Pub Date : 2000-05-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330091134266
T. Iannuzzi, D. Ludwig
When properly calibrated, food web models can be used to estimate the tissue concentrations of bioaccumulative chemicals in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels. In general, such models are dependent on the knowledge of the bioenergetics and feeding interactions within a food web and the sediment and water concentrations of chemicals. The results of a preliminary probabilistic model that was constructed for a food web of the tidal Passaic River in New Jersey are presented. The basis for constructing and calibrating the model was to supplement available tissue-residue data for risk assessment and to evaluate future trends of bioaccumulation and potential risk under hypothetical scenarios regarding future conditions in the Passaic River. Following the construction and preliminary runs of the model, tissue-residue data were collected to evaluate the performance of the model. The comparison of the estimated and measured concentrations of select coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-di-oxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) suggested that the model performed well for the site. The mean estimated concentrations of these chemicals were generally within an order of magnitude or less of the mean measured concentrations in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitis), blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), and the edible portions of striped bass (Morone saxatilis). The utility of models is their ability to help evaluate events beyond the bounds of the available tissue-residue data, including future bioaccumulation potential within the food web under new or altered conditions. Under regulatory programs such as Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, once remedial objectives are established, a food web model can be used to help develop ranges of clean-up goals that may be necessary to achieve the regulatory objectives for bioaccumulative chemicals.
{"title":"The Role of Food Web Models in the Environmental Management of Bioaccumulative Chemicals","authors":"T. Iannuzzi, D. Ludwig","doi":"10.1080/10588330091134266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330091134266","url":null,"abstract":"When properly calibrated, food web models can be used to estimate the tissue concentrations of bioaccumulative chemicals in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels. In general, such models are dependent on the knowledge of the bioenergetics and feeding interactions within a food web and the sediment and water concentrations of chemicals. The results of a preliminary probabilistic model that was constructed for a food web of the tidal Passaic River in New Jersey are presented. The basis for constructing and calibrating the model was to supplement available tissue-residue data for risk assessment and to evaluate future trends of bioaccumulation and potential risk under hypothetical scenarios regarding future conditions in the Passaic River. Following the construction and preliminary runs of the model, tissue-residue data were collected to evaluate the performance of the model. The comparison of the estimated and measured concentrations of select coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-di-oxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/Fs) suggested that the model performed well for the site. The mean estimated concentrations of these chemicals were generally within an order of magnitude or less of the mean measured concentrations in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitis), blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), and the edible portions of striped bass (Morone saxatilis). The utility of models is their ability to help evaluate events beyond the bounds of the available tissue-residue data, including future bioaccumulation potential within the food web under new or altered conditions. Under regulatory programs such as Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, once remedial objectives are established, a food web model can be used to help develop ranges of clean-up goals that may be necessary to achieve the regulatory objectives for bioaccumulative chemicals.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133628410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330091134211
J. Leigh, A. Hoskin
This study weighs the risks to workers of cleaning up a Superfund site against the risks to residents of not cleaning up that site. Risks are measured by the number of deaths and disabilities due to injuries and diseases. We posit a cleanup plan involving 31 occupations and 4,581 person-years of work. We posit 20 hypothetical sites and 99 specific sites with varying numbers of residents and levels of cancer death and cancer disability rates. Depending on the number of residents, and the rates, we find that the risks to workers frequently outweigh the risks to residents. We conclude that risks to workers should be accounted for in EPA judgments regarding whether and how a Superfund site should be cleaned up.
