This study seeks to uncover the effects of source and repetition on the illusory truth effect and the dissemination of fake news on social media with an online experiment. This study found that in a personalized source system where trustworthy traditional news sources and personal contacts converged on social media, repetition has a big influence on the trustworthiness of news source and balance of news story. Although most people intend to share real news stories with balance, the illusory truth effect causes mis-judgement, which makes fake news more likely to go viral than real news. The multi-group SEM analysis of the two groups – without source and with source – showed that readers in the no source group rated the effect of repetition on news evaluation as more significant than the with source group. The findings suggest that the effect of source has diminished in the evaluation of news quality. However, sharers on social media are becoming more influential.
{"title":"Distinguishing the binary of news – fake and real: The illusory truth effect","authors":"Yanfang Wu","doi":"10.1386/ajms_00042_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00042_1","url":null,"abstract":"This study seeks to uncover the effects of source and repetition on the illusory truth effect and the dissemination of fake news on social media with an online experiment. This study found that in a personalized source system where trustworthy traditional news sources and personal contacts converged on social media, repetition has a big influence on the trustworthiness of news source and balance of news story. Although most people intend to share real news stories with balance, the illusory truth effect causes mis-judgement, which makes fake news more likely to go viral than real news. The multi-group SEM analysis of the two groups – without source and with source – showed that readers in the no source group rated the effect of repetition on news evaluation as more significant than the with source group. The findings suggest that the effect of source has diminished in the evaluation of news quality. However, sharers on social media are becoming more influential.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79468447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to investigate what seems to be a developing phenomenon of regime-critical Arab diasporic media post-Arab Spring in Turkey. First, the article explores the academic literature covering the concepts of (Arab) diaspora and (Arab) diasporic media. Second, it highlights the development of the Arab diasporic media in Turkey drawn from Syrian, Egyptian, Yemeni and Libyan landscapes. Finally, the article discusses the reasons that made Turkey welcome such a phenomenon. Methodologically, the article employs a qualitative analysis of secondary sources to explore and describe the subject. The Arab diasporic media in Turkey began to emerge noticeably in the aftermath of the Arab Spring in 2011 and ended up mostly in Istanbul. Turkey was motivated to welcome the Arab diaspora and diasporic media because it has some tensions with Arab regimes, the AKP’s support to Muslim Brotherhood Movement, and geographical, economic and political interests. However, although some of these media are still active, many had to end their operations, mainly due to financial issues.
{"title":"Arab diasporic media in Turkey: A story of (trans)national narratives in the Middle East","authors":"Mohammed Alrmizan","doi":"10.1386/ajms_00037_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00037_1","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to investigate what seems to be a developing phenomenon of regime-critical Arab diasporic media post-Arab Spring in Turkey. First, the article explores the academic literature covering the concepts of (Arab) diaspora and (Arab) diasporic media. Second, it highlights the development of the Arab diasporic media in Turkey drawn from Syrian, Egyptian, Yemeni and Libyan landscapes. Finally, the article discusses the reasons that made Turkey welcome such a phenomenon. Methodologically, the article employs a qualitative analysis of secondary sources to explore and describe the subject. The Arab diasporic media in Turkey began to emerge noticeably in the aftermath of the Arab Spring in 2011 and ended up mostly in Istanbul. Turkey was motivated to welcome the Arab diaspora and diasporic media because it has some tensions with Arab regimes, the AKP’s support to Muslim Brotherhood Movement, and geographical, economic and political interests. However, although some of these media are still active, many had to end their operations, mainly due to financial issues.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73184571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xavier Ramon, Marcel Mauri-Ríos, Jesús Díaz-Campo, J. Suárez-Villegas
In the current media landscape, accountability can be promoted through a wide range of established and innovative instruments. Focusing on the Spanish context, this article examines journalists’ perceptions of in-house accountability instrument effectiveness and analyses citizens’ knowledge and understanding of these mechanisms. A mixed- methods approach was employed: an online survey was administered to Spanish journalists (N = 228), and six citizen focus groups (38 participants in total) were established in several regions of Spain (Andalusia, Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid and Valencia). Findings showed that journalists’ evaluation of media accountability instruments is remarkably limited, scoring 5.82 out of 10 points in the highest case. From the citizens’ perspective, the overwhelming lack of visibility and relative distrust towards these instruments are revealed. This double disconnect from accountability brings to light the need to rethink and reinvigorate the existing instruments so they can effectively contribute to the goal of rebuilding trust in journalism.
