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Back matter 回到问题
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2021.0195
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引用次数: 0
Different lexicons make different rivals 不同的词典产生不同的竞争对手
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-04 DOI: 10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.5083
Sabine Arndt-Lappe
Analogy-based theories assume that in situations of affix competition, language users create novel word forms on the basis of similar existing forms in their Mental Lexicons ( Baayen et al. 2011 ; Daelemans & van den Bosch 2005; Skousen 1989 ). Interestingly, however, simulation studies employing computational implementations of analogical theories have almost invariably adopted a rather abstractionist view of the Mental Lexicon, representing the word stock of the language, and abstracting away from differences between individual speakers (see, e.g., Arndt-Lappe 2014 ; Chapman & Skousen 2005 ; Eddington 2006 ; Nieder et al. 2021 ). This is a problem because it precludes the possibility of testing a central prediction of analogical theories: if affixes are assigned on the fly on the basis of similar words in the lexicon, then speakers with different lexicons should make different choices. The present paper provides a proof-of-concept study addressing this issue for the form-based rivalry between the two English adjectival suffixes - ic and - ical. Analogical Modeling of Language (AML; Skousen et al. 2013 ) is used as a computational model. On the basis of a survey of the distribution of derivatives in different registers in the British National Corpus, predictions of the analogical model are compared for a simulated speaker with a large vocabulary (including academic words) and a simulated speaker with a small vocabulary that is based mainly on words from spoken language. The statistical analysis of the simulations reveals that, while sharing some basic properties, the two models make very clear – and testable – predictions about speaker differences.
基于类比的理论认为,在词缀竞争的情况下,语言使用者在其心理词汇表中相似的现有形式的基础上创造新的词形(Baayen et al. 2011;daelmans & van den Bosch 2005;Skousen 1989)。然而,有趣的是,使用类比理论的计算实现的模拟研究几乎总是采用一种相当抽象的心理词典观点,代表语言的单词库存,并抽象出个体说话者之间的差异(参见,例如,Arndt-Lappe 2014;Chapman & Skousen 2005;Eddington 2006;Nieder et al. 2021)。这是一个问题,因为它排除了测试类比理论的一个中心预测的可能性:如果词缀是根据词典中相似的单词动态分配的,那么使用不同词典的人应该做出不同的选择。本文针对英语两个形容词后缀- ic和ical之间基于形式的竞争进行了概念验证研究。语言的类比建模(AML)Skousen et al. 2013)被用作计算模型。在对英国国家语料库中不同语域的衍生词分布进行调查的基础上,对具有大量词汇(包括学术词汇)的模拟说话者和具有主要基于口语词汇的小词汇的模拟说话者进行了类比模型的预测比较。模拟的统计分析表明,尽管这两个模型有一些共同的基本特性,但它们对说话者的差异做出了非常清晰且可测试的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Pattern borrowing and hybridization in Mubi (East Chadic): The importance of congruence 东乍得穆比地区的模式借用与杂交:一致性的重要性
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0189
Lameen Souag
The plural system of Mubi (East Chadic, Afroasiatic) stands out cross-linguistically within Chadic and worldwide for its extensive use of pattern morphology, fixing the output's vowel qualities and shape while preserving the input's consonants. This paper demonstrates that, while some elements of this system may be conserved from earlier stages of Afroasiatic, others reflect the influence of Chadian Arabic, the regional lingua franca. The process of influence, however, turns out to involve not just straightforward pattern morpheme borrowing (exemplified here by the iambic pattern BaCaaDiFe), but also the reshaping of inherited patterns. The most frequent quadriliteral plural pattern, BuCooDuF, reflects Arabic influence in its shape – mediated by a change in mapping directionality – but Chadic inheritance in its distribution. This result supports the hypothesis that pattern morphology is more easily transferred between related languages.
Mubi(东乍得语,非洲语)的复数系统在乍得语和世界范围内的跨语言中脱颖而出,因为它广泛使用模式形态学,固定了输出的元音质量和形状,同时保留了输入的辅音。本文表明,虽然该系统的一些元素可能从亚非语系的早期阶段保存下来,但其他元素反映了区域通用语乍得阿拉伯语的影响。然而,影响的过程不仅包括直接的模式语素借用(如抑扬格模式BaCaaDiFe),还包括对继承模式的重塑。最常见的四边形复数模式BuCooDuF在形状上反映了阿拉伯的影响——通过映射方向的变化来调解——但在分布上则反映了乍得的遗传。这一结果支持了模式形态更容易在相关语言之间传递的假设。
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引用次数: 0
Language contact and morphological competition: Plurals in central Sicily 语言接触与形态竞争:西西里中部的复数
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0186
Silvio Cruschina
This paper explores the effects of language contact in the nominal morphology of central Sicilian dialects. In particular, this study is concerned with the contact-induced changes related to the distribution of three plural formatives that give rise to competition between different inflectional classes with respect to a number of lexemes. It is shown that sociolinguistic factors such as speaker age account for the distribution of the competing plural forms and the high degree of variation. As a consequence, a slow and gradual change is leading to the disappearance of the plural form that has no equivalent in the contact language, that is, in Italian.
