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Processing of German noun plurals: Evidence for first- and second-order schemata 德语名词复数的加工:一阶和二阶图式的证据
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0173
K. Köpcke, Sarah Schimke, Verena Wecker
This article addresses the question of how morphologically complex words are represented in the mental grammar of monolingual adult speakers of German. We contend that in perception, speakers assign a plural or singular meaning according to the degree of reliability to which a given shape is associated with the function singular or plural. In this article, we present the results of two lexical decision experiments with nonce words. In experiment 1, the nonce words presented are preceded by the article form die, and, in experiment 2, the same nonce words are presented as bare nouns. It turns out that the results for experiment 1 and 2 differ. Nevertheless, we argue that the results for both experiments can straightforwardly be explained by a schema account. More precisely, we distinguish between firstand second-order schemata. First-order schemata rely on the pure word form onto which a specific function is mapped. But, recent developments of the schema approach argue that in the speaker’s representation of word forms not only single schemata are stored and mapped onto specific functions, but rather schema-pairs, e.g. a singular and its most likely plural partner, referred to as *We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for very helpful comments on an earlier version of this article. Our thanks are also due to Linda Thornburg and Klaus Panther for correcting our English, and to Katie von Holzen for her help with statistics. Word Structure 14.1 (2021): 1–24 DOI: 10.3366/word.2021.0173 © Edinburgh University Press www.euppublishing.com/word ‘second-order schema’. The results of our experiments support the assumption of firstand second-order schemata and their interaction.
本文探讨了单语成年德语使用者的心理语法如何表征词形复杂的词。我们认为,在感知中,说话者根据一个给定形状与单数或复数功能相关联的可靠性程度来分配复数或单数意义。在这篇文章中,我们给出了两个关于临时词的词汇决策实验的结果。在实验1中,nonce单词的前面有冠词die,而在实验2中,相同的nonce单词以裸名词的形式呈现。实验1和实验2的结果是不同的。然而,我们认为两个实验的结果都可以直接用图式解释。更准确地说,我们区分一阶和二阶模式。一阶模式依赖于特定函数映射到的纯单词形式。但是,模式方法的最新发展表明,在说话者对单词形式的表示中,不仅存储了单个模式并将其映射到特定的功能上,而且还存储了模式对,例如,一个单数和它最有可能的复数伙伴,称为*。我们要感谢两位匿名评论者对本文早期版本的非常有帮助的评论。我们还要感谢琳达·索恩伯格和克劳斯·黑豹纠正我们的英语,感谢凯蒂·冯·霍尔岑在统计方面的帮助。Word Structure 14.1 (2021): 1-24 DOI: 10.3366/ Word .2021.0173©爱丁堡大学出版社www.euppublishing.com/word“二阶模式”。我们的实验结果支持一阶和二阶图式的假设及其相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Variation in the nominal morphology of Northern Vlax Romani 北罗马弗拉克斯植物名义形态的变异
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0179
M. A. Baló
The present paper discusses two particular instances of variation in the nominal morphology of Northern Vlax Romani varieties as spoken in Hungary: the masculine oblique base and the feminine plural oblique base. The discussion is conducted in an analogical framework, relying only on surface forms and their relationships, using the notion of schemas ( Booij 2010 ), and taking it one step further. When there is a ‘weak point’ in the grammar of a language, variation may emerge and pattern-seeking may begin; the pattern-seeking processes can be interpreted and explained with reference to possible analogical connections among surface forms.
本文讨论了匈牙利语中北弗拉克斯-罗马尼变体名词形态变化的两个特殊例子:阳性斜基和阴性复数斜基。讨论是在类比框架中进行的,只依赖于表面形式及其关系,使用模式的概念(Booij 2010),并将其进一步推进。当一种语言的语法出现“弱点”时,可能会出现变异,并开始寻找模式;可以参考表面形式之间可能的类比联系来解释和解释模式寻找过程。
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引用次数: 0
Action nouns vs. nouns as bases for denominal verbs in Czech: A case study on directionality in derivation 捷克语动作名词与名词作为名词动词的基础——以派生中的指向性为例
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0181
M. Sevcíková
Suffixless action nouns are mostly analysed as deverbal derivatives (e.g., výběr ‘choice’ < vybírat ‘to choose.ipfv’), but dictionaries ascribe the reverse direction to some noun–verb pairs ( útok ‘attack’ > útočit ‘to attack.ipfv’) despite being both formally and semantically close to the former type. The question is addressed in the present study of whether any linguistic features can be identified in pairs of suffixless nouns and directly corresponding verbs that would speak in favour of one or the other direction. The analysis of 250 Czech suffixless nouns reveals a correlation between the number of directly related verbs derived by suffixes and the direction as recorded in the dictionaries: While deverbal nouns correspond mostly to a pair of verbs with different (aspect-changing) suffixes (cf. výběr ‘choice’ : vybrat/ vybírat ‘to choose.pfv/ipfv’), nouns that are bases for verbs tend to share the root with a single (imperfective) verb ( útok ‘attack’ : útočit ‘to attack.ipfv’). This correlation is elaborated into two different paradigms, one being based on verbal roots and the other on nominal roots, which might be applicable in hypothesizing the direction also with nouns that are not covered by the dictionaries.
