The present paper discusses two particular instances of variation in the nominal morphology of Northern Vlax Romani varieties as spoken in Hungary: the masculine oblique base and the feminine plural oblique base. The discussion is conducted in an analogical framework, relying only on surface forms and their relationships, using the notion of schemas ( Booij 2010 ), and taking it one step further. When there is a ‘weak point’ in the grammar of a language, variation may emerge and pattern-seeking may begin; the pattern-seeking processes can be interpreted and explained with reference to possible analogical connections among surface forms.
{"title":"Variation in the nominal morphology of Northern Vlax Romani","authors":"M. A. Baló","doi":"10.3366/WORD.2021.0179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/WORD.2021.0179","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper discusses two particular instances of variation in the nominal morphology of Northern Vlax Romani varieties as spoken in Hungary: the masculine oblique base and the feminine plural oblique base. The discussion is conducted in an analogical framework, relying only on surface forms and their relationships, using the notion of schemas ( Booij 2010 ), and taking it one step further. When there is a ‘weak point’ in the grammar of a language, variation may emerge and pattern-seeking may begin; the pattern-seeking processes can be interpreted and explained with reference to possible analogical connections among surface forms.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43779085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suffixless action nouns are mostly analysed as deverbal derivatives (e.g., výběr ‘choice’ < vybírat ‘to choose.ipfv’), but dictionaries ascribe the reverse direction to some noun–verb pairs ( útok ‘attack’ > útočit ‘to attack.ipfv’) despite being both formally and semantically close to the former type. The question is addressed in the present study of whether any linguistic features can be identified in pairs of suffixless nouns and directly corresponding verbs that would speak in favour of one or the other direction. The analysis of 250 Czech suffixless nouns reveals a correlation between the number of directly related verbs derived by suffixes and the direction as recorded in the dictionaries: While deverbal nouns correspond mostly to a pair of verbs with different (aspect-changing) suffixes (cf. výběr ‘choice’ : vybrat/ vybírat ‘to choose.pfv/ipfv’), nouns that are bases for verbs tend to share the root with a single (imperfective) verb ( útok ‘attack’ : útočit ‘to attack.ipfv’). This correlation is elaborated into two different paradigms, one being based on verbal roots and the other on nominal roots, which might be applicable in hypothesizing the direction also with nouns that are not covered by the dictionaries.
{"title":"Action nouns vs. nouns as bases for denominal verbs in Czech: A case study on directionality in derivation","authors":"M. Sevcíková","doi":"10.3366/WORD.2021.0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/WORD.2021.0181","url":null,"abstract":"Suffixless action nouns are mostly analysed as deverbal derivatives (e.g., výběr ‘choice’ < vybírat ‘to choose.ipfv’), but dictionaries ascribe the reverse direction to some noun–verb pairs ( útok ‘attack’ > útočit ‘to attack.ipfv’) despite being both formally and semantically close to the former type. The question is addressed in the present study of whether any linguistic features can be identified in pairs of suffixless nouns and directly corresponding verbs that would speak in favour of one or the other direction. The analysis of 250 Czech suffixless nouns reveals a correlation between the number of directly related verbs derived by suffixes and the direction as recorded in the dictionaries: While deverbal nouns correspond mostly to a pair of verbs with different (aspect-changing) suffixes (cf. výběr ‘choice’ : vybrat/ vybírat ‘to choose.pfv/ipfv’), nouns that are bases for verbs tend to share the root with a single (imperfective) verb ( útok ‘attack’ : útočit ‘to attack.ipfv’). This correlation is elaborated into two different paradigms, one being based on verbal roots and the other on nominal roots, which might be applicable in hypothesizing the direction also with nouns that are not covered by the dictionaries.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49585417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines inflectional markers (signalling number, case and gender) of selected types of NN complexes in Polish, which can be regarded as attributive-appositive (ATAP) lexical units in the cross-linguistic classification of compounds proposed by Scalise & Bisetto (2009) . Polish compounds proper show externalization of inflection and take inflectional markers on their right-hand constituents only. In contrast, Polish juxtapositions are expected to display double inflectional marking (on both their components). However, data from the National Corpus of Polish demonstrate that ATAP juxtapositions containing the lexeme widmo ‘ghost, phantom’ as their right-hand component exhibit variability in their inflectional paradigms. The right-hand (i.e. the modifier) constituent of such juxtapositions either shows number and case agreement with the head noun, or it appears in the default (nom.sg) form. Potential reasons for the instability of inflectional paradigms of such NN juxtapositions are considered.
