Abstract. The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and the US created since independence in 1947 to 2012 Pakistan. This anxiety assisted Pakistan to examination partners in world politics and produced alignment with the US. US concentration in South Asia was to comprehending the USSR to thwart communist enlargement towards the Middle East. Pakistan amalgamated the US alliance arrangement to getting military aid and military cooperation. Pakistan was predictable as key US confederate and acknowledged bulky quantities of military aid. In the Indo-Pakistan War US did not buttressed it in contradiction of India and Pakistan turned to China. When India tested nuclear and Pakistan to hasten its own nuclear programme in contradiction of the non-proliferation intentions of the US. When USSR Confronted on Afghanistan and both states came closer. In the Afghan civil wars, Pakistan subsidized the pro-Pakistan Taliban and tried to admittance gas in Central Asia and encompass Iranian inspiration. After 9/11 instance US bequeathed Pakistan good aid compendium in contradiction of al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan. Later Pakistan was acknowledged non-NATO assistant. The US attacked with drones created anti-American feeling in Pakistan military. Other side Osama bin Laden was found in the Pakistani territory. . Notwithstanding all these difficulties, relations never penniless down entirely and US continuous to bounce aid to the Pakistan. Keywords. Aid, Convergent, Divergent, Pakistan, Terrorism, US. JEL. C53, E27, F41, F47.
{"title":"The US-Pakistan relationship in South Asia, 2001-2012: A case study of Afghanistan","authors":"Liaqat Ali Chandio, Amir Ahmed Khuhro","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I4.1993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I4.1993","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and the US created since independence in 1947 to 2012 Pakistan. This anxiety assisted Pakistan to examination partners in world politics and produced alignment with the US. US concentration in South Asia was to comprehending the USSR to thwart communist enlargement towards the Middle East. Pakistan amalgamated the US alliance arrangement to getting military aid and military cooperation. Pakistan was predictable as key US confederate and acknowledged bulky quantities of military aid. In the Indo-Pakistan War US did not buttressed it in contradiction of India and Pakistan turned to China. When India tested nuclear and Pakistan to hasten its own nuclear programme in contradiction of the non-proliferation intentions of the US. When USSR Confronted on Afghanistan and both states came closer. In the Afghan civil wars, Pakistan subsidized the pro-Pakistan Taliban and tried to admittance gas in Central Asia and encompass Iranian inspiration. After 9/11 instance US bequeathed Pakistan good aid compendium in contradiction of al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan. Later Pakistan was acknowledged non-NATO assistant. The US attacked with drones created anti-American feeling in Pakistan military. Other side Osama bin Laden was found in the Pakistani territory. . Notwithstanding all these difficulties, relations never penniless down entirely and US continuous to bounce aid to the Pakistan. Keywords. Aid, Convergent, Divergent, Pakistan, Terrorism, US. JEL. C53, E27, F41, F47.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126894922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The purpose of this research attempt is to statistically observe the causal impact of consumption tax (value added tax) on GDP/economic growth and gross savings in Pakistan as well as in Japan and their comparative analysis for the period defined (1989 to 2015). Furthermore, to explore if the increase in value-added tax is either contributing to rising growth rate or increasing gross savings using time series secondary data. It is found through running regression that tax on goods and services (value added tax) maintains significant and healthy/positive association with gross domestic product growth rate and gross saving in Japan and Pakistan also. An increase in value-added tax contributes more to gross savings in Japan and Pakistan than the economic growth rate. The policymakers in Japan and Pakistan need to design policies to increase value-added tax rates to increase gross savings that could be utilized to increase physical and human capital investment to increase more production to achieve sustained economic growth. Also, this study guides Japan and Pakistan policymakers to restrict the export of the primary product to avoid value-added tax loss. Keywords. Consumption tax, VAT, Economic growth, GDP growth, Gross savings. JEL. H22, E21, O47.
