Ecological fiscal transfer (EFT) is an incentive scheme of budgetary transfers from different levels of a government (central and regional) to reward performances in environmental management. In Indonesia, EFT is mainly intended to protect forest zones or protected areas but does not include forested areas in the non-forest zone. This article investigates the opportunities and challenges of adopting the EFT scheme as a policy instrument to maintain the forested areas in Kutai Timur, a district in East Kalimantan province with the largest forested areas in its non-forest zone. This study applies a socio-legal approach along with a regulatory simplification instrument to examine the laws and regulations surrounding the adoption of an EFT scheme in Kutai Timur district. It demonstrates that the Kutai Timur district government can adopt the EFT scheme, given that they have the authority to manage the APL and village funds allocation. The scheme has no specific requirements or standards, identifying priority issues in the environmental sector. To adopt the scheme, the district government should develop criteria and indicators by considering the goals and priorities of district development, the data availability, and the opportunity for every village to implement it. The preparation of these criteria and indicators must be carried out in a participatory and accountable process to be well accepted by the stakeholders. Further, the district government requires integrating the EFT scheme in district policies on village funds allocation. By implementing the EFT scheme, the district government can encourage village governments and villagers to protect and manage forested areas in their village.
{"title":"Protecting Forested Areas in Non-Forest Zone through The Ecological Fiscal Transfer Scheme in Indonesia: A case study from Kutai Timur district","authors":"M. Nasir","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.19193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.19193","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological fiscal transfer (EFT) is an incentive scheme of budgetary transfers from different levels of a government (central and regional) to reward performances in environmental management. In Indonesia, EFT is mainly intended to protect forest zones or protected areas but does not include forested areas in the non-forest zone. This article investigates the opportunities and challenges of adopting the EFT scheme as a policy instrument to maintain the forested areas in Kutai Timur, a district in East Kalimantan province with the largest forested areas in its non-forest zone. This study applies a socio-legal approach along with a regulatory simplification instrument to examine the laws and regulations surrounding the adoption of an EFT scheme in Kutai Timur district. It demonstrates that the Kutai Timur district government can adopt the EFT scheme, given that they have the authority to manage the APL and village funds allocation. The scheme has no specific requirements or standards, identifying priority issues in the environmental sector. To adopt the scheme, the district government should develop criteria and indicators by considering the goals and priorities of district development, the data availability, and the opportunity for every village to implement it. The preparation of these criteria and indicators must be carried out in a participatory and accountable process to be well accepted by the stakeholders. Further, the district government requires integrating the EFT scheme in district policies on village funds allocation. By implementing the EFT scheme, the district government can encourage village governments and villagers to protect and manage forested areas in their village.","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90931840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research examines the complexity of many significant changes in Indonesia's palm oil (PO) industry in North Mamuju, West Sulawesi, focusing on the actors' involvement. The PO commerce in this country continues to grow due to the increasing demand for crude palm oil (CPO) and kernel palm oil (KPO), low labor costs, vast lands, tropical climate, soil conditions, as well as domestic and global demand. Furthermore, private firms and smallholders continue to dominate the OP sector with continuous growth from upstream to downstream. This suggested that the PO industry has substantially impacted and helped change the newly constituted district of West Sulawesi, North Mamuju, by applying ethnographical modes of inquiry. According to the actors, the complexity of PO industry in this region is simply driven by the dynamics of the frontier inside and beyond PO plantations zona. Secondly, they are committed to ensuring that the region continues to be a center of PO industry to stimulate economic development in Sulawesi. Empirically, investment requirements and community attractiveness to PO continue to persuade local governments that the sector is the only development path. Local actors envision North Mamuju as the future hub for PO farmers in the East Indonesian region.