{"title":"Remediation of Contaminated Sediments: A Comparative Analysis of Risks to Residents vs. Remedial Workers","authors":"J. Leigh, A. Hoskin","doi":"10.1080/10588330091134211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330091134211","url":null,"abstract":"This study weighs the risks to workers of cleaning up a Superfund site against the risks to residents of not cleaning up that site. Risks are measured by the number of deaths and disabilities due to injuries and diseases. We posit a cleanup plan involving 31 occupations and 4,581 person-years of work. We posit 20 hypothetical sites and 99 specific sites with varying numbers of residents and levels of cancer death and cancer disability rates. Depending on the number of residents, and the rates, we find that the risks to workers frequently outweigh the risks to residents. We conclude that risks to workers should be accounted for in EPA judgments regarding whether and how a Superfund site should be cleaned up.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"37 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124512890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-05-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330091134248
R. Vitale, G. R. Mussoline, K. A. Rinehimer, Karen L. Moeser, J. C. Petura
Chromium (Cr) is routinely measured during environmental investigations involving soils and other solid matrix sampling. Regulatory-approved analytical methods are available to extract and quantify total Cr in various environmental media. However, due to significant toxicity differences between trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] valences, it is compelling that the two can be quantitatively distinguished. SW-846 Method 3060A is an effective extraction technique for soluble and insoluble Cr(VI). Several regulatory-approved methods exist for quantitating the Cr(VI) in extracts or aqueous samples. Although a 6-month holding time for total Cr is not encumbering, investigators are challenged by the typical 24-h holding time (sample collection through analysis) for Cr(VI) in aqueous samples and the 24- to 96-h holding time range for solid matrix samples typically set by regulators. This research report addresses quantitating Cr(VI) in solid matrices. Using SW-846 Methods 3060A/7196A, a scientifically defensible basis has been established for designating a 30-day holding time for Cr(VI) extraction from solid matrices and a 7-day holding time for Cr(VI) analysis once solubilized in the alkaline digestate. The study results indicate that a 30-day holding time, from sample collection to preparation, and a 7-day holding time, from digestion to analysis, are appropriate for Cr(VI) analysis.
{"title":"An Evaluation of a Technical Holding Time for the Preparation and Analysis of Hexavalent Chromium in Soils/Sediments","authors":"R. Vitale, G. R. Mussoline, K. A. Rinehimer, Karen L. Moeser, J. C. Petura","doi":"10.1080/10588330091134248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330091134248","url":null,"abstract":"Chromium (Cr) is routinely measured during environmental investigations involving soils and other solid matrix sampling. Regulatory-approved analytical methods are available to extract and quantify total Cr in various environmental media. However, due to significant toxicity differences between trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] valences, it is compelling that the two can be quantitatively distinguished. SW-846 Method 3060A is an effective extraction technique for soluble and insoluble Cr(VI). Several regulatory-approved methods exist for quantitating the Cr(VI) in extracts or aqueous samples. Although a 6-month holding time for total Cr is not encumbering, investigators are challenged by the typical 24-h holding time (sample collection through analysis) for Cr(VI) in aqueous samples and the 24- to 96-h holding time range for solid matrix samples typically set by regulators. This research report addresses quantitating Cr(VI) in solid matrices. Using SW-846 Methods 3060A/7196A, a scientifically defensible basis has been established for designating a 30-day holding time for Cr(VI) extraction from solid matrices and a 7-day holding time for Cr(VI) analysis once solubilized in the alkaline digestate. The study results indicate that a 30-day holding time, from sample collection to preparation, and a 7-day holding time, from digestion to analysis, are appropriate for Cr(VI) analysis.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127486028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330008984178
Maged M. Hamed
Probabilistic methods are now being applied increasingly to public health risk assessment instead of the deterministic, conservative, point estimates. An essential part of the probabilistic methods is the selection of probability distribution functions to represent the uncertainty of the random variables considered. We study the effect of selection of different probability distribution functions on the probabilistic outcome using the first-order reliability method (FORM). An example of cancer risk resulting from dermal contact with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-contaminated soil is given. Cancer potency factor, soil concentration, and fraction of skin area exposed were assigned normal, lognormal, and uniform probability distribution functions, and the effect of probability of exceeding a target risk level (termed the probability of failure) and sensitivity measures were studied. We investigated the question: what happens when one assumes different distribution shapes with the same mean and standard deviation? The results indicate that the selection of a probability distribution function for the random variables had a moderate impact on the probability of failure when the target risk is at the 50th percentile level, while the impact was much larger for a 95th target risk percentile. We conclude that the probability distribution will have a large impact because in most cases the regulatory threshold risk is at the tail end of the risk distribution. The impact of the distributions on probabilistic sensitivity, however, showed a reversed trend, where the impact was slightly more appreciable for the 50th percentile than for the 95th percentile. The selection of distribution shape did not, however, alter the order of probabilistic sensitivity of the basic random variables.
