In this study, the mass balance of Sikkim Himalayan glaciers is computed by the energy balance modeling approach using REMO and APHRODITE data. According to the present work, the glaciers show a mass balance of ~0, +0.31 and –0.32 m w. e. yr–1 for time periods 1981-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-2005. To investigate the possible changes in the near future (2006-2049) and far future (2070-2099), REMO data under different representation concentration pathway scenarios 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 are also analysed. For the time period 2006–2100, RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 give an average mass balance of -0.75 m w. e. yr–1, -1.04 m w. e. yr–1 and -1.4 m w. e. yr–1, respectively. The results are comparable to other studies. This study is one of the few studies carried out to estimate the mass balance of glaciers using only climate model data.
本文利用REMO和APHRODITE数据，采用能量平衡建模方法计算锡金喜马拉雅冰川的物质平衡。根据目前的工作，在1981-1990年、1991-2000年和2001-2005年期间，冰川的质量平衡为~0、+0.31和-0.32 m w. e. year -1。为了探讨近未来(2006-2049)和远未来(2070-2099)的可能变化，还分析了不同表征浓度路径情景2.6、4.5和8.5下的REMO数据。2006-2100年期间，RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5的平均质量平衡分别为-0.75 m w.e.年-1、-1.04 m w.e.年-1和-1.4 m w.e.年-1。研究结果与其他研究具有可比性。这项研究是仅利用气候模式数据估计冰川质量平衡的少数研究之一。
{"title":"Estimation of Past and Future Mass Balance of Glaciers of Sikkim Himalaya using Energy Balance Modelling Approach and Regional Climatic Projections","authors":"Anubha Aggarwal, A. Mandal","doi":"10.3233/jcc210017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcc210017","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the mass balance of Sikkim Himalayan glaciers is computed by the energy balance modeling approach using REMO and APHRODITE data. According to the present work, the glaciers show a mass balance of ~0, +0.31 and –0.32 m w. e. yr–1 for time periods 1981-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-2005. To investigate the possible changes in the near future (2006-2049) and far future (2070-2099), REMO data under different representation concentration pathway scenarios 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 are also analysed. For the time period 2006–2100, RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 give an average mass balance of -0.75 m w. e. yr–1, -1.04 m w. e. yr–1 and -1.4 m w. e. yr–1, respectively. The results are comparable to other studies. This study is one of the few studies carried out to estimate the mass balance of glaciers using only climate model data.","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72531411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review manuscript addresses hydro-meteorological correlations of various glaciers situated in the Himalayan region. Meteorological parameters influence the discharge pattern of the glacier. A strong correlation has been observed between discharge and air temperature of the studied Himalayan glaciers. Whereas, other meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind direction etc. were not significantly correlated with the meltwater runoff of different glaciers in this region. In general, variability (Cv) in discharge from the various Himalayan glaciers such as Chhota Shigri and Gangotri glaciers follow the variability (Cv) in the temperature of these glaciers. Maximum variability (Cv) in meltwater runoff from the Chhota Shigri glacier has been reported in the month of September, which might be due to the fast decline in stream runoff and air temperature of the study area during the month of September. A strong relationship has been observed between suspended sediment concentration and temperature of the majority of studied Himalayan glaciers. Such type of result shows that the suspended sediment concentration in the glacial meltwater has increased with rising air temperature in this region.
{"title":"Hydro-meteorological Correlations of Himalayan Glaciers: A Review","authors":"V. Singh, A. Ramanathan, Pramod Kumar","doi":"10.3233/jcc210018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcc210018","url":null,"abstract":"This review manuscript addresses hydro-meteorological correlations of various glaciers situated in the Himalayan region. Meteorological parameters influence the discharge pattern of the glacier. A strong correlation has been observed between discharge and air temperature of the studied Himalayan glaciers. Whereas, other meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind direction etc. were not significantly correlated with the meltwater runoff of different glaciers in this region. In general, variability (Cv) in discharge from the various Himalayan glaciers such as Chhota Shigri and Gangotri glaciers follow the variability (Cv) in the temperature of these glaciers. Maximum variability (Cv) in meltwater runoff from the Chhota Shigri glacier has been reported in the month of September, which might be due to the fast decline in stream runoff and air temperature of the study area during the month of September. A strong relationship has been observed between suspended sediment concentration and temperature of the majority of studied Himalayan glaciers. Such type of result shows that the suspended sediment concentration in the glacial meltwater has increased with rising air temperature in this region.","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78760651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global precipitation patterns have changed compared to the before 1960 (pre-industrial period). By now the temperature has risen by approximately 1°C. The atmospheric heat-retaining constituents have been raised by human-induced activities. It is influencing the composition of the atmospheric gases and water vapour leading to tropospheric energy budget imbalance affecting atmospheric pressure systems. Increased atmospheric warming leads water holding capacity to rise. Such changes insinuated contrasting phases: decreased (increased) temperature- increased (decreased) precipitation in the last century. Mechanisms of these in- and out- phases are investigated. In the total four (two colder-wet and two warmer-dry) global conditions are observed. These time slices indicate a gradual increase in global temperature and a decrease in precipitation. Clausius-Clapeyron relation suggests abrupt warming and increased water vapour pressure in recent decades. In addition, the global climate system is shifting towards abnormal warm-wet or warm-dry conditions. Further, contrasting changes in global precipitation have been seen, in particular after 1960 (post-industrial period). It is significantly noted that there has been a global contrasting temperature-precipitation phase mechanism in the last century.