{"title":"‘Complexation’ of Palm Oil in Indonesia: The Actors and Their Involvement in North Mamuju, West Sulawesi","authors":"M. Mukrimin","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.13789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.13789","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the complexity of many significant changes in Indonesia's palm oil (PO) industry in North Mamuju, West Sulawesi, focusing on the actors' involvement. The PO commerce in this country continues to grow due to the increasing demand for crude palm oil (CPO) and kernel palm oil (KPO), low labor costs, vast lands, tropical climate, soil conditions, as well as domestic and global demand. Furthermore, private firms and smallholders continue to dominate the OP sector with continuous growth from upstream to downstream. This suggested that the PO industry has substantially impacted and helped change the newly constituted district of West Sulawesi, North Mamuju, by applying ethnographical modes of inquiry. According to the actors, the complexity of PO industry in this region is simply driven by the dynamics of the frontier inside and beyond PO plantations zona. Secondly, they are committed to ensuring that the region continues to be a center of PO industry to stimulate economic development in Sulawesi. Empirically, investment requirements and community attractiveness to PO continue to persuade local governments that the sector is the only development path. Local actors envision North Mamuju as the future hub for PO farmers in the East Indonesian region.","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88915932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jayanga T. Samarasinghe, M. Gunathilake, Randika K. Makubura, Shanika M. A. Arachchi, Upaka S. Rathnayake
Rainforests are continuously threatened by various anthropogenic activities. In addition, the ever-changing climate severely impacts the world’s rainforest cover. The consequences of these are paid back to human at a higher cost. Nevertheless, little or no significant attention was broadly given to this critical environmental issue. The World Heritage Sinharaja Rainforest in Sri Lanka is originating news on its forest cover due to human activities and changing climates. The scientific analysis is yet to be presented on the related issues. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive study on the possible impact on the Sinharaja Rainforest due to changing climate. Landsat images with measured rainfall data for 30 years were assessed and the relationships are presented. Results showcased that the built-up areas have drastically been increased over the last decade in the vicinity and the declared forest area. The authorities found the issues are serious and a sensitive task to negotiate in conserving the forest. The rainfall around the forest area has not shown significant trends over the years. Therefore, the health of forest cover was not severely impacted. Nevertheless, six cleared-up areas were found inside the Singaraja Rainforest under no human interactions. This can be due to a possible influence from the changing climate. This was justified by the temporal variation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) assessments over these six cleared-up areas. Therefore, the World Heritage rainforest is threatened due to human activities and under the changing climate change. Hence, the conservation of the Sinharaja Rainforest would be challenging in the future.
{"title":"Impact of Climate Change and Variability on Spatiotemporal Variation of Forest Cover; World Heritage Sinharaja Rainforest, Sri Lanka","authors":"Jayanga T. Samarasinghe, M. Gunathilake, Randika K. Makubura, Shanika M. A. Arachchi, Upaka S. Rathnayake","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.18271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.18271","url":null,"abstract":"Rainforests are continuously threatened by various anthropogenic activities. In addition, the ever-changing climate severely impacts the world’s rainforest cover. The consequences of these are paid back to human at a higher cost. Nevertheless, little or no significant attention was broadly given to this critical environmental issue. The World Heritage Sinharaja Rainforest in Sri Lanka is originating news on its forest cover due to human activities and changing climates. The scientific analysis is yet to be presented on the related issues. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive study on the possible impact on the Sinharaja Rainforest due to changing climate. Landsat images with measured rainfall data for 30 years were assessed and the relationships are presented. Results showcased that the built-up areas have drastically been increased over the last decade in the vicinity and the declared forest area. The authorities found the issues are serious and a sensitive task to negotiate in conserving the forest. The rainfall around the forest area has not shown significant trends over the years. Therefore, the health of forest cover was not severely impacted. Nevertheless, six cleared-up areas were found inside the Singaraja Rainforest under no human interactions. This can be due to a possible influence from the changing climate. This was justified by the temporal variation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) assessments over these six cleared-up areas. Therefore, the World Heritage rainforest is threatened due to human activities and under the changing climate change. Hence, the conservation of the Sinharaja Rainforest would be challenging in the future.","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84789224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Pieter, M. Utomo, S. Suhartono, A. Sudomo, Sanudin Sanudin, E. Fauziyah, T. S. Widyaningsih, M. Palmolina, A. Hani, C. Siagian
The agricultural sector is one of the aspects that was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agroforestry farmers’ livelihoods in rural areas. It was carried out in Tasikmalaya Regency, East Priangan, where mixed garden agroforestry farming supports part of the economic life of the community. The data used were collected between August and September 2021 by interviewing 33 farmer households. A coding and descriptive analysis were carried out to discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agroforestry farmers and their strategies. Subsequently, the cost-income, revenue cost ratio, and labor productivity analyses were used to assess the feasibility of agroforestry farming before and during the pandemic. The results showed that government policies related to handling the pandemic in form of Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) and the Implementation of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM) significantly affected the lives of farmers. These include decreased demand and commodity selling prices, difficulties in marketing agroforestry products, and a decrease in farmers' incomes by 38.45%. The agroforestry business has become less viable due to a reduction in farm productivity from R/C 1.1 before the pandemic to 0.85 during the pandemic, while farmer labor productivity decreased from US$ 3.00 to US$ 2.10. The farmers used direct cash assistance from the government and processed agroforestry products for sale and consumption as a survival strategy during the pandemic. Meanwhile, the government can help agroforestry farmers by increasing road access to rural areas, providing fertilizer and superior seeds, and also optimizing the role of livestock farmer groups.