{"title":"A disconnect in media accountability: Spanish journalists’ and citizens’ perceptions of established and innovative instruments at the organizational level","authors":"Xavier Ramon, Marcel Mauri-Ríos, Jesús Díaz-Campo, J. Suárez-Villegas","doi":"10.1386/ajms_00040_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00040_1","url":null,"abstract":"In the current media landscape, accountability can be promoted through a wide range of established and innovative instruments. Focusing on the Spanish context, this article examines journalists’ perceptions of in-house accountability instrument effectiveness and analyses citizens’ knowledge and understanding of these mechanisms. A mixed- methods approach was employed: an online survey was administered to Spanish journalists (N = 228), and six citizen focus groups (38 participants in total) were established in several regions of Spain (Andalusia, Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid and Valencia). Findings showed that journalists’ evaluation of media accountability instruments is remarkably limited, scoring 5.82 out of 10 points in the highest case. From the citizens’ perspective, the overwhelming lack of visibility and relative distrust towards these instruments are revealed. This double disconnect from accountability brings to light the need to rethink and reinvigorate the existing instruments so they can effectively contribute to the goal of rebuilding trust in journalism.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89812138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article looks at the representations that politicians develop depending on the audiences they believe they are reaching through social media platforms. The objective is twofold: to analyse these representations, and to understand how such representations are constructed. Based on a longitudinal study over a period of five years on the use of digital platforms by Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), the article highlights how the representations of audiences are related to the types of use that politicians make of these platforms. It also considers the representations of the audiences as they are built up by the followers of politicians themselves. Finally, the analysis of audiences’ representations highlights that those following MEPs on social media have a keen interest and awareness of (European) politics, calling into question the promotional discourses that tend to present the average citizen as the main audience of politicians on those platforms.
{"title":"Who are professional politicians talking to? The making of Members of the European Parliament’s audiences on Twitter and Facebook","authors":"S. Roginsky","doi":"10.1386/ajms_00018_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00018_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article looks at the representations that politicians develop depending on the audiences they believe they are reaching through social media platforms. The objective is twofold: to analyse these representations, and to understand how such representations are constructed. Based\u0000 on a longitudinal study over a period of five years on the use of digital platforms by Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), the article highlights how the representations of audiences are related to the types of use that politicians make of these platforms. It also considers the representations\u0000 of the audiences as they are built up by the followers of politicians themselves. Finally, the analysis of audiences’ representations highlights that those following MEPs on social media have a keen interest and awareness of (European) politics, calling into question the promotional\u0000 discourses that tend to present the average citizen as the main audience of politicians on those platforms.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77210596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social media offer direct lines of communication to many democratic representatives, and, in some instances, they may provide policy-makers and journalists with a better sense of public views. But, are the voices expressed on social media worth heeding? Impersonal and anonymous communication often invites negativity and abuse, including racism and sexism. Indeed, evidence suggests that women face particularly high levels of abuse online. And yet we know relatively little about the role of sexism in citizens’ digitally mediated interactions with their political representatives. Do people direct more criticism and hostility towards female politicians? Using Twitter data comparing political engagement in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, we actually find reason for optimism. In the United Kingdom and the United States, there are no differences in the tone of messages sent to male and female politicians, and Dutch citizens direct more positive messages towards women. Across all three countries, gendered insults towards women are rare.