{"title":"Pak-Japan comparative study of consumption tax (value added tax) and its effects on economic growth rate and gross savings","authors":"Shahid Hussain Dahri, N. Shaikh, Parveen Shah","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I3.1938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I3.1938","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The purpose of this research attempt is to statistically observe the causal impact of consumption tax (value added tax) on GDP/economic growth and gross savings in Pakistan as well as in Japan and their comparative analysis for the period defined (1989 to 2015). Furthermore, to explore if the increase in value-added tax is either contributing to rising growth rate or increasing gross savings using time series secondary data. It is found through running regression that tax on goods and services (value added tax) maintains significant and healthy/positive association with gross domestic product growth rate and gross saving in Japan and Pakistan also. An increase in value-added tax contributes more to gross savings in Japan and Pakistan than the economic growth rate. The policymakers in Japan and Pakistan need to design policies to increase value-added tax rates to increase gross savings that could be utilized to increase physical and human capital investment to increase more production to achieve sustained economic growth. Also, this study guides Japan and Pakistan policymakers to restrict the export of the primary product to avoid value-added tax loss. Keywords. Consumption tax, VAT, Economic growth, GDP growth, Gross savings. JEL. H22, E21, O47.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122659990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. We have attempted, in this paper, to evaluate the structure and determinants of the demand for imports in Cameroon at the aggregated and disaggregated levels, using an equilibrium and disequilibrium models. It emerges from econometric estimation that real income, the real exchange rate and the variable capacity to importand industrialization were the determining factors in Cameroon imports. The degradation of imports illustrates the elastic or inelastic nature of imported products. Cameroon must reshape her development strategies towards industrialization in order for them to achieve a progressive reduction of their imports. This imperative situation would be a means that cannot be ignored by the Cameroon if it wants to attract foreign direct investment which is a source for the development of firms and for boosting productivity. Keywords. Structure, Imports, Development of firms, Industrialization, Cameroon. JEL. C20, F20, F30.
{"title":"The behaviour of imports in Cameroon: An analysis through the equilibrium and disequilibrium models","authors":"Elie Ngongang","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I3.1922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I3.1922","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We have attempted, in this paper, to evaluate the structure and determinants of the demand for imports in Cameroon at the aggregated and disaggregated levels, using an equilibrium and disequilibrium models. It emerges from econometric estimation that real income, the real exchange rate and the variable capacity to importand industrialization were the determining factors in Cameroon imports. The degradation of imports illustrates the elastic or inelastic nature of imported products. Cameroon must reshape her development strategies towards industrialization in order for them to achieve a progressive reduction of their imports. This imperative situation would be a means that cannot be ignored by the Cameroon if it wants to attract foreign direct investment which is a source for the development of firms and for boosting productivity. Keywords. Structure, Imports, Development of firms, Industrialization, Cameroon. JEL. C20, F20, F30.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116274978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. This research develops a model of eligible voters rationally maximizing their stochastic utility functions in their decisions with respect to casting ballots in elections that result in voting decision being largely determined by social and psychological factors heterogeneously maleable by political expenditures. The wealthiest agents utilize their overwhelming financial resources to promote only candidates cooperating with their special interests to attract public attention, which exerts social pressure on voters to cast ballots only for those politicians who represent those agents. The model, which enables exacting computation of the benefits to politicians, special interest groups, and voters from their political actions, is shown to supply insightful explanations for the 2016 U.S. Presidential polling results for the four leading candidates. Voters were effectively swayed by large political expenditures to select from the two candidates who represented the agents providing the financial backing to market their special interests. Keywords. Special interests, Voter utility, Elections, Political marketing. JEL. D71, D72, F50.
