This study estimates the cost of building lunar landing pads and examines whether any construction methods are economically superior to others. Some proposed methods require large amounts of mass transported from the Earth, others require high energy consumption on the lunar surface, and others have a long construction time. Each of these factors contributes direct and indirect costs to lunar activities. To identify the most favorable construction method and to evaluate the overall price range, these disparate factors have been quantified in terms of cost and combined in a trade study. The most important economic variables turn out to be the transportation cost to the lunar surface and the magnitude of the program delay cost imposed by a construction method. The program delay cost is the incremental value of a lunar outpost that will be lost because of the delay imposed by the construction time, i.e., a “lack of opportunity cost.” This study finds that the cost of a landing pad depends sensitively on the optimization of the mass and speed of the construction equipment, so a minimum-cost set of equipment exists for each construction method within a specified economic scenario. Several scenarios have been analyzed across a range of transportation costs with both high and low program delay cost assumptions. It is found that microwave sintering is currently the most favorable method to build the inner, high temperature zone of a lunar landing pad, although other methods are within the range of uncertainty. The most favorable method to build the outer, low temperature zone of the landing pad is also sintering when transportation costs are high, but it switches to polymer infusion when transportation costs drop below about $110K/kg to the lunar surface. Several additional sensitivities are identified: the thickness of the pads is important (baking pavers gains advantage over microwave sintering when the pad is thinner); reliability is not a major factor (the least reliable system requires about 50% additional development cost to achieve target reliability, but development costs are shown to be only a minor part of the overall costs); and the lunar program’s launch cadence sets a practical limit on the economic benefit of faster construction. It is estimated that the Artemis Basecamp could build a landing pad with a budgeted line-item cost of $229M assuming that transportation costs will be reduced modestly from their current rate ~$1M/kg to the lunar surface to $300K/kg. It drops to $130M when the transportation cost drops further to $100K/kg, or to $47M if transportation costs fall below $10K/kg. Ultimately, landing pads can be built around the Moon at very low cost, due to economies of scale.
{"title":"The Cost of Lunar Landing Pads with a Trade Study of Construction Methods","authors":"P. Metzger, Greg Autry","doi":"10.1089/space.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/space.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimates the cost of building lunar landing pads and examines whether any construction methods are economically superior to others. Some proposed methods require large amounts of mass transported from the Earth, others require high energy consumption on the lunar surface, and others have a long construction time. Each of these factors contributes direct and indirect costs to lunar activities. To identify the most favorable construction method and to evaluate the overall price range, these disparate factors have been quantified in terms of cost and combined in a trade study. The most important economic variables turn out to be the transportation cost to the lunar surface and the magnitude of the program delay cost imposed by a construction method. The program delay cost is the incremental value of a lunar outpost that will be lost because of the delay imposed by the construction time, i.e., a “lack of opportunity cost.” This study finds that the cost of a landing pad depends sensitively on the optimization of the mass and speed of the construction equipment, so a minimum-cost set of equipment exists for each construction method within a specified economic scenario. Several scenarios have been analyzed across a range of transportation costs with both high and low program delay cost assumptions. It is found that microwave sintering is currently the most favorable method to build the inner, high temperature zone of a lunar landing pad, although other methods are within the range of uncertainty. The most favorable method to build the outer, low temperature zone of the landing pad is also sintering when transportation costs are high, but it switches to polymer infusion when transportation costs drop below about $110K/kg to the lunar surface. Several additional sensitivities are identified: the thickness of the pads is important (baking pavers gains advantage over microwave sintering when the pad is thinner); reliability is not a major factor (the least reliable system requires about 50% additional development cost to achieve target reliability, but development costs are shown to be only a minor part of the overall costs); and the lunar program’s launch cadence sets a practical limit on the economic benefit of faster construction. It is estimated that the Artemis Basecamp could build a landing pad with a budgeted line-item cost of $229M assuming that transportation costs will be reduced modestly from their current rate ~$1M/kg to the lunar surface to $300K/kg. It drops to $130M when the transportation cost drops further to $100K/kg, or to $47M if transportation costs fall below $10K/kg. Ultimately, landing pads can be built around the Moon at very low cost, due to economies of scale.","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45981498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Guadagno, Travis Wavrunek, P. V. van Susante, Austen Goddu, E. Cobb, H. McGillivray, Collin Miller, Erik VanHorn, Ted Gronda
{"title":"Testing and Development of the Tethered-Permanently Shadowed Region EXplorer: A Rover Designed to Lay Superconducting Tether into Lunar Permanently Shaded Regions","authors":"M. Guadagno, Travis Wavrunek, P. V. van Susante, Austen Goddu, E. Cobb, H. McGillivray, Collin Miller, Erik VanHorn, Ted Gronda","doi":"10.1089/space.2021.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/space.2021.0056","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48818867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-11DOI: 10.1089/space.2022.29042.kmc
Kevin Cannon, A. Abbud-Madrid, Christoph Dreyer, G. Sowers
{"title":"Space Resources: Leading the Way to a Prosperous Future","authors":"Kevin Cannon, A. Abbud-Madrid, Christoph Dreyer, G. Sowers","doi":"10.1089/space.2022.29042.kmc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/space.2022.29042.kmc","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42153100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NewSpace India and Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre: A Fledgling and Critical Partnership","authors":"Susmita Mohanty","doi":"10.1089/space.2021.0068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/space.2021.0068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46135570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1089/space.2022.29043.np
Narayan Prasad
{"title":"Pushing the Frontiers of New Space in India","authors":"Narayan Prasad","doi":"10.1089/space.2022.29043.np","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/space.2022.29043.np","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41959501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/09713557211073377
Baishali Mitra
Prabhat Kumar, Public Service Ethics—A Quest for Naitik Bharat. IC Centre for Governance, 2021, 225 pp.