{"title":"Variability in inflectional forms of attributive-appositive composite lexical units in Polish","authors":"B. Cetnarowska","doi":"10.3366/WORD.2021.0180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/WORD.2021.0180","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines inflectional markers (signalling number, case and gender) of selected types of NN complexes in Polish, which can be regarded as attributive-appositive (ATAP) lexical units in the cross-linguistic classification of compounds proposed by Scalise & Bisetto (2009) . Polish compounds proper show externalization of inflection and take inflectional markers on their right-hand constituents only. In contrast, Polish juxtapositions are expected to display double inflectional marking (on both their components). However, data from the National Corpus of Polish demonstrate that ATAP juxtapositions containing the lexeme widmo ‘ghost, phantom’ as their right-hand component exhibit variability in their inflectional paradigms. The right-hand (i.e. the modifier) constituent of such juxtapositions either shows number and case agreement with the head noun, or it appears in the default (nom.sg) form. Potential reasons for the instability of inflectional paradigms of such NN juxtapositions are considered.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43254984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the historical development of synthetic compounds with the suffix -erei, such as German Buchleserei ‘book reading’. Synthetic compounding has been attested in older language stages of German, as in Old High German kirihwihî ‘church consecration’ or Middle High German bluotspîunge ‘blood spitting’. In the history of the German language, synthetic compounds are the last step in the development of a nominalizing suffix. Suffixes attach first to simplex bases (such as German Leserei ‘reading’), and only afterwards can they form synthetic compounds with a compound base (such as Bücherleserei ‘reading of books’). The development of verbal synthetic compounding results from three different sources: a) a suffixal pattern based on compound nominals (such as exocentric Freigeist ‘free spirit’ becomes Freigeisterei ‘free spiritedness’), where the pattern develops the ability to nominalize VPs (such as Nichtstuerei ‘doing nothing’); b) root compounds which develop the ability to take a deverbal head suffixed by -erei (such as Venus–Nascherey ‘Venusian nibbling’); and c) low-frequency - erei-compounds which originate from inherited idiomatic compound verbs (such as Ehebrecherei ‘adultery’, lit. ‘marriage-breakery’ > ehebrechen (V) ‘to commit adultery’, lit. ‘to marriage-break’). The paper delineates the three developments for different word formation types which lead to the morphological distribution of present-day German.
{"title":"Three diachronic sources for the development of -erei-based synthetic compounds in German","authors":"Martina Werner","doi":"10.3366/word.2020.0175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0175","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the historical development of synthetic compounds with the suffix -erei, such as German Buchleserei ‘book reading’. Synthetic compounding has been attested in older language stages of German, as in Old High German kirihwihî ‘church consecration’ or Middle High German bluotspîunge ‘blood spitting’. In the history of the German language, synthetic compounds are the last step in the development of a nominalizing suffix. Suffixes attach first to simplex bases (such as German Leserei ‘reading’), and only afterwards can they form synthetic compounds with a compound base (such as Bücherleserei ‘reading of books’). The development of verbal synthetic compounding results from three different sources: a) a suffixal pattern based on compound nominals (such as exocentric Freigeist ‘free spirit’ becomes Freigeisterei ‘free spiritedness’), where the pattern develops the ability to nominalize VPs (such as Nichtstuerei ‘doing nothing’); b) root compounds which develop the ability to take a deverbal head suffixed by -erei (such as Venus–Nascherey ‘Venusian nibbling’); and c) low-frequency - erei-compounds which originate from inherited idiomatic compound verbs (such as Ehebrecherei ‘adultery’, lit. ‘marriage-breakery’ > ehebrechen (V) ‘to commit adultery’, lit. ‘to marriage-break’). The paper delineates the three developments for different word formation types which lead to the morphological distribution of present-day German.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49550822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses the semantics of compounding from an onomasiological point of view. It reports on the results of a corpus-based study of 500 English N+N compounds, the primary goal of which is to delimit a set of onomasiological structure rules on the basis of the admissible and inadmissible combinations of cognitive categories at the onomasiological level. The question of the semantics of nominal compounds has been considered in a number of theoretical frameworks; nevertheless, the difficulties related to the interpretation of N+N compounds have not been satisfactorily clarified. The application of the onomasiological approach to nominal compound semantics proves powerful as it sheds more light on the meaning relationships between constituents of these units. At the same time, it allows for the identification of the tendencies for the coinage of N+N compounds based on their internal semantic structure and narrows down the number of possible combinations of semantic categories thereby increasing the meaning predictability of this compound type.