{"title":"She belongs in the kitchen, not in Congress? Political engagement and sexism on Twitter","authors":"Rebekah Tromble, K. Koole","doi":"10.1386/ajms_00022_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00022_1","url":null,"abstract":"Social media offer direct lines of communication to many democratic representatives, and, in some instances, they may provide policy-makers and journalists with a better sense of public views. But, are the voices expressed on social media worth heeding? Impersonal and anonymous communication\u0000 often invites negativity and abuse, including racism and sexism. Indeed, evidence suggests that women face particularly high levels of abuse online. And yet we know relatively little about the role of sexism in citizens’ digitally mediated interactions with their political representatives.\u0000 Do people direct more criticism and hostility towards female politicians? Using Twitter data comparing political engagement in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, we actually find reason for optimism. In the United Kingdom and the United States, there are no differences\u0000 in the tone of messages sent to male and female politicians, and Dutch citizens direct more positive messages towards women. Across all three countries, gendered insults towards women are rare.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77776019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The challenge democratic politics face at the moment is not how to preserve its pristine stability from radical disturbance, but how to salvage its most fundamental norms from the prevalent drift towards authoritarianism, populism and xenophobia. If there is to be an effective salvage operation, democracies must be open to radical reconfiguration ‐ perhaps even re-invention. To realize this opportunity, however, entails confronting the fundamental mismatch that exists between governmental logic and the increasingly embedded practices of socially networked citizens. This entails drawing upon the fullest range of interactive features of the current media ecology in order to establish a permanent and ongoing conversation between representatives and the citizens they represent, while at the same time facilitating lateral interaction between citizens and between decision-making institutions and those most likely to be affected by their decisions.
{"title":"Dysfunctional democracy vs. direct representation","authors":"S. Coleman","doi":"10.1386/ajms_00023_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00023_1","url":null,"abstract":"The challenge democratic politics face at the moment is not how to preserve its pristine stability from radical disturbance, but how to salvage its most fundamental norms from the prevalent drift towards authoritarianism, populism and xenophobia. If there is to be an effective salvage\u0000 operation, democracies must be open to radical reconfiguration ‐ perhaps even re-invention. To realize this opportunity, however, entails confronting the fundamental mismatch that exists between governmental logic and the increasingly embedded practices of socially networked citizens.\u0000 This entails drawing upon the fullest range of interactive features of the current media ecology in order to establish a permanent and ongoing conversation between representatives and the citizens they represent, while at the same time facilitating lateral interaction between citizens and\u0000 between decision-making institutions and those most likely to be affected by their decisions.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88833336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital transformation changes the relationship between citizens and politics. The observation of this nexus is highly relevant for representative democracy. After the successful 2008 Obama campaign, a vast body of research that explores how and why politicians use social media has emerged. However, we still know very little about how social media are being adopted and used in-between elections, and still less yet about what this means for political representation. Therefore, this special issue brings together innovative research that focuses on how the use of social media is impacting upon the relationship between politicians and political parties, and citizens. First, we discuss some pros and cons of this transformation in the context of the relevant literature and, especially, in relation to Stephen Coleman’s concept of ‘direct representation’. Finally, we discuss the findings and merits of the contributions and what the issue adds to our understanding of the phenomenon to the state of research.
{"title":"Politicians and political parties’ use of social media in-between elections","authors":"Todd Graham, Julia Schwanholz","doi":"10.1386/ajms_00017_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00017_1","url":null,"abstract":"Digital transformation changes the relationship between citizens and politics. The observation of this nexus is highly relevant for representative democracy. After the successful 2008 Obama campaign, a vast body of research that explores how and why politicians use social media has\u0000 emerged. However, we still know very little about how social media are being adopted and used in-between elections, and still less yet about what this means for political representation. Therefore, this special issue brings together innovative research that focuses on how the use of social\u0000 media is impacting upon the relationship between politicians and political parties, and citizens. First, we discuss some pros and cons of this transformation in the context of the relevant literature and, especially, in relation to Stephen Coleman’s concept of ‘direct representation’.\u0000 Finally, we discuss the findings and merits of the contributions and what the issue adds to our understanding of the phenomenon to the state of research.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82440735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Detailing processes related to direct representation in a longitudinal fashion, the study at hand gauges the degree to which Swedish political parties have utilized their Facebook pages during a four-year period covering two elections. Moreover, the study provides insights into citizen interaction by measuring the types of engagement preferred by Facebook users in relation to the party pages. Results indicate that while the bulk of parties appear as largely organizing their online activity in relation to election campaigns, the small, non-parliamentary Pirate Party emerges as taking an approach more in line with the permanent campaign aspect of direct representation. Moreover, while results indicate that citizens are indeed engaging with parties on Facebook, they do so mostly through ‘liking’ rather than commenting ‐ arguably a tendency suggesting limited interest in online discussion and deliberation.