{"title":"On the Global Contrasting Temperature-Precipitation Phase Mechanisms in the Last Century","authors":"A. P. Dimri, Pankaj Kumar, P. Maharana","doi":"10.3233/jcc210015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcc210015","url":null,"abstract":"Global precipitation patterns have changed compared to the before 1960 (pre-industrial period). By now the temperature has risen by approximately 1°C. The atmospheric heat-retaining constituents have been raised by human-induced activities. It is influencing the composition of the atmospheric gases and water vapour leading to tropospheric energy budget imbalance affecting atmospheric pressure systems. Increased atmospheric warming leads water holding capacity to rise. Such changes insinuated contrasting phases: decreased (increased) temperature- increased (decreased) precipitation in the last century. Mechanisms of these in- and out- phases are investigated. In the total four (two colder-wet and two warmer-dry) global conditions are observed. These time slices indicate a gradual increase in global temperature and a decrease in precipitation. Clausius-Clapeyron relation suggests abrupt warming and increased water vapour pressure in recent decades. In addition, the global climate system is shifting towards abnormal warm-wet or warm-dry conditions. Further, contrasting changes in global precipitation have been seen, in particular after 1960 (post-industrial period). It is significantly noted that there has been a global contrasting temperature-precipitation phase mechanism in the last century.","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79148942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When analyzing trends and patterns of extreme precipitation, one can easily generalize the shifts caused by external climate forcings and map a single temporal shift of annual precipitation. However, the complexity of a changing environment evidences spatially distributed shifts particularly those of extreme precipitation which are essential in planning and designing enterprises and, ultimately, in managing infrastructure across scales. The goal of this study is to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of shifts in the increasing pace of extreme events over India. The study has a two-part hypothesis: (1) the number of grid cells with significant trends in annual precipitation (P), extreme precipitation (R95) and very extreme precipitation (R99) will reflect the extent of geophysically vulnerable areas subject to increasing or decreasing annual precipitation and (2) the dispersion of cells with significant shifting points (which has occurred at different historical periods) will evidence the heterogeneity of the changes in P, R95 and R99 regimes. To test this hypothesis, we used the Mann-Kendall and Pettitt’s tests to estimate the significance of the increasing and decreasing trends and shifting points, respectively, in P, R95 and R99 from 1901-2015 for mainland India. digitalcommons.unl.edu Published in Journal of Climate Change, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2019), pp. 19-31. doi:10.3233/JCC190003 Submitted August 20, 2018; revised and accepted November 15, 2018 Khan et al . in Journal of Cl imate Change 5 (2019) 2 Based on a gridded dataset of 0.25° resolution, results showed significant temporal trends for spatially averaged R95 and R99, whereas non-significant inclining temporal trend was found for P. Trend analyses applied to the precipitation gridded product of the Indian Meteorological Department revealed statistically significant trends for almost 38%, 36% and 31% of India’s territory for P, R95 and R99, respectively. Further, the magnitude of these trends proved higher for R95 (i.e., 0.42 mm year-1) compared with R99 (i.e., 0.31 mm year-1), supporting the idea of an increasing liability for flash floods. Results also showed that most of the temporal shifts in the time series of P, R95 and R99 occurred between 1941-1980, at 34%, 31% and 22% of the grids, respectively. In addition, the opposite trends before and after the inflection point were found for locations showing significant temporal shifts in R95 and R99.