{"title":"The Nexus of COVID-19 Pandemic and Rural Agroforestry Farmers’ Livelihoods in Tasikmalaya Regency, East Priangan, Indonesia","authors":"L. Pieter, M. Utomo, S. Suhartono, A. Sudomo, Sanudin Sanudin, E. Fauziyah, T. S. Widyaningsih, M. Palmolina, A. Hani, C. Siagian","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.18773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.18773","url":null,"abstract":"The agricultural sector is one of the aspects that was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agroforestry farmers’ livelihoods in rural areas. It was carried out in Tasikmalaya Regency, East Priangan, where mixed garden agroforestry farming supports part of the economic life of the community. The data used were collected between August and September 2021 by interviewing 33 farmer households. A coding and descriptive analysis were carried out to discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on agroforestry farmers and their strategies. Subsequently, the cost-income, revenue cost ratio, and labor productivity analyses were used to assess the feasibility of agroforestry farming before and during the pandemic. The results showed that government policies related to handling the pandemic in form of Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) and the Implementation of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM) significantly affected the lives of farmers. These include decreased demand and commodity selling prices, difficulties in marketing agroforestry products, and a decrease in farmers' incomes by 38.45%. The agroforestry business has become less viable due to a reduction in farm productivity from R/C 1.1 before the pandemic to 0.85 during the pandemic, while farmer labor productivity decreased from US$ 3.00 to US$ 2.10. The farmers used direct cash assistance from the government and processed agroforestry products for sale and consumption as a survival strategy during the pandemic. Meanwhile, the government can help agroforestry farmers by increasing road access to rural areas, providing fertilizer and superior seeds, and also optimizing the role of livestock farmer groups.","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86981398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to FAO figures, over 129 million hectares of forests have been lost globally since the 1990s, mainly in the tropical Global South, where agriculture acts as the main driver of forest conversion. International commitments, such as the Bonn Challenge, aim to reverse this trend through the application of forest landscape restoration (FLR) as an integrated and inclusive restoration approach. Beyond the discourse level, however, FLR implementation lags behind expectations due to insufficient funding and a disconnection with local implementation. We argue that, instead of relying on public resources for conservation-driven restoration, increased private sector engagement may point the way out of the funding impasse. However, this requires a shift towards production-driven FLR, which includes the livelihood needs of communities and smallholders as agents of landscape transition. For achieving the dual purpose of connecting landscapes with markets and promoting sustainable landscape restoration, we ascribe value chains and their economic, social and ecological configurations a key role in production-driven FLR. Drawing on Vietnam’s forest restoration pathway as an illustrative case, we examine how production-driven forest restoration, smallholder engagement and value chain upgrading can stimulate positive landscape transitions. We conclude that, depending on their configuration, value chains can have negative or positive social and ecological impacts at the landscape level. Furthermore, regulated, progressive and high-value commodity chains may perform better in the areas of integrated FLR objectives landscape integrity, ecological functionality and human well-being.