{"title":"An onomasiological approach to nominal compound semantics","authors":"V. Antoniová","doi":"10.3366/word.2020.0174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0174","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the semantics of compounding from an onomasiological point of view. It reports on the results of a corpus-based study of 500 English N+N compounds, the primary goal of which is to delimit a set of onomasiological structure rules on the basis of the admissible and inadmissible combinations of cognitive categories at the onomasiological level. The question of the semantics of nominal compounds has been considered in a number of theoretical frameworks; nevertheless, the difficulties related to the interpretation of N+N compounds have not been satisfactorily clarified. The application of the onomasiological approach to nominal compound semantics proves powerful as it sheds more light on the meaning relationships between constituents of these units. At the same time, it allows for the identification of the tendencies for the coinage of N+N compounds based on their internal semantic structure and narrows down the number of possible combinations of semantic categories thereby increasing the meaning predictability of this compound type.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48527029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Aduriz, J. M. Arriola, X. Artola, Zuhaitz Beloki, N. Ezeiza, Koldo Gojenola
This work describes the formalization of a word structure grammar that represents the complex morphological and morphosyntactic information embedded within the word forms of an agglutinative language (Basque), giving a comprehensive linguistic description of the main morphological phenomena, such as affixation, derivation, and composition, and also taking into account the modeling of both standard and non-standard words. We have identified the relevant issues to be addressed in the representation of such a grammar. We also present the development of Morfeus+, a tool for the analysis of unrestricted texts, testing its applicability and showing that its coverage is wide and robust, allowing the efficient processing of big volumes of data. This paper describes a mature system that has required several person/years and that tries to integrate a rigorous linguistic specification together with more practical implementation matters, such as the appropriate treatment of unknown words in unrestricted texts.
{"title":"Morfeus+: Word parsing in Basque beyond morphological segmentation","authors":"I. Aduriz, J. M. Arriola, X. Artola, Zuhaitz Beloki, N. Ezeiza, Koldo Gojenola","doi":"10.3366/word.2020.0172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0172","url":null,"abstract":"This work describes the formalization of a word structure grammar that represents the complex morphological and morphosyntactic information embedded within the word forms of an agglutinative language (Basque), giving a comprehensive linguistic description of the main morphological phenomena, such as affixation, derivation, and composition, and also taking into account the modeling of both standard and non-standard words. We have identified the relevant issues to be addressed in the representation of such a grammar. We also present the development of Morfeus+, a tool for the analysis of unrestricted texts, testing its applicability and showing that its coverage is wide and robust, allowing the efficient processing of big volumes of data. This paper describes a mature system that has required several person/years and that tries to integrate a rigorous linguistic specification together with more practical implementation matters, such as the appropriate treatment of unknown words in unrestricted texts.","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47208608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evaluative morphology is by now a well-establish domain in morphological studies (cf. Grandi & Körtvélyessy 2015, Grandi 2017), although not all the semantic functions performed by evaluatives are equally investigated: diminution, augmentation or intensification, for instance, have been subject to more extensive research than approximation or non-prototypicality. Italian has a number of ways to express approximation with morphological means, many of which appear to be prefixes or prefixoids, e.g.:
评价形态学现在是形态学研究中一个建立良好的领域(cf. Grandi & Körtvélyessy 2015, Grandi 2017)，尽管并不是所有由评价执行的语义功能都得到了同样的研究:例如，减少、增强或强化已经受到比近似或非原型性更广泛的研究。意大利语有许多用形态学手段表达近似的方法，其中许多似乎是前缀或前缀类，例如:
{"title":"The morphological expression of approximation: the emergingsimil- construction in Italian","authors":"F. Masini, M. Micheli","doi":"10.3366/word.2020.0176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0176","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluative morphology is by now a well-establish domain in morphological studies (cf. Grandi & Körtvélyessy 2015, Grandi 2017), although not all the semantic functions performed by evaluatives are equally investigated: diminution, augmentation or intensification, for instance, have been subject to more extensive research than approximation or non-prototypicality. Italian has a number of ways to express approximation with morphological means, many of which appear to be prefixes or prefixoids, e.g.:","PeriodicalId":43166,"journal":{"name":"Word Structure","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43156392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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