that inventories of subject clitics do not reflect the array of inflectional endings, whereas some further factors are probably involved in the emergence of subject clitics. Such factors might be either feature geometries/filters, as proposed in the previous literature, or third factors in Chomsky’s sense, i.e. factors that are related to computational efficiency and/or processing costs.
本文以187种意大利罗曼史方言为样本,考察了主格派的存在和形态与语言词尾之间的关系。研究发现,在大多数语言中,主格群的数量超过了独特的屈折词尾。缺乏未明确说明的系统有利于历时和共时的解释,即主体派系的存在与屈折的丰富性有关。然而,与此同时,过度指定系统的主导地位表明,在形成主题派系清单方面,还有其他因素在起作用。第二个结果是,从地理语言学的角度来看,紧密方言在屈折系统中比在派系系统中表现出更多的相似性。这进一步支持了这样一种说法,即主题派系的清单并不能反映屈折词尾的排列,而主题派系的出现可能涉及一些其他因素。这些因素可能是先前文献中提出的特征几何形状/滤波器,或者是乔姆斯基意义上的第三因素,即与计算效率和/或处理成本相关的因素。
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引用次数: 0
An “evasive neuter”? A study on neuter singular indefinite pronouns with human reference in seventeenth–nineteenth century literary German 一个“回避中性”?十七、十九世纪德语文学中性单数不定代词与人称代词研究
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2022.0212
Jürg Fleischer
In the area of agreement with noun phrases displaying reference problems, “evasive forms” may be used to avoid problematic choices. When referring to people of more than one or unknown social gender, masculine or feminine forms might be inappropriate. An “evasive construction” solves this problem by turning to a form that is neither masculine nor feminine. A well-known example is “singular they” in English (e.g. anyone can do it if they try hard enough). In literary New High German, neuter singular forms of indefinite pronouns could be used in similar contexts. This construction is largely obsolete in present-day Standard German but well attested until the nineteenth century and still current in some modern regional dialects. In this paper, the grammatical properties of this construction are discussed. It is shown that neuter gender is used for a specific semantic value, namely, to indicate more than one social gender simultaneously or to leave social gender explicitly open.
在与显示参考问题的名词短语一致的领域,“回避形式”可以用来避免有问题的选择。当提到一个以上或未知社会性别的人时,阳性或阴性形式可能不合适。“回避结构”通过转向一种既不男性化也不女性化的形式来解决这个问题。一个著名的例子是英语中的“单数they”(例如,只要足够努力,任何人都可以做到)。在新高地德语文学中,不定代词的中性单数形式可以在类似的语境中使用。这种结构在今天的标准德语中基本上已经过时,但直到19世纪才得到充分证明,并且在一些现代地区方言中仍然存在。本文讨论了这种结构的语法性质。研究表明,中性性别用于一个特定的语义值,即同时表示多个社会性别或明确开放社会性别。
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引用次数: 0
Agreeing inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors as derived personal pronouns: Evidence from Tatar 赞同屈折量词、增强词和回指作为派生的人称代词——来自Tatar的证据
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2022.0215
E. Lyutikova
In this paper, I analyse the intricate agreement pattern attested with inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors in Tatar, which can trigger not only a default 3rd person agreement, but also the marked person agreement reflecting the features of their restrictor or binder. I claim that in these constructions, inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors bear the features the agreement reveals, and propose a mechanism allowing them to acquire the features of their restrictor or binder. I build on the idea that agreeing inflected quantifiers, intensifiers and anaphors contain a minimal pronoun equipped with a set of unvalued interpretable features, and that this feature set gets valued via agreement.
在本文中,我分析了鞑靼语中屈折量词、增强词和回指所证明的复杂的一致性模式,它不仅可以触发默认的第三人称一致性,而且可以触发反映其限制词或连接词特征的标记人一致性。我认为,在这些结构中,屈折量词、强化词和回指具有协议所揭示的特征,并提出了一种机制,使它们能够获得其限定词或连接词的特征。我建立在这样一个观点的基础上,即一致的屈折量词、增强词和回指包含一个配备了一组不可值解释特征的最小代词,并且这个特征集通过一致来获得值。
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引用次数: 1
Agreement and argument realization in Mian discourse 勉语篇中的一致与论证实现
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2022.0211
S. Fedden
A common assumption about the function of gender agreement in discourse is that it serves referent identification and reference tracking. There is some evidence in favour of this view, and an increasing body of research which finds no foundation for it; this study further supports the latter perspective. It is based on a fully annotated corpus of the Papuan language Mian and uses a noteworthy property of the Mian agreement system: object agreement in transitive verbs is “sporadic”, i.e. it depends on the lexical type of a transitive verb whether it agrees with its object. Therefore we can measure whether speakers of Mian manipulate overt vs. null arguments in discourse to compensate whenever lack of agreement might make argument reference ambiguous. The results clearly show that the proportions of overtly realized objects for agreeing verbs and non-agreeing verbs do not differ significantly, thus lending little support to the claim that gender agreement serves a major function in reference tracking in discourse.
