Abstract This article investigates the predictors of purchase behavior of the generation Z (Gen Z) in the Vietnamese organic food sector. We proposed a research model by extending the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with the motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) framework to address the gap between purchase intention and behavior in the organic food market. Data from a self-administered online survey with 426 respondents living in the three biggest cities of Vietnam were analyzed in SmartPLS software to test proposed hypotheses. Our findings show that trust is the most crucial factor affecting the purchase behavior of Gen Z in the Vietnamese organic food sector. Notably, perceived barriers (PB) were found to positively influence purchase behavior. The present study suggests the organic food producers and suppliers to change their marketing strategies and policies in response to the demanding Vietnamese Gen Z.
{"title":"Exploring Organic Food Purchase Behaviors of Gen Z: An Application of TPB and MOA Model in a Transition Country","authors":"P. Nguyen, Nam D. Vo","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article investigates the predictors of purchase behavior of the generation Z (Gen Z) in the Vietnamese organic food sector. We proposed a research model by extending the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with the motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) framework to address the gap between purchase intention and behavior in the organic food market. Data from a self-administered online survey with 426 respondents living in the three biggest cities of Vietnam were analyzed in SmartPLS software to test proposed hypotheses. Our findings show that trust is the most crucial factor affecting the purchase behavior of Gen Z in the Vietnamese organic food sector. Notably, perceived barriers (PB) were found to positively influence purchase behavior. The present study suggests the organic food producers and suppliers to change their marketing strategies and policies in response to the demanding Vietnamese Gen Z.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"35 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48010506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Conflict costs can be used to determine conflict outcomes and can be measured among others in terms of lost time. So far, no study has investigated the effects of cultural distances on conflict costs. Our study tries to add new findings by investigating the influence of cultural distances on internal indirect conflict costs. A survey with 226 participants was conducted to measure the time spent on conflicts. Each participant reported on a conflict situation he or she was personally involved in. We used linear regression analysis to test our hypotheses. We did not find support for our hypotheses that the larger a cultural distance was, the more time was spent on a conflict. According to our study, cultural distances do not explain conflict costs and it cannot be proven that the greater a distance, the higher the conflict costs. In a more globalized world, it is positive that despite great cultural distances, time spent on conflicts does not increase. This can encourage leaders to capture the benefits of diversity, whereas the consequences on at least some conflict costs are low.
{"title":"Cultural Distances and Its Association to Time Spent on Conflicts","authors":"Phyllis Dirrler, S. Podruzsik","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Conflict costs can be used to determine conflict outcomes and can be measured among others in terms of lost time. So far, no study has investigated the effects of cultural distances on conflict costs. Our study tries to add new findings by investigating the influence of cultural distances on internal indirect conflict costs. A survey with 226 participants was conducted to measure the time spent on conflicts. Each participant reported on a conflict situation he or she was personally involved in. We used linear regression analysis to test our hypotheses. We did not find support for our hypotheses that the larger a cultural distance was, the more time was spent on a conflict. According to our study, cultural distances do not explain conflict costs and it cannot be proven that the greater a distance, the higher the conflict costs. In a more globalized world, it is positive that despite great cultural distances, time spent on conflicts does not increase. This can encourage leaders to capture the benefits of diversity, whereas the consequences on at least some conflict costs are low.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"63 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47715271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper examines and reviews the fundamental challenges that academicians face when using the event study methodology to assess the long-term consequences of financial events on the economy and to describe market reactions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that businesses can experience abnormal returns from 1 to 5 years after major financial events. Also, this paper investigates the long-run price performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). The sample period expands from 2018 to 2022. Various findings are obtained by employing several analytical methods. First, long-run price performance of IPOs is negative, and a strong evidence shows that the long-run performance is sensitive to the benchmark employed. To assess the long-term performance of IPOs, I used both cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) and buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHAR) as aggregated models. I explained the methodology which is adopted in this study in detail for the event–time approach. However, I used the crucial values for the skewness-adjusted t-statistic to infer statistical tests. Even though BHAR provided weaker results, all methods indicated negative long-run abnormal returns for IPOs. Yet this performance varied when comparing the performance utilizing ASEI, Fama–French three-factor (FF3F), and matching firm (MF) as benchmarks.