{"title":"Facebook as a ‘trusted space of everyday communication’: Parties, citizens and direct representation","authors":"A. Larsson","doi":"10.1386/ajms_00019_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00019_1","url":null,"abstract":"Detailing processes related to direct representation in a longitudinal fashion, the study at hand gauges the degree to which Swedish political parties have utilized their Facebook pages during a four-year period covering two elections. Moreover, the study provides insights into citizen\u0000 interaction by measuring the types of engagement preferred by Facebook users in relation to the party pages. Results indicate that while the bulk of parties appear as largely organizing their online activity in relation to election campaigns, the small, non-parliamentary Pirate Party emerges\u0000 as taking an approach more in line with the permanent campaign aspect of direct representation. Moreover, while results indicate that citizens are indeed engaging with parties on Facebook, they do so mostly through ‘liking’ rather than commenting ‐ arguably a tendency suggesting\u0000 limited interest in online discussion and deliberation.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77961191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The crisis of journalism has been the subject of extensive scholarly and public debate. We argue that this debate needs to focus on actual developments on the ground that may be specific for a given society and that have serious consequences for the material conditions of journalists' work. We focus specifically on local print newsrooms in the Czech Republic, one of the 'new democracies' of Eastern Europe. We interviewed local journalists in middle-management positions at key stages of the transformation of the local newspaper publishing group Vltava Labe Press (VLP). We first approached journalists in 2015 when VLP's German owners ‐ the publishing house Verlagsgruppe Passau ‐ sold the company to the Slovak investment group Penta and followed up a year later when the 're-structuralization' of the local newspaper publisher was completed. It is not surprising that our case study demonstrates that commercial pressures impact directly on the material conditions and the locations and spaces of journalists' work, with the latter ones representing areas that form a crucial part of workplace autonomy, but have thus far been under-researched.
{"title":"Closed doors, empty desks: The declining material conditions of the Czech local print newsroom","authors":"Monika Metyková, L. Císařová","doi":"10.1386/AJMS_00009_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/AJMS_00009_1","url":null,"abstract":"The crisis of journalism has been the subject of extensive scholarly and public debate. We argue that this debate needs to focus on actual developments on the ground that may be specific for a given society and that have serious consequences for the material conditions of journalists'\u0000 work. We focus specifically on local print newsrooms in the Czech Republic, one of the 'new democracies' of Eastern Europe. We interviewed local journalists in middle-management positions at key stages of the transformation of the local newspaper publishing group Vltava Labe Press (VLP). We\u0000 first approached journalists in 2015 when VLP's German owners ‐ the publishing house Verlagsgruppe Passau ‐ sold the company to the Slovak investment group Penta and followed up a year later when the 're-structuralization' of the local newspaper publisher was completed. It is\u0000 not surprising that our case study demonstrates that commercial pressures impact directly on the material conditions and the locations and spaces of journalists' work, with the latter ones representing areas that form a crucial part of workplace autonomy, but have thus far been under-researched.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90153000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 the financial media has been analysed from the perspectives of experts and far less from the audiences who consume it. This article fills this gap by exploring public consumption of financial news and their levels of satisfaction. It explores another, less researched, issue; that of financial literacy, which is a major impediment to public understanding and is weaker among women, young people and the less affluent. Consequently, the study makes the following suggestions: financial journalism needs to respond to a wide audience and provide more useful, unbiased and accessible financial news; personal finance news, which is an under-researched genre, could build financial capability levels and might improve trust between media and its audiences; and the financial media should be considered a key player by policy-makers if they want to bolster financial capability.
{"title":"Financial capability, the financial crisis and trust in news media","authors":"Steve Schifferes, S. Knowles","doi":"10.1386/AJMS_00011_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/AJMS_00011_1","url":null,"abstract":"Since the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 the financial media has been analysed from the perspectives of experts and far less from the audiences who consume it. This article fills this gap by exploring public consumption of financial news and their levels of satisfaction. It explores\u0000 another, less researched, issue; that of financial literacy, which is a major impediment to public understanding and is weaker among women, young people and the less affluent. Consequently, the study makes the following suggestions: financial journalism needs to respond to a wide audience\u0000 and provide more useful, unbiased and accessible financial news; personal finance news, which is an under-researched genre, could build financial capability levels and might improve trust between media and its audiences; and the financial media should be considered a key player by policy-makers\u0000 if they want to bolster financial capability.","PeriodicalId":43197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72531739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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