本文探讨了语言接触在西西里中部方言名词形态中的作用。特别是,本研究关注的是与三个复数形成分的分布有关的接触诱导的变化,这三个复数形成成分的分布引起了不同屈折类别之间关于许多词位的竞争。研究表明,说话人年龄等社会语言学因素是竞争复数形式分布和高度变异的原因。因此,缓慢而渐进的变化导致了复数形式的消失,而复数形式在接触语中没有对等形式,也就是在意大利语中。
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引用次数: 2
On how morphology spreads 关于形态如何传播
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0184
F. Gardani
A language’s grammar can be stratified, due to borrowing processes. While being a well-established term in the linguistic literature, the term ‘borrowing’ is sometimes used in a non-uniform way, particularly when it applies to bound morphological formatives. A Stratal Effect is hypothesized, which, applying to varying extent, gives rise to at least three distinct, psycholinguistically motivated types of morphological transfer. A typology of morphological spread is proposed, which consists of three main types: strictly compartmentalized co-morphologies, partially compartmentalized co-morphologies, and morphological borrowing. The widespread view that affix borrowing can be either direct or indirect is questioned and it is argued that most likely, morphological borrowing is always an intermediate process, involving the extraction of formatives and their diffusion within the lexicon.
由于借用过程,语言的语法可以分层。虽然“借用”一词在语言学文献中是一个公认的术语,但它有时会以不统一的方式使用,特别是当它适用于绑定的形态构词时。一层效应被假设,在不同程度上应用,产生至少三种不同的,心理语言动机类型的形态转移。提出了一种形态传播的类型学,它包括三种主要类型:严格划分的共形态、部分划分的共形态和形态借用。人们普遍认为词缀的借用可以是直接的,也可以是间接的,这一观点受到了质疑。有人认为,最有可能的是,形态的借用总是一个中间过程,涉及到构词的提取和它们在词汇中的扩散。
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引用次数: 3
Language contact and typological change: The case of Estonian revisited 语言接触与类型学变化:爱沙尼亚语个案再访
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0188
J. Laakso
The traditional hypothesis of a typological cycle from agglutination via fusion to isolation and back to agglutination, still invoked by many linguists (albeit with caveats and limitations), would imply a natural drift behind typological changes. Accordingly, such typological changes would typically result from internal developments (such as reductive sound changes), while etymological counter-currents (such as segmentable suffixes replacing earlier stem alternations) could rather be due to language contact. On the other hand, the agglutinative type seems to be stable and resistant to typological change especially in Northern Eurasia, and for the change towards a more fusional type, characteristic of some Finnic and Saami languages in the northwestern periphery of Uralic, a contact explanation might seem plausible. However, a closer scrutiny of Estonian, often mentioned as an example of typological change and characteristically impacted by Germanic, shows that in typological change, internal and external motivations intertwine and interact.
传统的类型学循环假说,即从凝集到融合,再到分离,再到凝集,仍然被许多语言学家引用(尽管有警告和限制),这意味着类型学变化背后的自然漂移。因此,这种类型的变化通常是由内部发展(如还原音的变化)引起的,而词源的逆流(如可分割的后缀取代早期的词干变化)可能是由于语言接触造成的。另一方面,黏着型似乎是稳定的,对类型学的变化具有抵抗性,特别是在欧亚大陆北部,而对于向更融合型的变化,乌拉尔西北边缘的一些芬兰语和萨米语的特征,接触解释似乎是合理的。然而,爱沙尼亚语经常作为类型变化的一个例子被提及,并受到日耳曼语的典型影响,对爱沙尼亚语的仔细审查表明,在类型变化中,内部和外部动机相互交织和相互作用。
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引用次数: 1
Borrowing non-canonical inverse between Kabardian and Abaza Kabardian和Abaza之间的借用非正则逆
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-09 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0185
P. Arkadiev
Abaza, a polysynthetic ergative Northwest Caucasian language, shares with its neighbour and distant relative Kabardian a typologically peculiar use of the deictic directional prefixes monitoring the relative ranking of the subject and indirect object on the person hierarchy. In both languages, the cislocative (‘hither’) prefixes are used if the indirect object outranks the subject on the person hierarchy, and the translocative (‘thither’) prefixes are used in combinations of first person subjects with second person singular indirect objects. This pattern, reminiscent of the more familiar inverse marking and hence called ‘quasi-inverse’, is observed with ditransitive and bivalent intransitive verbs and is almost fully redundant, since all participants are unequivocally indexed on verbs by pronominal prefixes. I argue that this isogloss, shared by West Circassian (a close relative to Kabardian) but not with Abkhaz, the sister-language of Abaza, is a result of pattern replication under intense language contact, which has led to an increase of both paradigmatic and syntagmatic complexity of Abaza verbal morphology.