{"title":"Impact of Random Variables Probability Distribution on Public Health Risk Assessment from Contaminated Soil","authors":"Maged M. Hamed","doi":"10.1080/10588330008984178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330008984178","url":null,"abstract":"Probabilistic methods are now being applied increasingly to public health risk assessment instead of the deterministic, conservative, point estimates. An essential part of the probabilistic methods is the selection of probability distribution functions to represent the uncertainty of the random variables considered. We study the effect of selection of different probability distribution functions on the probabilistic outcome using the first-order reliability method (FORM). An example of cancer risk resulting from dermal contact with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-contaminated soil is given. Cancer potency factor, soil concentration, and fraction of skin area exposed were assigned normal, lognormal, and uniform probability distribution functions, and the effect of probability of exceeding a target risk level (termed the probability of failure) and sensitivity measures were studied. We investigated the question: what happens when one assumes different distribution shapes with the same mean and standard deviation? The results indicate that the selection of a probability distribution function for the random variables had a moderate impact on the probability of failure when the target risk is at the 50th percentile level, while the impact was much larger for a 95th target risk percentile. We conclude that the probability distribution will have a large impact because in most cases the regulatory threshold risk is at the tail end of the risk distribution. The impact of the distributions on probabilistic sensitivity, however, showed a reversed trend, where the impact was slightly more appreciable for the 50th percentile than for the 95th percentile. The selection of distribution shape did not, however, alter the order of probabilistic sensitivity of the basic random variables.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"483 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114218297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330091134185
C. Maurice, A. Lagerkvist
The concentrations of available arsenic, copper, lead, and zinc in the soil, and the concentration of these elements in vegetal tissues were measured. The most common species at the sites were studied. All the species that were analyzed took up pollutants and could indicate polluted soil. However, all the studied species did not fit to map pollution. The birch (Betula pendula) and most of the fungi species had still quite low concentrations in their tissues compared with the available concentrations in the soil. No direct correlation between the pollution content in the soil and in the vegetation tissues could be observed. Specimens of Thlaspi caerulescens were accumulating zinc. Of the four fungi species collected, only Thelephora caryophyllea seemed to accumulate actively in the studied pollutants. Moreover, it was possible to use an arsenic test with the fungi, which is also interesting from the perspective of preliminary assessment of the degree of pollution. A qualitative judgement of the soil pollution is possible by examining the plant material. To obtain a more quantitative and complete mapping, the method has to be developed further and completed with other investigations when vegetation is missing.
{"title":"Using Betula pendula and Telephora caryophyllea for Soil Pollution Assessment","authors":"C. Maurice, A. Lagerkvist","doi":"10.1080/10588330091134185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330091134185","url":null,"abstract":"The concentrations of available arsenic, copper, lead, and zinc in the soil, and the concentration of these elements in vegetal tissues were measured. The most common species at the sites were studied. All the species that were analyzed took up pollutants and could indicate polluted soil. However, all the studied species did not fit to map pollution. The birch (Betula pendula) and most of the fungi species had still quite low concentrations in their tissues compared with the available concentrations in the soil. No direct correlation between the pollution content in the soil and in the vegetation tissues could be observed. Specimens of Thlaspi caerulescens were accumulating zinc. Of the four fungi species collected, only Thelephora caryophyllea seemed to accumulate actively in the studied pollutants. Moreover, it was possible to use an arsenic test with the fungi, which is also interesting from the perspective of preliminary assessment of the degree of pollution. A qualitative judgement of the soil pollution is possible by examining the plant material. To obtain a more quantitative and complete mapping, the method has to be developed further and completed with other investigations when vegetation is missing.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130959561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330008984179
J. Q. Zhao, Y. C. Li, M. Norland
Hole-In-The-Donut (HID) is one of the most important restoration sites in the unique ecosystem of the Florida Everglades. The undertaking restoration project in HID is to reestablish native vegetation that is only supported by the original nutrient-poor soils and involves excavation and the permanent disposal of the exotic plants and the rock-plowed substrates. Currently, the excavated substrates are being stockpiled in HID areas. Nutrient leaching, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), from the soil disposal mounds and its potential subsequent transport to surrounding wetlands are among environmental concerns because the rock-plowed substrates had been farmed intensively and fertilized for more than 30 years. The primary goal of this study was to assess the leaching potentials of N and P in the soil disposal mounds and provide a guideline for the development of management strategies. Results derived from the column leaching study showed that the average peak concentrations were 9.8 and 13.9 mg L−1 for NO3-N and NH4-N, respectively, and 26.2 and 100.7 μg L−1 for PO4-P and total P, respectively. Potential leaching rates per year ranged from 1.3% to 4.4% for NO3-N, 6.2% to 11.2% for NH4-N, 4.5% to 7.3% for inorganic N, and 0.005 to 0.006% for total P. Although the heterogeneous nature of the substrates in the soil disposal mounds resulted in high variation among the sampling sites studied, the results demonstrated that the storage of the abandoned agricultural soil mixed with shredded Brazilian pepper in mounds appears to be a viable method of disposal.