{"title":"Reassessing the Long-Run Abnormal Performance of Jordanian IPOs: An Event Study Approach","authors":"Fawaz Khalid Al Shawawreh","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines and reviews the fundamental challenges that academicians face when using the event study methodology to assess the long-term consequences of financial events on the economy and to describe market reactions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that businesses can experience abnormal returns from 1 to 5 years after major financial events. Also, this paper investigates the long-run price performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). The sample period expands from 2018 to 2022. Various findings are obtained by employing several analytical methods. First, long-run price performance of IPOs is negative, and a strong evidence shows that the long-run performance is sensitive to the benchmark employed. To assess the long-term performance of IPOs, I used both cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) and buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHAR) as aggregated models. I explained the methodology which is adopted in this study in detail for the event–time approach. However, I used the crucial values for the skewness-adjusted t-statistic to infer statistical tests. Even though BHAR provided weaker results, all methods indicated negative long-run abnormal returns for IPOs. Yet this performance varied when comparing the performance utilizing ASEI, Fama–French three-factor (FF3F), and matching firm (MF) as benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136004711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The art market, following the example of financial markets, is divided into a primary market, where works are traded directly from artists, and a secondary market that is mainly the auction market. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and galloping inflation have influenced the creation of a bull market in artwork. The high incomes of some buyers and inflation have influenced the emergence of the so-called ‘glittery’ art market. Works by neglected artists have ‘very much taken on a life of their own’: fantasy art, works by young poster artists, casting ‘nightmares’ – have been selling well for more than a year. People terrified of inflation are putting their money ‘in works of art’. The auction market dominates the primary market because anonymity makes it easier to enter the art market. The gallery market does not guarantee this anonymity. Very often, the auction market for works of art is used for money laundering. The purpose of this paper is to show that auction mechanisms are a good tool for the efficient allocation of goods and money in an area of galloping inflation and most art auctions are asymmetry.
{"title":"A Few Notes On Art Auctions","authors":"E. Drabik","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The art market, following the example of financial markets, is divided into a primary market, where works are traded directly from artists, and a secondary market that is mainly the auction market. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and galloping inflation have influenced the creation of a bull market in artwork. The high incomes of some buyers and inflation have influenced the emergence of the so-called ‘glittery’ art market. Works by neglected artists have ‘very much taken on a life of their own’: fantasy art, works by young poster artists, casting ‘nightmares’ – have been selling well for more than a year. People terrified of inflation are putting their money ‘in works of art’. The auction market dominates the primary market because anonymity makes it easier to enter the art market. The gallery market does not guarantee this anonymity. Very often, the auction market for works of art is used for money laundering. The purpose of this paper is to show that auction mechanisms are a good tool for the efficient allocation of goods and money in an area of galloping inflation and most art auctions are asymmetry.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"115 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45923703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The study examines the relationship between participative leadership (PAL) and employee job satisfaction in small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs). In addition, the study investigates whether psychological empowerment and work engagement can mediate the relationship between PAL and job satisfaction. The quantitative research design is adopted for the study and the cross-sectional survey method is used for data collection. The hypotheses of the study are tested using the partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS SEM). The results of the empirical study indicate that PAL is positively related to job satisfaction. The mediating effects of psychological empowerment and work engagement are significant. Theoretically, the study develops a unique model that shows that both psychological empowerment and work engagement are mechanisms through which PAL can affect job satisfaction. Practically, the study recommends that owners/managers of small firms should attend training on leadership.