{"title":"A simple model explaining the interaction between special interest spending and voter choices","authors":"A. Murphy","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I3.1920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I3.1920","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This research develops a model of eligible voters rationally maximizing their stochastic utility functions in their decisions with respect to casting ballots in elections that result in voting decision being largely determined by social and psychological factors heterogeneously maleable by political expenditures. The wealthiest agents utilize their overwhelming financial resources to promote only candidates cooperating with their special interests to attract public attention, which exerts social pressure on voters to cast ballots only for those politicians who represent those agents. The model, which enables exacting computation of the benefits to politicians, special interest groups, and voters from their political actions, is shown to supply insightful explanations for the 2016 U.S. Presidential polling results for the four leading candidates. Voters were effectively swayed by large political expenditures to select from the two candidates who represented the agents providing the financial backing to market their special interests. Keywords. Special interests, Voter utility, Elections, Political marketing. JEL. D71, D72, F50.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132408810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. We celebrate the 20 th anniversary of the introduction of the Euro by reviewing one of the key elements: the integration of the Eurozone financial markets. Introducing a multivariate volatility test based on the asymmetrical BEKK (ABEKK) multivariate GARCH model of volatility to analyse the stable market pre-condition hypothesis of the integrated Eurozone equity markets across the euro’s timeline. Extending our analysis to the impact of the rise of the populist political movement on the Eurozone financial markets during the last few years. The first and most important contribution is the introduction of a multivariate volatility test based on the ABEKK to analyse the stability of the integration in the Eurozone equity markets. However, another key contribution is the analysis of a period where the whole concept of European integration is coming into question by the rise of the populist political movement. This research could be of importance to the ECB in stabilising the Eurozone financial markets as well as market participants in portfolio optimization within the Eurozone. Our results point to a difference in financial market integration depending on the definition. The empirical evidence found that market participants tend to react differently according to the affinity of the market participants to the event/news. In essence, market participants are driven by the “time and space” effect. This would point to evidence that the Eurozone equity markets was never truly integrated in the econometrics sense as defined later on. However, our literature review did identify evidence that the Eurozone equity markets was integrated in accordance with the definition of Baele et al., ( 2004 ). Hence it really does depend on the definition used. Generally, our policy recommendations are for a committee to be setup to unify the communication and actions of the European Union during crises. A better way of communicating the work and concept of the European Union to the population. Finally, a slower paced policy of integration to overcome the sense of loss national identity which recently many are plying on. Keywords. Euro, European integration, Volatility test, Asymmetric BEKK, Multivariate GARCH, Volatility spillover, News contagion, Equity markets. JEL. C12, C58, E44, F36, G15.
{"title":"Happy 20th birthday Euro: An integrated analysis of the stability status in the Eurozone’s equity markets","authors":"Bachar Fakhry","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I3.1919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I3.1919","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We celebrate the 20 th anniversary of the introduction of the Euro by reviewing one of the key elements: the integration of the Eurozone financial markets. Introducing a multivariate volatility test based on the asymmetrical BEKK (ABEKK) multivariate GARCH model of volatility to analyse the stable market pre-condition hypothesis of the integrated Eurozone equity markets across the euro’s timeline. Extending our analysis to the impact of the rise of the populist political movement on the Eurozone financial markets during the last few years. The first and most important contribution is the introduction of a multivariate volatility test based on the ABEKK to analyse the stability of the integration in the Eurozone equity markets. However, another key contribution is the analysis of a period where the whole concept of European integration is coming into question by the rise of the populist political movement. This research could be of importance to the ECB in stabilising the Eurozone financial markets as well as market participants in portfolio optimization within the Eurozone. Our results point to a difference in financial market integration depending on the definition. The empirical evidence found that market participants tend to react differently according to the affinity of the market participants to the event/news. In essence, market participants are driven by the “time and space” effect. This would point to evidence that the Eurozone equity markets was never truly integrated in the econometrics sense as defined later on. However, our literature review did identify evidence that the Eurozone equity markets was integrated in accordance with the definition of Baele et al., ( 2004 ). Hence it really does depend on the definition used. Generally, our policy recommendations are for a committee to be setup to unify the communication and actions of the European Union during crises. A better way of communicating the work and concept of the European Union to the population. Finally, a slower paced policy of integration to overcome the sense of loss national identity which recently many are plying on. Keywords. Euro, European integration, Volatility test, Asymmetric BEKK, Multivariate GARCH, Volatility spillover, News contagion, Equity markets. JEL. C12, C58, E44, F36, G15.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"166 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123471863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The research on Transnational Corporations (TNCs) in Nigeria is encumbered or fraught with methodological challenges. Thus, this paper which relies on desk research, unveils the conceptualization of TNCs, Corporate Powers and the Doctrine of Domicile thereby interrogating the methodological encumbrances – (security, secrecy and access challenges) experienced in conducting researches on the modus operandi of TNCs in Nigeria with focus on Shell Petroleum Development Company in Nigeria (SPDC). The consideration of Transnational Corporations’ exploration of the lacuna created by weak or moribund state institutions, escalating corruption, lack of adequate knowledge of rights and double standards become sacrosanct in bringing about ease in the challenges of researching corporate power. The paper argues that in weak African states, the doctrine of domicile manifests through threat of divestment, undue influence on government, casualization of workers, corrupt practices and tax evasion where corporate power employ hegemonic tendencies in pursuit of its profit maximization drive.. Keywords. Transnational corporations, Liquefied natural gas, Multinational energy corporations, OPEC, SPDC. JEL. H11, H50, C13, C22.