{"title":"Leaching Potentials of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Substrates of Soil Disposal Mounds in Florida's Everglades*","authors":"J. Q. Zhao, Y. C. Li, M. Norland","doi":"10.1080/10588330008984179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330008984179","url":null,"abstract":"Hole-In-The-Donut (HID) is one of the most important restoration sites in the unique ecosystem of the Florida Everglades. The undertaking restoration project in HID is to reestablish native vegetation that is only supported by the original nutrient-poor soils and involves excavation and the permanent disposal of the exotic plants and the rock-plowed substrates. Currently, the excavated substrates are being stockpiled in HID areas. Nutrient leaching, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), from the soil disposal mounds and its potential subsequent transport to surrounding wetlands are among environmental concerns because the rock-plowed substrates had been farmed intensively and fertilized for more than 30 years. The primary goal of this study was to assess the leaching potentials of N and P in the soil disposal mounds and provide a guideline for the development of management strategies. Results derived from the column leaching study showed that the average peak concentrations were 9.8 and 13.9 mg L−1 for NO3-N and NH4-N, respectively, and 26.2 and 100.7 μg L−1 for PO4-P and total P, respectively. Potential leaching rates per year ranged from 1.3% to 4.4% for NO3-N, 6.2% to 11.2% for NH4-N, 4.5% to 7.3% for inorganic N, and 0.005 to 0.006% for total P. Although the heterogeneous nature of the substrates in the soil disposal mounds resulted in high variation among the sampling sites studied, the results demonstrated that the storage of the abandoned agricultural soil mixed with shredded Brazilian pepper in mounds appears to be a viable method of disposal.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131292436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330008984181
N. Basta, R. Gradwohl
Chemical fractionation methods may be capable of providing an inexpensive estimate of contaminant bioavailability and risk in smelter-contaminated soil. In this study, the relationship between metal fractionation and methods used to estimate bioavailability of these metal contaminants in soil was evaluated. The Potentially BioAvailable Sequential Extraction (PBASE) was used for Cd, Pb, and Zn fractionation in 12 soils contaminated from Pb and Zn mining and smelting activities. The PBASE procedure is a four-step sequential extraction: extraction 1 (E1) is 0.5 M Ca(NO3)2, E2 is 1.0 M NaOAc, E3 is 0.1 M Na2EDTA, and E4 is 4 M HNO3. Metal bioavailability for two human exposure pathways, plant uptake (phytoavailability) and incidental ingestion (gastrointestinal, Gl, availability), was estimated using a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) bioassay and the in vitro-Gl Physiologically Based Extraction Test(PBET). Metal in the PBASE E1 fraction was correlated with lettuce Cd (P < 0.001) and Zn (P < 0.05) and was the best predictor of Cd and Zn phytoavailability. Only total metal content or the sum of all PBASE fractions, ΣE1–4, were correlated (P < 0.001) with PBET gastric phase for Pb. The sum of the first two PBASE fractions, ΣE1–2, was strongly correlated (P < 0.001) with Pb extracted by the PBET intestinal phase. The PBASE extraction method can provide information on Cd and Zn phytoavailability and Gl availability of Pb in smelter-contaminated soils.