{"title":"Participative Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Effects of Psychological Empowerment and Work Engagement","authors":"Olawale Fatoki","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study examines the relationship between participative leadership (PAL) and employee job satisfaction in small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs). In addition, the study investigates whether psychological empowerment and work engagement can mediate the relationship between PAL and job satisfaction. The quantitative research design is adopted for the study and the cross-sectional survey method is used for data collection. The hypotheses of the study are tested using the partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS SEM). The results of the empirical study indicate that PAL is positively related to job satisfaction. The mediating effects of psychological empowerment and work engagement are significant. Theoretically, the study develops a unique model that shows that both psychological empowerment and work engagement are mechanisms through which PAL can affect job satisfaction. Practically, the study recommends that owners/managers of small firms should attend training on leadership.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135157159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article aims to identify the main approach to robotic process automation (RPA) method and trends in the scientific literature in the field of RPA. Moreover, this analysis is needed to build a model of automation of a certain class of business processes. The author focuses on an analysis of publications from 2012 to 2022, collected from the Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore databases. The methodology includes source selection, main search limited to RPA, narrowing criteria, adding criteria for subject area, cluster analysis, and limitation to RPA shortcut to achieve most to the point results. The study presents analysis of publication year, type of publication, cluster analysis, as well as the most cited articles. The cluster analysis allowed identification of four primary areas for which publication analysis was conducted. The main value resulting from the creation of this article is the cluster analysis of the most cited publications in the context of RPA seen in the topics of artificial intelligence and digital transformation. On the top of that, it proves how well RPA is defined as a method and whether description of the RPA implementation model is available.
摘要:本文旨在确定机器人过程自动化(RPA)的主要方法和RPA领域的科学文献趋势。此外，需要此分析来构建某一类业务流程的自动化模型。作者重点分析了2012年至2022年的出版物，这些出版物收集自Web of Science、Scopus和IEEE explore数据库。该方法包括来源选择、主要搜索限于RPA、缩小标准、增加主题领域标准、聚类分析和限制RPA快捷方式以获得最切中要点的结果。本研究提供了出版年份、出版类型、聚类分析以及被引次数最多的文章分析。聚类分析确定了进行发表分析的四个主要领域。本文创造的主要价值是对人工智能和数字化转型主题中RPA背景下被引用最多的出版物进行聚类分析。最重要的是，它证明了RPA作为一种方法的定义有多好，以及RPA实现模型的描述是否可用。
{"title":"Robotic Process Automation (RPA) – Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review","authors":"Anna Uklańska","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article aims to identify the main approach to robotic process automation (RPA) method and trends in the scientific literature in the field of RPA. Moreover, this analysis is needed to build a model of automation of a certain class of business processes. The author focuses on an analysis of publications from 2012 to 2022, collected from the Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore databases. The methodology includes source selection, main search limited to RPA, narrowing criteria, adding criteria for subject area, cluster analysis, and limitation to RPA shortcut to achieve most to the point results. The study presents analysis of publication year, type of publication, cluster analysis, as well as the most cited articles. The cluster analysis allowed identification of four primary areas for which publication analysis was conducted. The main value resulting from the creation of this article is the cluster analysis of the most cited publications in the context of RPA seen in the topics of artificial intelligence and digital transformation. On the top of that, it proves how well RPA is defined as a method and whether description of the RPA implementation model is available.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135441489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract One of the many challenges in running a business is cost accounting. While there are many different costing methods, there is still a need to create new ones. The aim of this article is to develop a new method of cost calculation, which is adapted to modern conditions related to the adaptation of products to the needs of customers. This article presents an original method of determining production costs, which is based on the labor consumption of products. This method is a combination and development of known methods; however, by applying more precise accounting bases, it leads to more precise results. The developed method of cost calculation, thanks to its universality, can be used in most enterprises.
{"title":"The Method of Determining the Technical Costs of Manufacturing Products","authors":"J. Matuszek, Ewa Kaczmar-Kolny, Łukasz Byrdy","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the many challenges in running a business is cost accounting. While there are many different costing methods, there is still a need to create new ones. The aim of this article is to develop a new method of cost calculation, which is adapted to modern conditions related to the adaptation of products to the needs of customers. This article presents an original method of determining production costs, which is based on the labor consumption of products. This method is a combination and development of known methods; however, by applying more precise accounting bases, it leads to more precise results. The developed method of cost calculation, thanks to its universality, can be used in most enterprises.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"101 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42419156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article is about the issue of cluster development support. For this purpose, the European Cluster Excellence Initiative (ECEI) was analysed. It is the most common measure in Europe to support the development of clusters. It was developed by the European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis. The ECEI inspires national and regional cluster development programmes. As part of the research work, individual in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of Polish clusters and a survey was conducted with representatives of European clusters. On their basis, it was established that the activities offered under the ECEI meet the expectations placed on it by the creators. However, this does not mean that it is a perfect system. A number of areas were identified that require changes. Some suggestions are simple to implement, while others are more complicated. These recommendations require changes that the European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis should review and decide on them.