{"title":"The challenges of researching corporate power: The case of Shell Petroleum Development Company in Nigeria (SPDC)","authors":"E. Egharevba, F. Ovenseri-Ogbomo","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1870","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The research on Transnational Corporations (TNCs) in Nigeria is encumbered or fraught with methodological challenges. Thus, this paper which relies on desk research, unveils the conceptualization of TNCs, Corporate Powers and the Doctrine of Domicile thereby interrogating the methodological encumbrances – (security, secrecy and access challenges) experienced in conducting researches on the modus operandi of TNCs in Nigeria with focus on Shell Petroleum Development Company in Nigeria (SPDC). The consideration of Transnational Corporations’ exploration of the lacuna created by weak or moribund state institutions, escalating corruption, lack of adequate knowledge of rights and double standards become sacrosanct in bringing about ease in the challenges of researching corporate power. The paper argues that in weak African states, the doctrine of domicile manifests through threat of divestment, undue influence on government, casualization of workers, corrupt practices and tax evasion where corporate power employ hegemonic tendencies in pursuit of its profit maximization drive.. Keywords. Transnational corporations, Liquefied natural gas, Multinational energy corporations, OPEC, SPDC. JEL. H11, H50, C13, C22.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122614688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The quest for Africa’s natural resources can be traced when the Portuguese set foot on African soil some 600 years. This was followed by Western Europeans and now China. Africa is endowed with huge reserves of mineral and natural resources. These have been the constant attraction to foreign countries seeking to control these natural resources and trading. Globalization further made the new scramble for Africa eminent. New plays including China are developing and employing new strategies on how to enter and control these new markets. Chinese enterprises employ the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) market entry strategies to penetrate the African Market. This has alarmed the West. Keywords. China’s enterprises, Corporate social responsibility, Africa, Markets, natural resources, Export-import bank, London inter-bank offered rates, Entry strategies, One belt, One road (OBOR), Belt and road initiative (BRI), UN, West, EU, ILO. JEL. C32, C53, E44, G21.
{"title":"China’s enterprises in Africa: Market entry strategies, implications for capacity building, and corporate social responsibility","authors":"J. Anyu, William G. Dzekashu","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1898","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The quest for Africa’s natural resources can be traced when the Portuguese set foot on African soil some 600 years. This was followed by Western Europeans and now China. Africa is endowed with huge reserves of mineral and natural resources. These have been the constant attraction to foreign countries seeking to control these natural resources and trading. Globalization further made the new scramble for Africa eminent. New plays including China are developing and employing new strategies on how to enter and control these new markets. Chinese enterprises employ the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) market entry strategies to penetrate the African Market. This has alarmed the West. Keywords. China’s enterprises, Corporate social responsibility, Africa, Markets, natural resources, Export-import bank, London inter-bank offered rates, Entry strategies, One belt, One road (OBOR), Belt and road initiative (BRI), UN, West, EU, ILO. JEL. C32, C53, E44, G21.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129884959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. This study evaluates the determinants of bank credit to the private sector in Albania from 2000 to 2017 using a Vector Error Correction Model which includes both demand and supply-side factors. We perform Augmented Dickey Fuller Test, Phillips-Perron test and Johansen cointegration test to ensure the stationarity and long-run relation between explanatory variables. The results show that credit to the private sector is positively related to economic growth. A higher lending rate will decrease the bank credit to the private sector. Further, the decrease of non-performing loans and domestic government debt will increase the funds available for the private sector. The negative sign of error correction term and the diagnostic tests for autocorrelation, normality and ARCH effects ensure that our model is properly defined. Keywords. Bank credit , Vector error eorrection, Albania. JEL. C32, C53, E44, G21.