化学分馏方法可能能够提供一种廉价的对冶炼厂污染土壤中污染物生物利用度和风险的估计。在本研究中，评估了金属分异与土壤中这些金属污染物的生物利用度估算方法之间的关系。采用潜在生物有效序贯萃取法(PBASE)对12个受铅锌开采和冶炼污染的土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn进行了分选。PBASE程序为四步顺序萃取:萃取1 (E1)为0.5 M Ca(NO3)2, E2为1.0 M NaOAc, E3为0.1 M Na2EDTA, E4为4 M HNO3。利用生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)生物测定法和体外Gl生理提取试验(PBET)估计了两种人体暴露途径的金属生物利用度，即植物吸收(植物利用度)和偶然摄入(胃肠道，Gl，可利用度)。PBASE E1部分中金属与莴苣Cd (P < 0.001)和Zn (P < 0.05)相关，是Cd和Zn植物可利用性的最佳预测因子。只有总金属含量或所有PBASE组分的总和ΣE1-4与PBET胃相铅含量相关(P < 0.001)。前两个PBASE馏分的和ΣE1-2与PBET肠期提取的Pb呈显著正相关(P < 0.001)。PBASE提取方法可以提供冶炼厂污染土壤中Cd、Zn的植物有效性和Pb的Gl有效性信息。
{"title":"Estimation of Cd, Pb, and Zn Bioavailability in Smelter-Contaminated Soils by a Sequential Extraction Procedure","authors":"N. Basta, R. Gradwohl","doi":"10.1080/10588330008984181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330008984181","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical fractionation methods may be capable of providing an inexpensive estimate of contaminant bioavailability and risk in smelter-contaminated soil. In this study, the relationship between metal fractionation and methods used to estimate bioavailability of these metal contaminants in soil was evaluated. The Potentially BioAvailable Sequential Extraction (PBASE) was used for Cd, Pb, and Zn fractionation in 12 soils contaminated from Pb and Zn mining and smelting activities. The PBASE procedure is a four-step sequential extraction: extraction 1 (E1) is 0.5 M Ca(NO3)2, E2 is 1.0 M NaOAc, E3 is 0.1 M Na2EDTA, and E4 is 4 M HNO3. Metal bioavailability for two human exposure pathways, plant uptake (phytoavailability) and incidental ingestion (gastrointestinal, Gl, availability), was estimated using a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) bioassay and the in vitro-Gl Physiologically Based Extraction Test(PBET). Metal in the PBASE E1 fraction was correlated with lettuce Cd (P < 0.001) and Zn (P < 0.05) and was the best predictor of Cd and Zn phytoavailability. Only total metal content or the sum of all PBASE fractions, ΣE1–4, were correlated (P < 0.001) with PBET gastric phase for Pb. The sum of the first two PBASE fractions, ΣE1–2, was strongly correlated (P < 0.001) with Pb extracted by the PBET intestinal phase. The PBASE extraction method can provide information on Cd and Zn phytoavailability and Gl availability of Pb in smelter-contaminated soils.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124847272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330091134202
S. Paramasivam, Ashok K. Alva, Ali Fares
Understanding the factors influencing water and nutrient transport through soil profile is important for the efficient management of nutrient and irrigation to minimize nutrient leaching below the rootzone. Transport of NO3-N and NH4-N was studied in a Candler fine sand following a heavy loading of a liquid fertilizer containing ammonium nitrate. Both NO3-N and NH4-N transported quite rapidly (within 3 d) and accumulated above the clay layer at about depth of 2.7 m. The concentrations of NH4-N and NO3-N approached background levels throughout the soil profile by 184 d. More than 50% of ammonium and nitrate contained in the spilled solution leached from the entire depth of soil profile sampled during the first 95 d. The cumulative amount of rainfall during this period was 329 mm, which accounted for 65% of the total rainfall for the entire study period. The concentrations of NH4-N and NO3-N at various depths within the entire soil profile reasonably predicted by the Leaching Estimation and Chemistry Model (LEACHM) and compared favorably with the measured concentrations, however, there are few places with high concentrations. The cumulative amount of leachate at the bottom of the soil profile predicted by LEACHM represented 90% of total rainfall that occurred during the study period. This demonstrated a substantial potential for leaching of soluble nutrients through the sandy soil profile.