{"title":"A Value Chain Approach to Forest Landscape Restoration: Insights from Vietnam’s Production-Driven Forest Restoration","authors":"Ngan Ha, S. Benedikter, G. Kapp","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.18038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.18038","url":null,"abstract":"According to FAO figures, over 129 million hectares of forests have been lost globally since the 1990s, mainly in the tropical Global South, where agriculture acts as the main driver of forest conversion. International commitments, such as the Bonn Challenge, aim to reverse this trend through the application of forest landscape restoration (FLR) as an integrated and inclusive restoration approach. Beyond the discourse level, however, FLR implementation lags behind expectations due to insufficient funding and a disconnection with local implementation. We argue that, instead of relying on public resources for conservation-driven restoration, increased private sector engagement may point the way out of the funding impasse. However, this requires a shift towards production-driven FLR, which includes the livelihood needs of communities and smallholders as agents of landscape transition. For achieving the dual purpose of connecting landscapes with markets and promoting sustainable landscape restoration, we ascribe value chains and their economic, social and ecological configurations a key role in production-driven FLR. Drawing on Vietnam’s forest restoration pathway as an illustrative case, we examine how production-driven forest restoration, smallholder engagement and value chain upgrading can stimulate positive landscape transitions. We conclude that, depending on their configuration, value chains can have negative or positive social and ecological impacts at the landscape level. Furthermore, regulated, progressive and high-value commodity chains may perform better in the areas of integrated FLR objectives landscape integrity, ecological functionality and human well-being.","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85205439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land tenure conflicts in Lombok occured due to social interactions between community and state institutions. These were triggered by the unilateral claims of some of the villagers of Bebidas who acted on behalf of indigenous communities to take back what they believed to be their ancestral land in the Mount Rinjani National Park area. This paper analyzes how stakeholders generated conflict resolution efforts that emphasized inclusive efforts by collaborative action through dialogue based on collaborative governance theory. Data were obtained from interviews with several key informants from various levels of government, as well as members of the Bebidas village community and NGO representatives. Documentation and observation were also carried out to obtain data validity over sustained data collection and analysis process. Findings show that conflict resolution resulted from a long-term process that built up from dialogues involving various stakeholders, which encouraged the emergence of Mutual Agreements and Memorandum of Understanding as milestones to end conflicts. This helped to initiate peaceful relations. Findings suggest that capacity building, promoting awareness, and technical training to support rights and livelihoods on an ongoing basis help to address conflicts rooted in knowledge imbalances. In addition, expanding conservation partnership through community empowerment and ecosystem restoration programs assist in maintaining resources and supporting economic benefits underpin ideals of sustainable longer term uses of the Rinjani.
{"title":"Collaboration after Conflict: A Lesson from Collaborative Action in Customary Land Tenure Conflicts in Lombok, Indonesia","authors":"Aryogito Nindyatmoko, K. Setyowati, R. Haryanti","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.14005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.14005","url":null,"abstract":"Land tenure conflicts in Lombok occured due to social interactions between community and state institutions. These were triggered by the unilateral claims of some of the villagers of Bebidas who acted on behalf of indigenous communities to take back what they believed to be their ancestral land in the Mount Rinjani National Park area. This paper analyzes how stakeholders generated conflict resolution efforts that emphasized inclusive efforts by collaborative action through dialogue based on collaborative governance theory. Data were obtained from interviews with several key informants from various levels of government, as well as members of the Bebidas village community and NGO representatives. Documentation and observation were also carried out to obtain data validity over sustained data collection and analysis process. Findings show that conflict resolution resulted from a long-term process that built up from dialogues involving various stakeholders, which encouraged the emergence of Mutual Agreements and Memorandum of Understanding as milestones to end conflicts. This helped to initiate peaceful relations. Findings suggest that capacity building, promoting awareness, and technical training to support rights and livelihoods on an ongoing basis help to address conflicts rooted in knowledge imbalances. In addition, expanding conservation partnership through community empowerment and ecosystem restoration programs assist in maintaining resources and supporting economic benefits underpin ideals of sustainable longer term uses of the Rinjani.","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"261 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76958036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A pandemic, last seen a century ago, has reappeared in 2019 under the name of Covid-19. Poor forest communities are also especially affected by this pandemic. The qualitative method through literature and case study is used to explain the connection between the emergence of COVID-19, forest destruction, and its impact on the lives of people in forests in Indonesia. Two cases are going to be models of forest communities in Pemalang, namely LMDH Rawa Sakti and KTH GGL. The program was established by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) to create a supportive atmosphere for forest communities’ survival to overcome the Covid-19 crisis. We use the new institutionalism concept introduced by Victor Nee (2003) to understand how the coupling within the affirmation concept was developed at micro-level in Indonesia. The result shows that there are unique and complex situations, especially between the social groups, the members (as the individual), and other actors that are not examined by new institutionalism, which are important to reach collective action or influence the situation. In the KTH GGL context, Juragan (as the other actor) determines the commodity although many members want to plant ginger that aligns with the Ministry of Environment and Forest’s suggestion. On the other hand, trust issues become a more important aspect for members of LMDH RS to do the group’s activity.