无后缀动作名词大多被分析为deverbal派生词(例如,výbŞr“choice”útočit“to attice.ipvv”),尽管它们在形式和语义上都接近前者。本研究探讨的问题是,在一对无后缀名词和直接对应的动词中,是否可以识别出任何语言特征,这些动词有利于一个或另一个方向。对250个捷克无后缀名词的分析揭示了由后缀衍生的直接相关动词的数量与词典中记录的方向之间的相关性:而deverbal名词主要对应于一对具有不同(变体)后缀的动词(参见vý,作为动词基础的名词往往与一个(不完全)动词共用词根(útok‘attack’:útočit‘to attack.ipfv’)。这种相关性被阐述为两种不同的范式,一种基于动词词根,另一种基于名词词根,这可能适用于词典未涵盖的名词的方向假设。
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引用次数: 4
Variability in inflectional forms of attributive-appositive composite lexical units in Polish 波兰语定语-同位复合词单位屈折形式的变异性
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0180
B. Cetnarowska
This paper examines inflectional markers (signalling number, case and gender) of selected types of NN complexes in Polish, which can be regarded as attributive-appositive (ATAP) lexical units in the cross-linguistic classification of compounds proposed by Scalise & Bisetto (2009) . Polish compounds proper show externalization of inflection and take inflectional markers on their right-hand constituents only. In contrast, Polish juxtapositions are expected to display double inflectional marking (on both their components). However, data from the National Corpus of Polish demonstrate that ATAP juxtapositions containing the lexeme widmo ‘ghost, phantom’ as their right-hand component exhibit variability in their inflectional paradigms. The right-hand (i.e. the modifier) constituent of such juxtapositions either shows number and case agreement with the head noun, or it appears in the default (nom.sg) form. Potential reasons for the instability of inflectional paradigms of such NN juxtapositions are considered.
本文研究了波兰语中选定类型的神经网络复合物的屈折标记(信号数、大小写和性别),在Scalise&Bisetto(2009)提出的复合物跨语言分类中,这些标记可以被视为定语同位词(ATAP)词汇单位。波兰化合物本身表现出屈折的外化,只在其右侧成分上使用屈折标记。相比之下,波兰语并置预计会显示出双重屈折标记(在其两个组成部分上)。然而,来自波兰语国家语料库的数据表明,包含词位widmo“ghost,phantom”作为其右侧成分的ATAP并置在其屈折范式中表现出可变性。这种并列的右手(即修饰语)成分要么显示出与头名词的数字和大小写一致,要么以默认形式(nom.sg)出现。考虑了这种NN并列的屈折范式不稳定的潜在原因。
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引用次数: 0
Three diachronic sources for the development of -erei-based synthetic compounds in German 德语-erei基合成化合物发展的三个历时来源
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2020.0175
Martina Werner
This article investigates the historical development of synthetic compounds with the suffix -erei, such as German Buchleserei ‘book reading’. Synthetic compounding has been attested in older language stages of German, as in Old High German kirihwihî ‘church consecration’ or Middle High German bluotspîunge ‘blood spitting’. In the history of the German language, synthetic compounds are the last step in the development of a nominalizing suffix. Suffixes attach first to simplex bases (such as German Leserei ‘reading’), and only afterwards can they form synthetic compounds with a compound base (such as Bücherleserei ‘reading of books’). The development of verbal synthetic compounding results from three different sources: a) a suffixal pattern based on compound nominals (such as exocentric Freigeist ‘free spirit’ becomes Freigeisterei ‘free spiritedness’), where the pattern develops the ability to nominalize VPs (such as Nichtstuerei ‘doing nothing’); b) root compounds which develop the ability to take a deverbal head suffixed by -erei (such as Venus–Nascherey ‘Venusian nibbling’); and c) low-frequency - erei-compounds which originate from inherited idiomatic compound verbs (such as Ehebrecherei ‘adultery’, lit. ‘marriage-breakery’ > ehebrechen (V) ‘to commit adultery’, lit. ‘to marriage-break’). The paper delineates the three developments for different word formation types which lead to the morphological distribution of present-day German.