{"title":"Transformation and Transport of Nitrogen Forms in a Sandy Entisol Following a Heavy Loading of Ammonium Nitrate Solution: Field Measurements and Model Simulations","authors":"S. Paramasivam, Ashok K. Alva, Ali Fares","doi":"10.1080/10588330091134202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330091134202","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the factors influencing water and nutrient transport through soil profile is important for the efficient management of nutrient and irrigation to minimize nutrient leaching below the rootzone. Transport of NO3-N and NH4-N was studied in a Candler fine sand following a heavy loading of a liquid fertilizer containing ammonium nitrate. Both NO3-N and NH4-N transported quite rapidly (within 3 d) and accumulated above the clay layer at about depth of 2.7 m. The concentrations of NH4-N and NO3-N approached background levels throughout the soil profile by 184 d. More than 50% of ammonium and nitrate contained in the spilled solution leached from the entire depth of soil profile sampled during the first 95 d. The cumulative amount of rainfall during this period was 329 mm, which accounted for 65% of the total rainfall for the entire study period. The concentrations of NH4-N and NO3-N at various depths within the entire soil profile reasonably predicted by the Leaching Estimation and Chemistry Model (LEACHM) and compared favorably with the measured concentrations, however, there are few places with high concentrations. The cumulative amount of leachate at the bottom of the soil profile predicted by LEACHM represented 90% of total rainfall that occurred during the study period. This demonstrated a substantial potential for leaching of soluble nutrients through the sandy soil profile.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129660313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330091134167
A. Al-Yousfi, P. Hannak, James F. Strunk, W. Davies, Sunil I. Shah
After determining at an early stage of the project that the future land use of this New Jersey chemical manufacturing site remain industrial in nature, the site was zoned according to risk. The chemicals of concern (COCs) at the site included relatively low levels of mono- and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated aliphatics, as well as other volatile and semivolatile compounds. Direct human exposure scenarios were the key to the mitigation of risks related to soils because the groundwater migration pathway was already interrupted using groundwater recovery. A focused remedial strategy was developed to ensure that the exposure pathways (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact) are alleviated and the remedial measures are protective to the workers operating and/or maintaining the site. The risk evaluation process included a preliminary risk assessment (Tier 1) based on a comparison with pertinent soil cleanup criteria, a prioritization analysis to rank zones, chemicals and pathways of concern, and an application of the Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) approach (Tier 2) for construction worker exposure scenario. The risk assessment identified selected areas that would benefit from remedial actions. Prioritization Analysis classified the site into five high-priority (comprising 97% of the total health-based risk), three medium-priority (contributing to remaining 2 to 3% of the risk), and adequately protected areas. The boundaries and volumes of affected areas were delineated based on confirmatory soil sampling and statistical analyses. The remedial technologies selected for the site have achieved appropriate reduction in risk to comply with all State regulations and include (in addition to the institutional controls): • Capping the site where only immobilesemivolatile contaminants are present • Excavation and on-site treatment of the soils impacted by volatile organic com pounds through ex situ low temperature desorption, or alternative “biopile” treatment and natural attenuation, and • Excavation and off-site disposal of limited volumes of soils This risk-based, integral approach helped identify the real significance of contamination present at the site and facilitated the development of suitable and adequate remedies. Had not it been for this approach, the mere comparison with soil cleanup criteria would have unnecessarily resulted in denoting all areas as nuisance contributors, and thus requiring some actions. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) has approved this approach and contributed to its accomplishment.