关于性别认同在话语中的作用,一个常见的假设是它为指称对象识别和指称追踪服务。有一些证据支持这一观点,而且越来越多的研究没有找到任何依据;本研究进一步支持了后一种观点。它基于巴布亚语Mian的一个完整注释语料库,并使用了Mian一致性系统的一个值得注意的特性:及物动词中的宾语一致性是“偶发的”,即它取决于及物动词的词汇类型是否与其宾语一致。因此,我们可以衡量在语篇中,当缺乏一致性可能导致论点参考歧义时,语篇使用者是否会操纵显性论点与无效论点来进行补偿。研究结果清楚地表明,同意动词和非同意动词的公开实现对象的比例没有显著差异,因此几乎没有支持性别一致在话语中的参考追踪中发挥主要作用的说法。
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引用次数: 1
The acquisition of demonstratives in a complex noun class system 复杂名词类系统中指示词的习得
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2022.0209
Serge Sagna, Virve Vihman, M. Vihman, Dunstan Brown
We present an exploratory study of 2- to 3-year-old children’s acquisition of the demonstrative system of Eegimaa (ISO 369–3 bqj), an endangered language belonging to the Jóola cluster of the Atlantic family of the Niger-Congo phylum, spoken by about 13,000 speakers in southwestern Senegal. Eegimaa demonstratives express distance from speaker (proximal, medial and distal) and the agreement categories of number and gender, as well as having four morphological types that create an additional dimension of complexity for children to learn. These demonstrative types are each associated with a range of syntactic functions with partial overlaps. From nearly seven hours of recordings, including children at three age points (2;0, 2;6 and 3;0), we extracted 218 demonstrative tokens from the children’s speech, matched with 205 tokens from a sub-sample of caregiver speech. The youngest children can be described as restricting their use of demonstratives to a small set of learned items, with evidence of generalisation and productivity arising over the course of development, alongside an increase in frequency and development in distribution patterns of the various demonstrative forms to more target-like usage in the 3;0 sample. At age three we observe more variation by syntactic function. As has been found in other languages, children acquiring Eegimaa seem to make use of the diverse forms of demonstratives early, but they do not yet make use of the full range of forms even at age three, when they are beginning to produce more systematic forms of the demonstratives across syntactic contexts and with a variety of genders.
我们对2至3岁儿童习得Eegimaa(ISO 369–3 bqj)的指示系统进行了探索性研究,Eegima是一种濒危语言,属于尼日尔-刚果门大西洋科的Jóola集群,塞内加尔西南部约有13000名使用者使用。Eegimaa指示词表达与说话者的距离(近端、中间和远端)以及数字和性别的一致性类别,并具有四种形态类型,为儿童学习创造了额外的复杂性维度。这些指示类型都与一系列具有部分重叠的句法功能相关联。从近7个小时的录音中,包括三个年龄点(2;0,2;6和3;0)的儿童,我们从儿童的言语中提取了218个指示性标记,与护理者言语的子样本中的205个标记相匹配。年龄最小的孩子可以被描述为将他们对指示词的使用限制在一小部分学习项目上,有证据表明,在发展过程中出现了泛化和生产力,同时各种指示形式的分布模式的频率和发展也在增加,在3中使用更像目标;0个样本。在三岁时,我们观察到更多的句法功能变化。正如在其他语言中发现的那样,习得Eegimaa的儿童似乎很早就使用了各种形式的指示词,但即使在三岁时,他们也还没有完全使用各种形式,因为他们开始在不同的句法语境和性别中产生更系统的指示词形式。
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引用次数: 0
Canonical and non-canonical (co)predicate agreement in Highest Alemannic dialects 最高阿勒曼尼方言中的规范与非规范(共)谓语一致性
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2022.0213
Elvira Glaser, Sandro Bachmann
This paper deals with the distribution of agreement patterns for target adjectives or past participles in Swiss German dialects focussing on non-attributive domains. While agreement outside the nominal phrase has been lost in the development towards Standard German and in most dialects, in some Swiss German dialects certain syntactic domains still show formal agreement. Against this backdrop, two topics will be addressed in this paper. It gives an overview of the extent, function and distribution of formal agreement within the clausal domain on the basis of survey data, as far as possible. Another focus is default neuter inflection, which no longer shows canonical gender agreement with a neuter controller, but has developed a new function in the field of aspectuality.
本文研究了瑞士德语方言中目标形容词或过去分词的一致模式在非定语域中的分布。尽管在向标准德语和大多数方言发展的过程中,名词短语之外的一致性已经丧失,但在一些瑞士德语方言中,某些句法领域仍然表现出形式上的一致性。在此背景下,本文将讨论两个主题。它在调查数据的基础上,尽可能地概述了条款领域内正式协议的范围、功能和分布。另一个焦点是默认中性拐点,它不再显示与中性控制器的规范性别一致性,而是在方面性领域开发了一个新的功能。
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引用次数: 0
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Word Structure
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