{"title":"Covid-19 and Forest Communities: Alignment and Challenges on Case Studies in Forest Community, Pemalang, Indonesia","authors":"R. Siburian, Dicky Rachmawan, F. Tondo","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.11021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.11021","url":null,"abstract":"A pandemic, last seen a century ago, has reappeared in 2019 under the name of Covid-19. Poor forest communities are also especially affected by this pandemic. The qualitative method through literature and case study is used to explain the connection between the emergence of COVID-19, forest destruction, and its impact on the lives of people in forests in Indonesia. Two cases are going to be models of forest communities in Pemalang, namely LMDH Rawa Sakti and KTH GGL. The program was established by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) to create a supportive atmosphere for forest communities’ survival to overcome the Covid-19 crisis. We use the new institutionalism concept introduced by Victor Nee (2003) to understand how the coupling within the affirmation concept was developed at micro-level in Indonesia. The result shows that there are unique and complex situations, especially between the social groups, the members (as the individual), and other actors that are not examined by new institutionalism, which are important to reach collective action or influence the situation. In the KTH GGL context, Juragan (as the other actor) determines the commodity although many members want to plant ginger that aligns with the Ministry of Environment and Forest’s suggestion. On the other hand, trust issues become a more important aspect for members of LMDH RS to do the group’s activity.","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85694502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Murniati, S. Suharti, I. Yeny, Minarningsih Minarningsih
Cacao-based agroforestry systems have been developed in the conservation forest area of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park (WAR GFP). Previously, the forest areas were occupied by surrounding needy communities, causing land-use conflict and forest degradation. To resolve these problems, the conservation forest manager developed a conservation partnership program, giving farmers legal access to establish cacao agroforestry systems while improving forest conditions. This research aimed to study the farmers’ participation, main commodities of the cacao-based agroforestry system, and its contribution to the local production and economy. This research was conducted in 2018 and 2019. The field survey was used to characterize the agroforestry system practiced and a series of interviews with two respondent groups, stakeholders concerned with WAR GFP management (nine key informants), and cacao-based agroforestry farmers (61 respondents). The agroforestry systems were dominated by cacao trees mixed with other tree crops and forest trees with an average density of 1,169.3 ± 668.3 trees/ha. Community involvement in the agroforestry development has only reached "Placation" or level 5 of Arnstein's participation ranking, implying they are granted limited opportunities to participate in the agroforestry development. Cacao production was influenced by the cacao tree and the associated tree density. Optimal cacao production as much as 367.4 ± 357.9 kg/ha was achieved at 1,253 trees/ha of total tree density. Besides cocoa, there were 13 primary commodities, where some have contributed more than 40% to district production. Income gained from the agroforestry systems contributes significantly (75.63%) to total farmers’ income. It can fulfill households’ basic needs and has exceeded the poverty line at the national level. The cacao-based agroforestry development has become an alternative to resolve land use conflict in conservation forest areas characterized by land scarcity with a dense population
在Wan Abdul Rachman大森林公园(WAR GFP)的保护林区开发了以可可为基础的农林复合系统。以前，森林地区被周围贫困社区占用，造成土地使用冲突和森林退化。为了解决这些问题，保护区森林管理者制定了一个保护伙伴计划，在改善森林条件的同时，让农民合法地建立可可农林系统。本研究旨在研究以可可为基础的农林复合系统的农民参与、主要商品及其对当地生产和经济的贡献。这项研究是在2018年和2019年进行的。实地调查用于描述所实行的农林业系统的特征，并对两个受访者群体进行了一系列访谈，即关注WAR GFP管理的利益相关者(9名关键举报人)和以可可为基础的农林业农民(61名受访者)。农林业系统以可可树与其他乔木和林木混交为主，平均密度为1169.3±668.3株/ha。社区对农林业发展的参与在Arnstein的参与排名中仅达到“Placation”或第5级，这意味着他们参与农林业发展的机会有限。可可产量受可可树及其相关树密度的影响。在总树密度为1253棵/公顷时，可可产量可达367.4±357.9公斤/公顷。除了可可，还有13种初级商品，其中一些对地区生产的贡献超过40%。农林业系统获得的收入对农民总收入的贡献很大(75.63%)。能满足家庭基本需求，已超过国家贫困线。以可可为基础的农林业发展已成为解决人口密集、土地稀缺的保护林区土地利用冲突的替代方案
{"title":"Cacao-based Agroforestry in Conservation Forest Area: Farmer Participation, Main Commodities and Its Contribution to the Local Production and Economy","authors":"M. Murniati, S. Suharti, I. Yeny, Minarningsih Minarningsih","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.13991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.13991","url":null,"abstract":"Cacao-based agroforestry systems have been developed in the conservation forest area of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park (WAR GFP). Previously, the forest areas were occupied by surrounding needy communities, causing land-use conflict and forest degradation. To resolve these problems, the conservation forest manager developed a conservation partnership program, giving farmers legal access to establish cacao agroforestry systems