{"title":"Risk-Based Zoning Strategy for Soil Remediation at an Industrial Site","authors":"A. Al-Yousfi, P. Hannak, James F. Strunk, W. Davies, Sunil I. Shah","doi":"10.1080/10588330091134167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330091134167","url":null,"abstract":"After determining at an early stage of the project that the future land use of this New Jersey chemical manufacturing site remain industrial in nature, the site was zoned according to risk. The chemicals of concern (COCs) at the site included relatively low levels of mono- and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated aliphatics, as well as other volatile and semivolatile compounds. Direct human exposure scenarios were the key to the mitigation of risks related to soils because the groundwater migration pathway was already interrupted using groundwater recovery. A focused remedial strategy was developed to ensure that the exposure pathways (inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact) are alleviated and the remedial measures are protective to the workers operating and/or maintaining the site. The risk evaluation process included a preliminary risk assessment (Tier 1) based on a comparison with pertinent soil cleanup criteria, a prioritization analysis to rank zones, chemicals and pathways of concern, and an application of the Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) approach (Tier 2) for construction worker exposure scenario. The risk assessment identified selected areas that would benefit from remedial actions. Prioritization Analysis classified the site into five high-priority (comprising 97% of the total health-based risk), three medium-priority (contributing to remaining 2 to 3% of the risk), and adequately protected areas. The boundaries and volumes of affected areas were delineated based on confirmatory soil sampling and statistical analyses. The remedial technologies selected for the site have achieved appropriate reduction in risk to comply with all State regulations and include (in addition to the institutional controls): • Capping the site where only immobilesemivolatile contaminants are present • Excavation and on-site treatment of the soils impacted by volatile organic com pounds through ex situ low temperature desorption, or alternative “biopile” treatment and natural attenuation, and • Excavation and off-site disposal of limited volumes of soils This risk-based, integral approach helped identify the real significance of contamination present at the site and facilitated the development of suitable and adequate remedies. Had not it been for this approach, the mere comparison with soil cleanup criteria would have unnecessarily resulted in denoting all areas as nuisance contributors, and thus requiring some actions. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) has approved this approach and contributed to its accomplishment.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"689 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133970535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2000-01-01DOI: 10.1080/10588330091134194
S. Wasay, W. Parker, P. Geel, S. Barrington, S. Tokunaga
A study was conducted to assess the retention form of arsenic in soil and to evaluate the use of phosphate for releasing it from the soil. In this study, a loam soil was artificially polluted with arsenate at pH 5.5, which is one of the pH values at which maximum arsenic adsorption occurred. The soil was kept for 2.5 months under wet conditions to allow for stabilization. The soil was maintained under aerobic condition and losses of arsenic by volatilization were determined to be minimal. The soil was then sequentially extracted with a series of chemicals to identify the soil fractions in which the arsenic was bound. The percentage of arsenic found in the Fe bound-exchangeable, reducible-residual, Al bound exchangeable, residual, calcium bound exchangeable, and easily exchangeable forms was 31.6, 27.3, 25.2, 5.5, 4.9, and 4.7%, respectively. A batch experiment showed that at 20°C, 80% of the bound arsenic was removed by phosphate in the pH range of 5 to 7. A power function model was found to fit the data with a desorption rate constant of 402 mg/kg As h−1.
进行了一项研究，以评估砷在土壤中的保留形式，并评估磷酸盐从土壤中释放砷的使用。在本研究中，用砷酸盐对壤土进行了人工污染，其pH值为5.5，这是砷吸附最大的pH值之一。土壤在潮湿条件下保存了2.5个月，以便稳定。土壤保持在有氧条件下，砷的挥发损失被确定为最小。然后用一系列化学物质对土壤进行连续提取，以确定砷结合的土壤组分。砷在铁结合交换态、可还原残余态、铝结合交换态、残余态、钙结合交换态和易交换态中的含量分别为31.6、27.3、25.2、5.5、4.9和4.7%。批量实验表明，在20℃时，在pH为5 ~ 7的范围内，磷酸盐可脱除80%的结合砷。用幂函数模型拟合数据，解吸速率常数为402 mg/kg As h−1。
{"title":"Arsenic Pollution of a Loam Soil: Retention Form and Decontamination","authors":"S. Wasay, W. Parker, P. Geel, S. Barrington, S. Tokunaga","doi":"10.1080/10588330091134194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10588330091134194","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to assess the retention form of arsenic in soil and to evaluate the use of phosphate for releasing it from the soil. In this study, a loam soil was artificially polluted with arsenate at pH 5.5, which is one of the pH values at which maximum arsenic adsorption occurred. The soil was kept for 2.5 months under wet conditions to allow for stabilization. The soil was maintained under aerobic condition and losses of arsenic by volatilization were determined to be minimal. The soil was then sequentially extracted with a series of chemicals to identify the soil fractions in which the arsenic was bound. The percentage of arsenic found in the Fe bound-exchangeable, reducible-residual, Al bound exchangeable, residual, calcium bound exchangeable, and easily exchangeable forms was 31.6, 27.3, 25.2, 5.5, 4.9, and 4.7%, respectively. A batch experiment showed that at 20°C, 80% of the bound arsenic was removed by phosphate in the pH range of 5 to 7. A power function model was found to fit the data with a desorption rate constant of 402 mg/kg As h−1.","PeriodicalId":433778,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Soil Contamination","volume":"167 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133287019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：