Pub Date : 2016-10-12DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340069
K. Harper
This study argues that the biological environment is properly a part of environmental history. The microorganisms— bacteria, viruses, protozoa—that cause infectious disease were the principal cause of mortality in ancient societies, but the particular array of pathogens was both locally specific and unstable over time. Pathogenic microbes are ecologically sensitive, so the background of local climate, and the influence of climate variability and climate change, determined patterns of disease and mortality. The connections between climate variability and climate change, on the one hand, and the disease profile of a population, on the other, are complex, and this paper traces some of the main pathways of influence, with specific reference to a few of the best known diseases and epidemic events in the later Roman period.
{"title":"Invisible Environmental History: Infectious Disease in Late Antiquity","authors":"K. Harper","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340069","url":null,"abstract":"This study argues that the biological environment is properly a part of environmental history. The microorganisms— bacteria, viruses, protozoa—that cause infectious disease were the principal cause of mortality in ancient societies, but the particular array of pathogens was both locally specific and unstable over time. Pathogenic microbes are ecologically sensitive, so the background of local climate, and the influence of climate variability and climate change, determined patterns of disease and mortality. The connections between climate variability and climate change, on the one hand, and the disease profile of a population, on the other, are complex, and this paper traces some of the main pathways of influence, with specific reference to a few of the best known diseases and epidemic events in the later Roman period.","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"2 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133105662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-12DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340075
A. Izdebski
{"title":"Catastrophes Aside: Environment and the End of Antiquity","authors":"A. Izdebski","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340075","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115040798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-09DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340070
A. Chavarría, T. Lewit, A. Izdebski
{"title":"Settlement, Land Use and Society in the Late Antique Mediterranean, 4th–7th c. An Overview","authors":"A. Chavarría, T. Lewit, A. Izdebski","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124179227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-09DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340068
T. Newfield
What influence did climate have on disease in Late Antiquity? Natural archives of pre-instrumental temperature indicate significant summer cooling throughout the period. The coolest stretch spanned the 6th and 7th c., and corresponds startlingly to the appearance of the Justinianic Plague in the Mediterranean region. Drawing on principles from landscape epidemiology, this paper marries textual evidence for disease with palaeoclimatic data, in order to understand how gradual and dramatic climatic change, the 535–50 downturn especially, may have altered the pathogenic burden carried in Late Antiquity. Particular attention is paid to the Justinianic Plague, but the potential impacts of a changing climate on malaria and non-yersinial, non-plague, epidemics are not overlooked.
{"title":"Mysterious and Mortiferous Clouds: The Climate Cooling and Disease Burden of Late Antiquity","authors":"T. Newfield","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340068","url":null,"abstract":"What influence did climate have on disease in Late Antiquity? Natural archives of pre-instrumental temperature indicate significant summer cooling throughout the period. The coolest stretch spanned the 6th and 7th c., and corresponds startlingly to the appearance of the Justinianic Plague in the Mediterranean region. Drawing on principles from landscape epidemiology, this paper marries textual evidence for disease with palaeoclimatic data, in order to understand how gradual and dramatic climatic change, the 535–50 downturn especially, may have altered the pathogenic burden carried in Late Antiquity. Particular attention is paid to the Justinianic Plague, but the potential impacts of a changing climate on malaria and non-yersinial, non-plague, epidemics are not overlooked.","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134094068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-09DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340073
K. Harper
In his magisterial book, The Great Transition: Climate, Disease and Society in the Late-Medieval World, Bruce Campbell traces in remarkable detail the progress of an environmental crisis that unfolded from the ca. AD 1270s to the 1350s across western Eurasia.1 From the AD 1270s, the favourable climate regime known as the Medieval Climate Anomaly sputtered to an end, and a colder, more variable climate arrived. Subsistence crises became more common. Animal panzootics devastated livestock herds on a continental scale. And then, upon a fragile society fell the worst biological disaster in recorded history, the Black Death. Detailed, critical work has tended only to confirm or even revise upwards the worst mortality estimates. The first wave of the pandemic might have killed ca. 50% of the entire population of Europe.2 The environmental crisis established a new economic, demographic, and geopolitical equilibrium across the old world. Given that Late Antiquity was also a period of major change in the global climate, and suffered from the introduction of the same biological agent that caused the Black Death, Campbell’s study is provocative for those of us who labour in the fields of the 1st millennium.3 We can only envy the much thicker documentary record of the Late Middle Ages, but what lessons might be drawn from the parallels and differences between these dynamic periods of environmental history? I would highlight just three points here. First, Campbell’s account is enriched because it takes a long perspective, launching centuries before the crisis. During the ‘efflorescence’ of the High Middle Ages, from ca. AD 1000–1270, the environment was an ‘enabling’ force, enhancing agrarian productivity and facilitating demographic increase. So, too, the period of Late Antiquity followed a long phase of intensification, against the background of a favourable climate in the early Roman empire. Below, I will suggest that the middle of the 2nd c. AD marked a point of inflection; not the onset of an irreversible crisis quite as dramatic