while improving forest conditions. This research aimed to study the farmers’ participation, main commodities of the cacao-based agroforestry system, and its contribution to the local production and economy. This research was conducted in 2018 and 2019. The field survey was used to characterize the agroforestry system practiced and a series of interviews with two respondent groups, stakeholders concerned with WAR GFP management (nine key informants), and cacao-based agroforestry farmers (61 respondents). The agroforestry systems were dominated by cacao trees mixed with other tree crops and forest trees with an average density of 1,169.3 ± 668.3 trees/ha. Community involvement in the agroforestry development has only reached \"Placation\" or level 5 of Arnstein's participation ranking, implying they are granted limited opportunities to participate in the agroforestry development. Cacao production was influenced by the cacao tree and the associated tree density. Optimal cacao production as much as 367.4 ± 357.9 kg/ha was achieved at 1,253 trees/ha of total tree density. Besides cocoa, there were 13 primary commodities, where some have contributed more than 40% to district production. Income gained from the agroforestry systems contributes significantly (75.63%) to total farmers’ income. It can fulfill households’ basic needs and has exceeded the poverty line at the national level. The cacao-based agroforestry development has become an alternative to resolve land use conflict in conservation forest areas characterized by land scarcity with a dense population","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74140468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Participatory mapping has continued to evolve with the onset of new methodologies and technology. Conventional methods for sketching have now expanded to incorporate the use of drone imagery and other sophisticated mapping approaches as a base map. However, the use of ultra-high resolution drone imagery does not mean that it will facilitate more participatory processes nor improve the quality of data and uses of information. Indeed, it has long been known that ultra-high spatial resolution can cause misinterpretation. During COVID-19, innovations are emerging to apply more remote technologies in participatory mapping. Mobility concerns, requirements, and preferences for physical distancing discourages active participation of local communities and are especially complex in contexts involving Indigenous People. This paper specifically explores the mistakes that can arise from over-reliance on employing drones as a tool in participatory mapping methods. This paper is based on a case study of participatory mapping conducted at 43 villages (around forest area) of Central Sulawesi Province and West Sulawesi Province. The participatory mapping was carried out by the Sulawesi Community Foundation (SCF) from 2019-2021. The result of the study found at least six signs of potentially negative outcomes from the use of ultra-high resolution drone imagery, starting from disorientation, misperception over the periods of drone acquisition, homogeneous land cover conditions, similar types of plants, numerous signs of nature, and labeling affixed on map. We also encourage the development of ultra-high-resolution drone imagery to take place under certain conditions and see its role as an interpretation dictionary or as a targeted tool in local contexts. In addition, we found that the level of active participation in participatory mapping during the Pandemic was higher than before the pandemic but requires some improvisations in meeting design
{"title":"Avoiding Mistakes in Drone Usage in Participatory Mapping: Methodological Considerations during the Pandemic","authors":"Naufal Naufal, A. Asriadi, Sutrisno Absar","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.14117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.14117","url":null,"abstract":"Participatory mapping has continued to evolve with the onset of new methodologies and technology. Conventional methods for sketching have now expanded to incorporate the use of drone imagery and other sophisticated mapping approaches as a base map. However, the use of ultra-high resolution drone imagery does not mean that it will facilitate more participatory processes nor improve the quality of data and uses of information. Indeed, it has long been known that ultra-high spatial resolution can cause misinterpretation. During COVID-19, innovations are emerging to apply more remote technologies in participatory mapping. Mobility concerns, requirements, and preferences for physical distancing discourages active participation of local communities and are especially complex in contexts involving Indigenous People. This paper specifically explores the mistakes that can arise from over-reliance on employing drones as a tool in participatory mapping methods. This paper is based on a case study of participatory mapping conducted at 43 villages (around forest area) of Central Sulawesi Province and West Sulawesi Province. The participatory mapping was carried out by the Sulawesi Community Foundation (SCF) from 2019-2021. The result of the study found at least six signs of potentially negative outcomes from the use of ultra-high resolution drone imagery, starting from