在分析极端降水的趋势和模式时，可以很容易地归纳出由外部气候强迫引起的变化，并绘制出年降水量的单一时间变化图。然而，不断变化的环境的复杂性证明了空间分布的变化，特别是极端降水的变化，这对于规划和设计企业以及最终跨尺度管理基础设施至关重要。本研究的目的是表征印度极端事件增加速度变化的空间异质性。研究提出了两部分假设:(1)年降水(P)、极端降水(R95)和极极端降水(R99)具有显著趋势的网格单元的数量将反映受年降水增加或减少影响的地球物理脆弱区程度;(2)具有显著移位点的网格单元的离散度(发生在不同历史时期)将证明P、R95和R99制度变化的异质性。为了验证这一假设，我们使用Mann-Kendall和Pettitt的检验分别估计了1901-2015年印度大陆P、R95和R99的上升趋势和下降趋势和转移点的重要性。发表于《气候变化学报》2019年第5卷第1期，第19-31页。doi:10.3233/JCC190003 2018年8月20日提交;2018年11月15日汗等。基于0.25°分辨率的网格化数据集，结果显示空间平均R95和R99的时间趋势显著，而P的时间趋势不显著。应用于印度气象部门降水网格化产品的趋势分析显示，P、R95和R99分别在印度近38%、36%和31%的领土上具有统计学显著趋势。此外，与R99(即0.31 mm -1)相比，R95(即0.42 mm -1)的这些趋势的幅度更高，这支持了山洪暴发责任增加的观点。结果还表明，P、R95和R99的时间序列变化主要发生在1941-1980年，分别占栅格数的34%、31%和22%。此外，在R95和R99有显著时间变化的地点，在拐点前后的趋势相反。
{"title":"Spatial Heterogeneity of Temporal Shifts in Extreme Precipitation across India","authors":"Manas Khan, F. Muñoz-Arriola, S. Rehana, P. Greer","doi":"10.3233/JCC190003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JCC190003","url":null,"abstract":"When analyzing trends and patterns of extreme precipitation, one can easily generalize the shifts caused by external climate forcings and map a single temporal shift of annual precipitation. However, the complexity of a changing environment evidences spatially distributed shifts particularly those of extreme precipitation which are essential in planning and designing enterprises and, ultimately, in managing infrastructure across scales. The goal of this study is to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of shifts in the increasing pace of extreme events over India. The study has a two-part hypothesis: (1) the number of grid cells with significant trends in annual precipitation (P), extreme precipitation (R95) and very extreme precipitation (R99) will reflect the extent of geophysically vulnerable areas subject to increasing or decreasing annual precipitation and (2) the dispersion of cells with significant shifting points (which has occurred at different historical periods) will evidence the heterogeneity of the changes in P, R95 and R99 regimes. To test this hypothesis, we used the Mann-Kendall and Pettitt’s tests to estimate the significance of the increasing and decreasing trends and shifting points, respectively, in P, R95 and R99 from 1901-2015 for mainland India. digitalcommons.unl.edu Published in Journal of Climate Change, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2019), pp. 19-31. doi:10.3233/JCC190003 Submitted August 20, 2018; revised and accepted November 15, 2018 Khan et al . in Journal of Cl imate Change 5 (2019) 2 Based on a gridded dataset of 0.25° resolution, results showed significant temporal trends for spatially averaged R95 and R99, whereas non-significant inclining temporal trend was found for P. Trend analyses applied to the precipitation gridded product of the Indian Meteorological Department revealed statistically significant trends for almost 38%, 36% and 31% of India’s territory for P, R95 and R99, respectively. Further, the magnitude of these trends proved higher for R95 (i.e., 0.42 mm year-1) compared with R99 (i.e., 0.31 mm year-1), supporting the idea of an increasing liability for flash floods. Results also showed that most of the temporal shifts in the time series of P, R95 and R99 occurred between 1941-1980, at 34%, 31% and 22% of the grids, respectively. In addition, the opposite trends before and after the inflection point were found for locations showing significant temporal shifts in R95 and R99.","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80345484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Developing Reliable Climate Projections for the Continental Monsoon Regions","authors":"Alfred Johny, K. V. Ramesh","doi":"10.3233/JCC190012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JCC190012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79524143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Shikha, Kanhaiya Kumar Singh, A. P. Dimri, R. Niwas, P. Maharana
{"title":"Model-based Approach to Study the Response of Bt-cotton Towards Elevated Temperature and Carbon Dioxide in the Semi-arid Region of Hisar","authors":"A. Shikha, Kanhaiya Kumar Singh, A. P. Dimri, R. Niwas, P. Maharana","doi":"10.3233/JCC190011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JCC190011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85809459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-term Rainfall Analysis towards Detection of Meteorological Drought over Kozhikode District of Kerala","authors":"U. Surendran, B. Anagha, G. Gopinath, E. Joseph","doi":"10.3233/JCC190010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JCC190010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72673244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disaster Risk Reduction and the Capacity Building Plan: Mitigation of the Impacts of Climatic Disasters in the Coastal Area of Bangladesh","authors":"A. Alam, Lipika Bhadra","doi":"10.3233/JCC190008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JCC190008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84914050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impacts of Anthropogenic Perturbations on Reactive Nitrogen Dynamics in Mangrove Ecosystem: Climate Change Perspective","authors":"Karuna Rao, N. Priya, A. Ramanathan","doi":"10.3233/JCC190009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JCC190009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"156 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/JCC190009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72486550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using the Benthic Foraminifera as an Indicator of Holocene Sea Level Rise from Eastern Coastal Margin of Bangladesh","authors":"Humaira Farzana Sifat, S. K. Saha","doi":"10.3233/JCC190002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JCC190002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43177,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate Change","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78621225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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