{"title":"Contours of Environmental Change and Human Response in Late Antiquity","authors":"K. Harper","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340073","url":null,"abstract":"In his magisterial book, The Great Transition: Climate, Disease and Society in the Late-Medieval World, Bruce Campbell traces in remarkable detail the progress of an environmental crisis that unfolded from the ca. AD 1270s to the 1350s across western Eurasia.1 From the AD 1270s, the favourable climate regime known as the Medieval Climate Anomaly sputtered to an end, and a colder, more variable climate arrived. Subsistence crises became more common. Animal panzootics devastated livestock herds on a continental scale. And then, upon a fragile society fell the worst biological disaster in recorded history, the Black Death. Detailed, critical work has tended only to confirm or even revise upwards the worst mortality estimates. The first wave of the pandemic might have killed ca. 50% of the entire population of Europe.2 The environmental crisis established a new economic, demographic, and geopolitical equilibrium across the old world. Given that Late Antiquity was also a period of major change in the global climate, and suffered from the introduction of the same biological agent that caused the Black Death, Campbell’s study is provocative for those of us who labour in the fields of the 1st millennium.3 We can only envy the much thicker documentary record of the Late Middle Ages, but what lessons might be drawn from the parallels and differences between these dynamic periods of environmental history? I would highlight just three points here. First, Campbell’s account is enriched because it takes a long perspective, launching centuries before the crisis. During the ‘efflorescence’ of the High Middle Ages, from ca. AD 1000–1270, the environment was an ‘enabling’ force, enhancing agrarian productivity and facilitating demographic increase. So, too, the period of Late Antiquity followed a long phase of intensification, against the background of a favourable climate in the early Roman empire. Below, I will suggest that the middle of the 2nd c. AD marked a point of inflection; not the onset of an irreversible crisis quite as dramatic","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115221545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-09DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340074
M. Whittow
{"title":"The Environmental Turn: Roll over Chris Wickham?","authors":"M. Whittow","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340074","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124707725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-09DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340071
Benjamin A. T. Graham, R. V. Dam
{"title":"Modelling the Supply of Wood Fuel in Ancient Rome","authors":"Benjamin A. T. Graham, R. V. Dam","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124948608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-09DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340072
Paolo Squatriti
{"title":"Rye’s Rise and Rome’s Fall: Agriculture and Climate in Europe during Late Antiquity","authors":"Paolo Squatriti","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134431675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-09DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340066
P. Wilson
Exclusively teaching the receptive skill of reading texts in a foreign language with no training in language production might seem to be a pedagogical relic and to contradict the communicative approach in foreign language teaching. However, it is a much-needed pedagogical tool for equipping postgraduate researchers with the necessary skill of reading academic literature in a foreign language. The aim is to enable learners who frequently have no prior knowledge of the language in a short period of time to independently read texts specific to their research. This article aims to illustrate the challenges of developing face-to-face as well as online courses for the specific purpose of teaching reading skills in German and other languages to postgraduate students at Durham University and to discuss the underlying pedagogy thereof. After giving a short history of how these courses were set up at Durham University, we will state the aims and intended learning outcomes of a reading skills course and describe the pedagogical peculiarities and challenges that such courses entail, underpinned by educational theory. We will discuss the issue of vocabulary acquisition, offering practical solutions, and give concrete examples of the materials used, including online resources and materials specifically created by the tutors, as well as pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of the German textbooks currently available. We will share our experience in the classroom, with online teaching as well as our provision for self-study. At the end of the paper we will include links to some free online resources for primarily German and French. This paper aims to contribute to the continuing dissemination of good practice in the teaching of reading skills in German, which can also be transferred to other Western European languages.