{"title":"Bank credit to the private sector: VECM approach for Albania","authors":"A. Matuka","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1894","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study evaluates the determinants of bank credit to the private sector in Albania from 2000 to 2017 using a Vector Error Correction Model which includes both demand and supply-side factors. We perform Augmented Dickey Fuller Test, Phillips-Perron test and Johansen cointegration test to ensure the stationarity and long-run relation between explanatory variables. The results show that credit to the private sector is positively related to economic growth. A higher lending rate will decrease the bank credit to the private sector. Further, the decrease of non-performing loans and domestic government debt will increase the funds available for the private sector. The negative sign of error correction term and the diagnostic tests for autocorrelation, normality and ARCH effects ensure that our model is properly defined. Keywords. Bank credit , Vector error eorrection, Albania. JEL. C32, C53, E44, G21.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116754859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Interest in transnational entrepreneurship has expanded in recent years. However, there are limited qualitative surveys that shed light on the mindset of the contemporary transnational entrepreneur. This article contributes to academic and business literature by presenting the views of an El Salvador born executive Carlos Arevalo. Carlos Arevalo is CEO of Trilogis, a transportation company in El Salvador that is operating in several international locations. Through an interview conducted by Dr. J. Mark Munoz of Millikin University, with the assistance of business student Kimberly Tejada, Arevalo shares his viewpoints on transnational entrepreneurship and its business implications. Keywords. Transnational entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship, International business. JEL. L26, M16.
摘要近年来，人们对跨国创业的兴趣日益浓厚。然而，能够揭示当代跨国企业家心态的定性调查有限。本文通过介绍萨尔瓦多出生的高管Carlos Arevalo的观点，为学术和商业文献做出了贡献。Carlos Arevalo是萨尔瓦多运输公司Trilogis的首席执行官，该公司在多个国家开展业务。通过对米利金大学J. Mark Munoz博士的采访，在商学院学生Kimberly Tejada的帮助下，Arevalo分享了他对跨国创业及其商业影响的看法。关键词。跨国创业，企业家精神，国际商业。冻胶。L26 M16。
{"title":"Transnational entrepreneurship: An interview with Carlos Arevalo, CEO of Trilegis in el Salvador","authors":"J. M. Munoz","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1902","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Interest in transnational entrepreneurship has expanded in recent years. However, there are limited qualitative surveys that shed light on the mindset of the contemporary transnational entrepreneur. This article contributes to academic and business literature by presenting the views of an El Salvador born executive Carlos Arevalo. Carlos Arevalo is CEO of Trilogis, a transportation company in El Salvador that is operating in several international locations. Through an interview conducted by Dr. J. Mark Munoz of Millikin University, with the assistance of business student Kimberly Tejada, Arevalo shares his viewpoints on transnational entrepreneurship and its business implications. Keywords. Transnational entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship, International business. JEL. L26, M16.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131015413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Nigerian data covering 1981 to 2018 were applied to affirm Wagner’s law with respect to the five different models. The significance of this paper is to establish whether there exists a relationship between total government expenditures and the Nigerian economy. To accomplish the objective of this paper, data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin of various years. Several statistical and econometric tests were conducted. The results obtained revealed that there exists positive and statistical significance as well as a long-run relationship between the variables employed in the various models and that Wagner’s law was held to exist in the Nigerian economy in the timeframe of the study. It is therefore, recommended that the Nigerian government should improve her sources of income in order to satisfy the increasing demand of her people now and in the future. Keywords. Wagner’s law, Total government expenditures, Real GDP. JEL. H11, H50, C13, C22.
{"title":"Government expenditures in Nigeria: Re-examination of Wagner’s law","authors":"Orobosa Abraham Ihensekhien, John Gbubemi Mayuku","doi":"10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEPE.V6I2.1874","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Nigerian data covering 1981 to 2018 were applied to affirm Wagner’s law with respect to the five different models. The significance of this paper is to establish whether there exists a relationship between total government expenditures and the Nigerian economy. To accomplish the objective of this paper, data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin of various years. Several statistical and econometric tests were conducted. The results obtained revealed that there exists positive and statistical significance as well as a long-run relationship between the variables employed in the various models and that Wagner’s law was held to exist in the Nigerian economy in the timeframe of the study. It is therefore, recommended that the Nigerian government should improve her sources of income in order to satisfy the increasing demand of her people now and in the future. Keywords. Wagner’s law, Total government expenditures, Real GDP. JEL. H11, H50, C13, C22.","PeriodicalId":432468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economics and Political Economy","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132711163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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