本文考察了带有-erei后缀的合成化合物的历史发展,如德语Buchleserei的“读书”。合成复合物在德语的早期语言阶段得到了证实,如古高地德语kirihwihî“教堂祝圣”或中高地德语bluotspîunge“吐血”。在德语历史上,合成化合物是名词化后缀发展的最后一步。后缀首先附着在单形碱基上(如德语Leserei的“reading”),然后才能与复合碱基形成合成化合物(如Bücherleserei的“readingofbooks”)。言语合成复合的发展源于三个不同的来源:a)基于复合主词的后缀模式(如中心外的Freigest“自由精神”变为Freigesterei“自由精神性”),其中该模式发展了名词化VP的能力(如Nichtstuerei“无所事事”);b) 根化合物,其发展出以-erei为后缀的去茎头的能力(如Venus–Nascherey“Venusian nibling”);和c)低频-erei复合词,源于继承的惯用复合动词(如Ehebrecherei“通奸”,lit.“婚姻破裂”>ehebrechen(V)“通奸”婚姻破裂)。本文阐述了不同造词类型导致现代德语形态分布的三个发展过程。
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引用次数: 2
Front matter 前页
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2020.0171
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引用次数: 0
An onomasiological approach to nominal compound semantics 名词复合语义学的象声学方法
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2020.0174
V. Antoniová
This paper addresses the semantics of compounding from an onomasiological point of view. It reports on the results of a corpus-based study of 500 English N+N compounds, the primary goal of which is to delimit a set of onomasiological structure rules on the basis of the admissible and inadmissible combinations of cognitive categories at the onomasiological level. The question of the semantics of nominal compounds has been considered in a number of theoretical frameworks; nevertheless, the difficulties related to the interpretation of N+N compounds have not been satisfactorily clarified. The application of the onomasiological approach to nominal compound semantics proves powerful as it sheds more light on the meaning relationships between constituents of these units. At the same time, it allows for the identification of the tendencies for the coinage of N+N compounds based on their internal semantic structure and narrows down the number of possible combinations of semantic categories thereby increasing the meaning predictability of this compound type.
本文从经济学的角度论述了复合词的语义。它报告了一项基于语料库的对500个英语N+N复合词的研究结果,该研究的主要目标是在拟声学水平上根据认知类别的可接受和不可接受组合来界定一套拟声学结构规则。名词复合词的语义问题已经在许多理论框架中得到了考虑;然而,与解释N+N化合物有关的困难尚未得到令人满意的澄清。象征学方法在名词复合语义中的应用被证明是强大的,因为它更多地揭示了这些单元的组成部分之间的意义关系。同时,它允许根据N+N化合物的内部语义结构来识别其铸造趋势,并缩小语义类别的可能组合数量,从而提高这种复合类型的含义可预测性。
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引用次数: 1
Morfeus+: Word parsing in Basque beyond morphological segmentation Morfeus+:巴斯克语中超越形态学分割的单词解析
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2020.0172
I. Aduriz, J. M. Arriola, X. Artola, Zuhaitz Beloki, N. Ezeiza, Koldo Gojenola
This work describes the formalization of a word structure grammar that represents the complex morphological and morphosyntactic information embedded within the word forms of an agglutinative language (Basque), giving a comprehensive linguistic description of the main morphological phenomena, such as affixation, derivation, and composition, and also taking into account the modeling of both standard and non-standard words. We have identified the relevant issues to be addressed in the representation of such a grammar. We also present the development of Morfeus+, a tool for the analysis of unrestricted texts, testing its applicability and showing that its coverage is wide and robust, allowing the efficient processing of big volumes of data. This paper describes a mature system that has required several person/years and that tries to integrate a rigorous linguistic specification together with more practical implementation matters, such as the appropriate treatment of unknown words in unrestricted texts.
这项工作描述了一种单词结构语法的形式化,该语法表示嵌入在粘性语言(巴斯克语)的单词形式中的复杂形态和形态句法信息,对词缀、派生和合成等主要形态现象进行了全面的语言学描述,并且还考虑了标准词和非标准词的建模。我们已经确定了在表示这种语法时需要解决的相关问题。我们还介绍了Morfeus+的开发,这是一种用于分析不受限制文本的工具,测试了它的适用性,并表明它的覆盖范围广泛而稳健,可以有效处理大量数据。本文描述了一个需要几人/年时间的成熟系统,该系统试图将严格的语言规范与更实际的实施事项相结合,例如在不受限制的文本中适当处理未知单词。
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引用次数: 1
The morphological expression of approximation: the emergingsimil- construction in Italian 近似的形态学表达:意大利语中新出现的相似结构
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2020.0176
F. Masini, M. Micheli
Evaluative morphology is by now a well-establish domain in morphological studies (cf. Grandi & Körtvélyessy 2015, Grandi 2017), although not all the semantic functions performed by evaluatives are equally investigated: diminution, augmentation or intensification, for instance, have been subject to more extensive research than approximation or non-prototypicality. Italian has a number of ways to express approximation with morphological means, many of which appear to be prefixes or prefixoids, e.g.:
评价形态学现在是形态学研究中一个建立良好的领域(cf. Grandi & Körtvélyessy 2015, Grandi 2017),尽管并不是所有由评价执行的语义功能都得到了同样的研究:例如,减少、增强或强化已经受到比近似或非原型性更广泛的研究。意大利语有许多用形态学手段表达近似的方法,其中许多似乎是前缀或前缀类,例如:
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引用次数: 8
Back matter 背景材料
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2020.0177
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Word Structure
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