阿巴扎语是西北高加索语的一种多合成作格语言,与它的邻居和远亲卡巴迪语有一种类型学上独特的指示性方向前缀的使用,用于监测主语和间接宾语在人称层次上的相对排名。在这两种语言中,如果间接宾语在人称层次上高于主语,则使用顺位(“theher”)前缀,而转置(“thether”)前缀用于第一人称主语与第二人称单数间接宾语的组合。这种模式让人想起了更熟悉的反向标记,因此被称为“准反向”,在双及物和双及物不及物动词中都可以观察到,而且几乎是完全多余的,因为所有参与者都被代词前缀明确地索引在动词上。我认为,西切尔卡西语(卡巴迪亚语的近亲)与阿布哈兹语(阿巴扎语的姊妹语)共有的这种同调是在激烈的语言接触下模式复制的结果,这导致阿巴扎语言语形态的范式和句法复杂性增加。
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引用次数: 2
Back matter 回到问题
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2021.0190
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引用次数: 0
A plural indefinite quantifier on the Romance-Slavic border 在罗曼语-斯拉夫语边界上的一个复数不定量词
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.3366/WORD.2021.0187
A. Giudici, Chiara Zanini
This study investigates the plural form uni/une deriving from the numeral ‘one’ in the Istriot dialect of Sissano. Sissano is located in the Istrian peninsula, an area characterized by high intensity of linguistic contact. We argue that the rise of such a peculiar form is indeed induced by contact with Croatian and that uni/une is unique in the Italo-Romance domain since, generally, the plural indefinite forms derived from the Latin numeral ‘one’ are pronouns and never occur in attributive position. The use of uni/ une is not attested in the few grammars of Istriot varieties because it is recent and still undergoing a process of grammaticalization. Therefore, we conducted interviews to verify how and to what extent contact with Croatian affects the meaning and the use of uni/une in Sissano. We found that this form is mostly used as a quantifier, bearing mainly the meaning ‘a pair of’, ‘one group of’, in the context of pluralia tantum and plural dominant nouns. We further observe that this quantifier has achieved a more advanced stage of grammaticalization in the younger generation of speakers than in the older ones. We discuss the role played by pluralia tantum as well as by the growing prestige of Croatian in triggering this borrowing and in fostering the grammaticalization process of uni/une on its way to become a marker of indefiniteness.
这项研究调查了复数形式uni/une源自西萨诺伊斯特鲁特方言中的数字“一”。西萨诺位于伊斯特拉半岛,这是一个以高度语言交流为特征的地区。我们认为,这种特殊形式的兴起确实是由与克罗地亚语的接触引起的,而且uni/une在意大利-罗曼语领域是独一无二的,因为通常,从拉丁数字“one”衍生出来的复数不定形式是代词,从不出现在定语位置。uni/ une的使用并没有在少数几个伊斯特鲁特语变体语法中得到证实,因为它是最近才出现的,而且仍在经历一个语法化的过程。因此,我们进行了采访,以核实与克罗地亚人的接触如何以及在多大程度上影响了西萨诺语uni/une的含义和使用。我们发现,这种形式主要用作量词,在祈用复数和复数支配名词的语境中,主要表示“一对”、“一组”的意思。我们进一步观察到,这个量词在年轻一代的说话者中比在老一辈的说话者中达到了更高级的语法化阶段。我们讨论了动词复数所起的作用,以及克罗地亚语日益增长的声望在引发这种借用和促进uni/une的语法化过程中所起的作用,使其成为一种不确定的标记。
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引用次数: 2
Front matter 前页
IF 0.6 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.3366/word.2021.0183
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Word Structure
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