公共服务伦理——对奈迪克·巴拉特的探索。IC中心治理，2021年，225页。
{"title":"Book review: Prabhat Kumar, Public Service Ethics—A Quest for Naitik Bharat","authors":"Baishali Mitra","doi":"10.1177/09713557211073377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557211073377","url":null,"abstract":"Prabhat Kumar, Public Service Ethics—A Quest for Naitik Bharat. IC Centre for Governance, 2021, 225 pp.","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85843426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1089/space.2022.29041.kd
Ken Davidian
{"title":"Editor's Letter to New Space Readers","authors":"Ken Davidian","doi":"10.1089/space.2022.29041.kd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/space.2022.29041.kd","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47614214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Rising Salience of “NewSpace” in India: Prospects for U.S.-India Space Cooperation","authors":"Namrata Goswami, P. Garretson","doi":"10.1089/space.2021.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/space.2021.0038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42529959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1177/09713557211069304
Rocco Palumbo
Humane entrepreneurship postulates an innovative strategic posture assuming that entrepreneurs should concomitantly focus on the enterprise, the human and the societal cycles of the firm to achieve organisational excellence. Scholars have stressed the economic and societal gains triggered by humane entrepreneurship. However, little is known about its implications for work–life balance (WLB). The article fills in this gap, shedding light into the dark side of humane entrepreneurship on the entrepreneurs’ ability to handle the interplay between work and life. Adopting a humane entrepreneurship posture negatively affected the ability to achieve a WLB, paving the way for work-to-life conflicts. Work engagement and subjective well-being moderated the side effects of humane entrepreneurship on WLB. Tailored initiatives are required to address the overlapping between work and life generated by humane entrepreneurship. Inter alia, employees’ empowerment and the improvement of organisational culture are needed to foster the effective implementation of humane entrepreneurship.
{"title":"A ‘Dark Side’ of Humane Entrepreneurship? Unveiling the Side Effects of Humane Entrepreneurship on Work–Life Balance","authors":"Rocco Palumbo","doi":"10.1177/09713557211069304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557211069304","url":null,"abstract":"Humane entrepreneurship postulates an innovative strategic posture assuming that entrepreneurs should concomitantly focus on the enterprise, the human and the societal cycles of the firm to achieve organisational excellence. Scholars have stressed the economic and societal gains triggered by humane entrepreneurship. However, little is known about its implications for work–life balance (WLB). The article fills in this gap, shedding light into the dark side of humane entrepreneurship on the entrepreneurs’ ability to handle the interplay between work and life. Adopting a humane entrepreneurship posture negatively affected the ability to achieve a WLB, paving the way for work-to-life conflicts. Work engagement and subjective well-being moderated the side effects of humane entrepreneurship on WLB. Tailored initiatives are required to address the overlapping between work and life generated by humane entrepreneurship. Inter alia, employees’ empowerment and the improvement of organisational culture are needed to foster the effective implementation of humane entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76544219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1177/09713557211069283
Vanita Yadav, J. Unni, R. Naik, S. Dutta
Gender inequality is an obstacle to inclusive growth, and literature reveals shortcomings in the basic entrepreneurial assumption of equal access to resources, support and economic opportunities for women. International bodies have emphasised the need to examine gender differentials at various levels like, country, organisational and individual levels. Our study is a novel attempt in this direction and aims to build a comprehensive understanding of gender differentials in entrepreneurship using multi-method research design. We analyse and integrate findings from the macro-level using national level datasets (NSSO and Economic Census) and the micro-level using surveys (primary data and GEM India data). Our results note a gender equality lacuna, calling for the need to include meaningful sex-disaggregated data in national surveys, the entrepreneurial intentions of women, behavioural traits impacting women entrepreneurs, the importance of entrepreneurship education, fear of failure, self-confidence and the need for role models. We propose a model of macro and micro factors impacting women entrepreneurship in developing countries.
{"title":"Gender Differentials in Entrepreneurship: Insights from a Multi-method Study","authors":"Vanita Yadav, J. Unni, R. Naik, S. Dutta","doi":"10.1177/09713557211069283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557211069283","url":null,"abstract":"Gender inequality is an obstacle to inclusive growth, and literature reveals shortcomings in the basic entrepreneurial assumption of equal access to resources, support and economic opportunities for women. International bodies have emphasised the need to examine gender differentials at various levels like, country, organisational and individual levels. Our study is a novel attempt in this direction and aims to build a comprehensive understanding of gender differentials in entrepreneurship using multi-method research design. We analyse and integrate findings from the macro-level using national level datasets (NSSO and Economic Census) and the micro-level using surveys (primary data and GEM India data). Our results note a gender equality lacuna, calling for the need to include meaningful sex-disaggregated data in national surveys, the entrepreneurial intentions of women, behavioural traits impacting women entrepreneurs, the importance of entrepreneurship education, fear of failure, self-confidence and the need for role models. We propose a model of macro and micro factors impacting women entrepreneurship in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":43362,"journal":{"name":"New Space-The Journal of Space Entrepreneurship and Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75066736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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