disorientation, misperception over the periods of drone acquisition, homogeneous land cover conditions, similar types of plants, numerous signs of nature, and labeling affixed on map. We also encourage the development of ultra-high-resolution drone imagery to take place under certain conditions and see its role as an interpretation dictionary or as a targeted tool in local contexts. In addition, we found that the level of active participation in participatory mapping during the Pandemic was higher than before the pandemic but requires some improvisations in meeting design","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"2014 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87839637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Kongmanee, B. Somboonsuke, Milinpat Boonkongma, P. Wettayaprasit, R. Chiarawipa, Kamonwan Sae-chong, Kanata Thatthong, P. Prapatigul
This study aimed to examine the livelihood adjustment, to analyze factors affecting, and to synthesize the relationships between production and livelihood adjustment in model of SRFS for Ranong, Krabi, Phangnga, and Phuket provinces, in Southwestern Thailand. A sample group of 399 rubber farmers was involved in data collection and 60 key informants were selected as a subsample. A structured interview form and a semi-structured interview form were the tools for data collection. In data analysis, descriptive statistics, linear regression and technical- economic simulation were applied, as well as synthesized model of connections between the production system and livelihood under SRFS was analyzed. The results indicate that rubber farming could be classified into four types: smallholding rubber monoculture farming system (S1) (40.9%), smallholding rubber with fruit tree farming system (S2) (35.8%), smallholding rubber with oil-palm farming system (S3) (49.8%), and smallholding rubber with livestock farming system (S4) (5.9%). These were different in livelihood assets and livelihood outcomes. Smallholding rubber with livestock farming system (S4) was better for livelihood outcomes than the other systems. The social capitals were quite high while the economic capitals were quite low. Livelihood strategies give importance to increasing productivity, reducing costs, financial management, and changes in food consumption. All farms relied on government support and received welfare. For the 10-year economic model (2017- 2026), S4 had the highest margin value. This study synthesized the relationships of production and livelihood adjustment model, showing that the model was composed of four sub-models: production system, support system, strategy, and livelihood adjustment system, and the resulting sustainable livelihood system will be useful for analyzing livelihood adjustments
{"title":"The Livelihood Adjustment of Smallholding Rubber Farming Systems (SRFS) in Southwestern Thailand: Case Study in Ranong, Krabi, Phangnga, and Phuket Provinces","authors":"C. Kongmanee, B. Somboonsuke, Milinpat Boonkongma, P. Wettayaprasit, R. Chiarawipa, Kamonwan Sae-chong, Kanata Thatthong, P. Prapatigul","doi":"10.24259/fs.v6i1.14159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.14159","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to examine the livelihood adjustment, to analyze factors affecting, and to synthesize the relationships between production and livelihood adjustment in model of SRFS for Ranong, Krabi, Phangnga, and Phuket provinces, in Southwestern Thailand. A sample group of 399 rubber farmers was involved in data collection and 60 key informants were selected as a subsample. A structured interview form and a semi-structured interview form were the tools for data collection. In data analysis, descriptive statistics, linear regression and technical- economic simulation were applied, as well as synthesized model of connections between the production system and livelihood under SRFS was analyzed. The results indicate that rubber farming could be classified into four types: smallholding rubber monoculture farming system (S1) (40.9%), smallholding rubber with fruit tree farming system (S2) (35.8%), smallholding rubber with oil-palm farming system (S3) (49.8%), and smallholding rubber with livestock farming system (S4) (5.9%). These were different in livelihood assets and livelihood outcomes. Smallholding rubber with livestock farming system (S4) was better for livelihood outcomes than the other systems. The social capitals were quite high while the economic capitals were quite low. Livelihood strategies give importance to increasing productivity, reducing costs, financial management, and changes in food consumption. All farms relied on government support and received welfare. For the 10-year economic model (2017- 2026), S4 had the highest margin value. This study synthesized the relationships of production and livelihood adjustment model, showing that the model was composed of four sub-models: production system, support system, strategy, and livelihood adjustment system, and the resulting sustainable livelihood system will be useful for analyzing livelihood adjustments","PeriodicalId":43213,"journal":{"name":"Forest and Society","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74594586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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