{"title":"Analysis of Cluster Support Based on the Example of the European Cluster Excellence Initiative","authors":"Daniel Młodzianowski","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article is about the issue of cluster development support. For this purpose, the European Cluster Excellence Initiative (ECEI) was analysed. It is the most common measure in Europe to support the development of clusters. It was developed by the European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis. The ECEI inspires national and regional cluster development programmes. As part of the research work, individual in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of Polish clusters and a survey was conducted with representatives of European clusters. On their basis, it was established that the activities offered under the ECEI meet the expectations placed on it by the creators. However, this does not mean that it is a perfect system. A number of areas were identified that require changes. Some suggestions are simple to implement, while others are more complicated. These recommendations require changes that the European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis should review and decide on them.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"25 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41855701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Analyzed from the sender’s perspective, marketing communications aim to engage audiences and create benefit-oriented relationships. In order to adequately assess the reciprocal efforts of the sender and receiver of the communication process, one cannot limit oneself to its purely economic analysis, but should pay attention to its broader praxeological context – take into account factors such as efficiency, effectiveness, and expediency. It is also crucial to evaluate parameters beyond the purely usability characteristics of communication practices used in the marketing aspect. Their ethical evaluation from current and potential customers, the social environment, and other stakeholders poses significant challenges for communicators but should also spur potentially beneficial transformations – toward a new view of socially engaged marketing and the ethical dimension of marketing. The purpose of this inquiry is to identify a conceptual framework for measuring the efficiency of marketing communications based on axiological and praxeological dimensions. Five research hypotheses were formulated, which can be verified in the future research.
{"title":"Axiological and Praxeological Dimensions of Marketing Communication Effectiveness – A Conceptual Framework","authors":"Szymon Kolwas, J. Domański","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Analyzed from the sender’s perspective, marketing communications aim to engage audiences and create benefit-oriented relationships. In order to adequately assess the reciprocal efforts of the sender and receiver of the communication process, one cannot limit oneself to its purely economic analysis, but should pay attention to its broader praxeological context – take into account factors such as efficiency, effectiveness, and expediency. It is also crucial to evaluate parameters beyond the purely usability characteristics of communication practices used in the marketing aspect. Their ethical evaluation from current and potential customers, the social environment, and other stakeholders poses significant challenges for communicators but should also spur potentially beneficial transformations – toward a new view of socially engaged marketing and the ethical dimension of marketing. The purpose of this inquiry is to identify a conceptual framework for measuring the efficiency of marketing communications based on axiological and praxeological dimensions. Five research hypotheses were formulated, which can be verified in the future research.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"79 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46655385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract With the consistent failure of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) globally, many scholars have developed entrepreneurial marketing (EM) models that are aimed at reducing the failure frequently experienced. The aim of this paper is to critically review the different EM models from 2002 to 2022. In pursuit of this aim, the paper reviewed 10 EM models to find out their strengths and shortfalls. The review found that some research constructs such as market sensing and teamwork, which were ignored, were identified as posing a significant contribution to business survival in the integrative EM model. The paper concludes that since different EM models have been developed to reduce the consistent failure of business, efforts should be intensified towards adopting the integrative EM model to measure its applicability in other sectors as well as to have a unified and acceptable EM model that will grow and sustain SMEs.
{"title":"Critical Understanding of Existing Entrepreneurial Marketing Models: 2002 – 2022","authors":"C. Nwankwo, M. Kanyangale","doi":"10.2478/fman-2023-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/fman-2023-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the consistent failure of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) globally, many scholars have developed entrepreneurial marketing (EM) models that are aimed at reducing the failure frequently experienced. The aim of this paper is to critically review the different EM models from 2002 to 2022. In pursuit of this aim, the paper reviewed 10 EM models to find out their strengths and shortfalls. The review found that some research constructs such as market sensing and teamwork, which were ignored, were identified as posing a significant contribution to business survival in the integrative EM model. The paper concludes that since different EM models have been developed to reduce the consistent failure of business, efforts should be intensified towards adopting the integrative EM model to measure its applicability in other sectors as well as to have a unified and acceptable EM model that will grow and sustain SMEs.","PeriodicalId":43250,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Management","volume":"15 1","pages":"89 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46147970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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