Polysubstance (combinations of substances) abuse and overdose deaths now surpass mono-substance abuse and overdose deaths. Several international and governmental organizations such as the WHO (World Health Organization), CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), several of the Institutes of the NIH (National Institutes of Health), Regulators, and Enforcement Agencies, among others, track and provide a valuable source of statistical information about drug (prescription and illicit) (mis)use and overdose. The information is disseminated free to stakeholders and the general public for use. Although the numeric presentations of the data are helpful and adequate for professionals, the non-expert and the visual learner often find visual re-presentation more clear and more compelling. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to present polysubstance use and overdose using visual maps of the available data. This article considers the opioids.
{"title":"Polysubstance Use and Overdose Visualized via Maps: Opioids","authors":"R. Raffa, Joseph V. Pergolizzi Jr., Herm Cukier","doi":"10.4236/pp.2022.134008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2022.134008","url":null,"abstract":"Polysubstance (combinations of substances) abuse and overdose deaths now surpass mono-substance abuse and overdose deaths. Several international and governmental organizations such as the WHO (World Health Organization), CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), several of the Institutes of the NIH (National Institutes of Health), Regulators, and Enforcement Agencies, among others, track and provide a valuable source of statistical information about drug (prescription and illicit) (mis)use and overdose. The information is disseminated free to stakeholders and the general public for use. Although the numeric presentations of the data are helpful and adequate for professionals, the non-expert and the visual learner often find visual re-presentation more clear and more compelling. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to present polysubstance use and overdose using visual maps of the available data. This article considers the opioids.","PeriodicalId":432281,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133127848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pharmaceutical technology innovation process needs a lot of human, material and financial support, so the government must give full play to its financial support function. Specifically, the government should improve the fund investment mechanism of the pharmaceutical industry, improve the financial investment management system of pharmaceutical technology innovation, strengthen the function and mechanism of the capital market, improve the risk investment system, focus on cultivating a good credit environment, and increase the support of national policy-based financial institutions. Through direct investment, financial subsidies, tax incentives and low-interest financing and other means, vigorously promote the improvement of pharmaceutical innovation capacity.
{"title":"Research on the Function of Government Fund Support in Pharmaceutical Industry Technology Innovation","authors":"Xinyun Gao, Yongfa Chen","doi":"10.4236/pp.2022.1311035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2022.1311035","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical technology innovation process needs a lot of human, material and financial support, so the government must give full play to its financial support function. Specifically, the government should improve the fund investment mechanism of the pharmaceutical industry, improve the financial investment management system of pharmaceutical technology innovation, strengthen the function and mechanism of the capital market, improve the risk investment system, focus on cultivating a good credit environment, and increase the support of national policy-based financial institutions. Through direct investment, financial subsidies, tax incentives and low-interest financing and other means, vigorously promote the improvement of pharmaceutical innovation capacity.","PeriodicalId":432281,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122860216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Hikaambo, Phanuel Chilala, Ferdinand Ndubi, G. Mayoka, M. Kampamba, Reagan Kabuka, Billy Chabalenge, Steward Mudenda
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activities of <i>Solanum aculeastrum</i> Fruit Extract against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Candida albicans</i>: Significance of African Traditional Medicine in Combating Infections and Attaining Universal Health Coverage","authors":"C. Hikaambo, Phanuel Chilala, Ferdinand Ndubi, G. Mayoka, M. Kampamba, Reagan Kabuka, Billy Chabalenge, Steward Mudenda","doi":"10.4236/pp.2023.145013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2023.145013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432281,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology &amp; Pharmacy","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122038759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Routine Supportive Supervision and Management of Medicines and Other Health Products and Technologies in Vihiga County, Kenya","authors":"Mukanya Collins Mudogo, Oluhano Jerusa, Sikuku Eric, Mwanje Inonda Justus, Anyiendah Mary, Amadi Mercy, Riungu James, Sumbi Victor, Ottichilo Wilber","doi":"10.4236/pp.2023.142004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2023.142004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432281,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology &amp; Pharmacy","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129511973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Venant Donald Noumi, Markusse Deli, R. M. Nguimbou, E. Baudelaire, S. Rup-Jacques, Dicko Amadou, Selestin Sokeng, N. Njintang
Particle size fractionation by sieving is used to optimize antioxydant potential of natural substances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate particle size effects on antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils (EO) on CCl 4 -induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats. Animals were daily orally treated with the EOs extracted by hydrodistillation from powder sieved at four particle sizes (≥355, 200 - 355, 100 - 200, ≤100 µm) and those of the unsieved powder at dose of 50 mg/Kg for 7 days. Compounds that are evaluated for these activities are hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes that were identified and quantified by GC/MS. Activities of enzymes markers of hepatocellular damage in serum and antioxidant enzymes (≤100 µm and 100 - 200 µm) was correlated to their high concentration in oxygenated terpenes (70.9% and 46.4%, respectively), when compared to the large particles (200 - 355 µm and ≥355 µm, with 33.3% and 41.8%, respectively) and unsieved powder (37.4%).
{"title":"Particle Size Effects on Antioxydant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Essential Oil from <i>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> Leaves against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats","authors":"Venant Donald Noumi, Markusse Deli, R. M. Nguimbou, E. Baudelaire, S. Rup-Jacques, Dicko Amadou, Selestin Sokeng, N. Njintang","doi":"10.4236/pp.2022.138020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2022.138020","url":null,"abstract":"Particle size fractionation by sieving is used to optimize antioxydant potential of natural substances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate particle size effects on antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils (EO) on CCl 4 -induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats. Animals were daily orally treated with the EOs extracted by hydrodistillation from powder sieved at four particle sizes (≥355, 200 - 355, 100 - 200, ≤100 µm) and those of the unsieved powder at dose of 50 mg/Kg for 7 days. Compounds that are evaluated for these activities are hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes that were identified and quantified by GC/MS. Activities of enzymes markers of hepatocellular damage in serum and antioxidant enzymes (≤100 µm and 100 - 200 µm) was correlated to their high concentration in oxygenated terpenes (70.9% and 46.4%, respectively), when compared to the large particles (200 - 355 µm and ≥355 µm, with 33.3% and 41.8%, respectively) and unsieved powder (37.4%).","PeriodicalId":432281,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology &amp; Pharmacy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115551908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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