{"title":"Human and Deltaic Environments in Northern Egypt in Late Antiquity","authors":"P. Wilson","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340066","url":null,"abstract":"Exclusively teaching the receptive skill of reading texts in a foreign language with \u0000no training in language production might seem to be a pedagogical relic and to contradict the \u0000communicative approach in foreign language teaching. However, it is a much-needed \u0000pedagogical tool for equipping postgraduate researchers with the necessary skill of reading \u0000academic literature in a foreign language. The aim is to enable learners who frequently have \u0000no prior knowledge of the language in a short period of time to independently read texts \u0000specific to their research. \u0000This article aims to illustrate the challenges of developing face-to-face as well as online courses \u0000for the specific purpose of teaching reading skills in German and other languages to \u0000postgraduate students at Durham University and to discuss the underlying pedagogy thereof. \u0000After giving a short history of how these courses were set up at Durham University, we will \u0000state the aims and intended learning outcomes of a reading skills course and describe the \u0000pedagogical peculiarities and challenges that such courses entail, underpinned by educational \u0000theory. We will discuss the issue of vocabulary acquisition, offering practical solutions, and \u0000give concrete examples of the materials used, including online resources and materials \u0000specifically created by the tutors, as well as pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of the \u0000German textbooks currently available. We will share our experience in the classroom, with \u0000online teaching as well as our provision for self-study. At the end of the paper we will include \u0000links to some free online resources for primarily German and French. \u0000This paper aims to contribute to the continuing dissemination of good practice in the teaching of \u0000reading skills in German, which can also be transferred to other Western European languages.","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124009530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-09DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340063
M. Morellón, Gaia Sinopoli, A. Izdebski, L. Sadori, F. Anselmetti, R. Hodges, E. Regattieri, B. Wagner, Brunhilda Brushulli, D. Arizteguí
A multiproxy analysis (sedimentology, geochemistry and pollen) of sediments recovered in the Butrint lagoon (Albania) allows us to reconstruct the environmental changes that occurred in the area during the 1st millennium AD. In this paper, we compare these analytical results with the evidence provided by archaeological investigations carried out at the site of the Roman city of Butrint (surrounded by these lagoon waters) and in the city’s hinterlands. From this, we can say that different periods of farming and siltation (AD 400–600 and 700–900) were accompanied by increased run-off and wetter conditions in the region. This coincided with the territorial and economic expansion of the Byzantine empire, suggesting the key role of trade in the profound land use changes experienced in Butrint.
{"title":"Environment, Climate and Society in Roman and Byzantine Butrint","authors":"M. Morellón, Gaia Sinopoli, A. Izdebski, L. Sadori, F. Anselmetti, R. Hodges, E. Regattieri, B. Wagner, Brunhilda Brushulli, D. Arizteguí","doi":"10.1163/22134522-12340063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-12340063","url":null,"abstract":"A multiproxy analysis (sedimentology, geochemistry and pollen) of sediments recovered in the Butrint lagoon (Albania) allows us to reconstruct the environmental changes that occurred in the area during the 1st millennium AD. In this paper, we compare these analytical results with the evidence provided by archaeological investigations carried out at the site of the Roman city of Butrint (surrounded by these lagoon waters) and in the city’s hinterlands. From this, we can say that different periods of farming and siltation (AD 400–600 and 700–900) were accompanied by increased run-off and wetter conditions in the region. This coincided with the territorial and economic expansion of the Byzantine empire, suggesting the key role of trade in the profound land use changes experienced in Butrint.","PeriodicalId":432040,"journal":{"name":"Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130228596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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