V. Serrano-Huete, P. Latorre‐Román, F. García-Pinillos, José A. Morcillo-Losa, P. Jiménez-Reyes, J. Párraga-Montilla
Background. The muscular response of athletes in a judo contest is one of the most important aspect to measure with precision. Objective. Our purpose was to obtain and analyse the variability of strength associated to muscular performance parameters during a judo contest. Methods. Thirty-five men performed five 5-minute bouts with 15 minutes of passive rest. Immediately after each bout, muscular performance parameters were tested: countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal dynamic strength capacities (mean power velocity (MPV), mean strength (MS), maximum strength (MXS), mean power (MP) and maximum power (MXP)) in upper body, dominant (DHS) and non-dominant handgrip isometric strength (NDHS). ANOVA to compare baseline test data and successive bouts was used. Results. ANOVA revealed significant differences in NDHS (p<0.001), DHS (p<0.001), CMJ (p<0.001), MPV (p<0.001), MXS (p<0.001), MP (p<0.001) and MXP (p<0.001). No significant differences in MS (p = 0.008) were found. Some significant correlations between NDHS and ΔPMX (r=0.368, p=0.050), MPV and ΔMXS (r=0.528, p=0.001) and ΔMXP (r=0.683, p<0.001), MPX and ΔMXS (r=0.528, p=0.001) and ΔMP (r=0.877, p<0.001) were found. Conclusion. Due to judo contest can be considered a high intensity exercise, it produces an amount of muscular fatigue and therefore significant loss strength that it cannot be recovery during rest-times between successive bouts. For this reason, it was a high variability in strength production capacities, which are modified during a judo contest.
{"title":"The variability of strength production capacities during a judo contest","authors":"V. Serrano-Huete, P. Latorre‐Román, F. García-Pinillos, José A. Morcillo-Losa, P. Jiménez-Reyes, J. Párraga-Montilla","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.01","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The muscular response of athletes in a judo contest is one of the most important aspect to measure with precision. Objective. Our purpose was to obtain and analyse the variability of strength associated to muscular performance parameters during a judo contest. Methods. Thirty-five men performed five 5-minute bouts with 15 minutes of passive rest. Immediately after each bout, muscular performance parameters were tested: countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal dynamic strength capacities (mean power velocity (MPV), mean strength (MS), maximum strength (MXS), mean power (MP) and maximum power (MXP)) in upper body, dominant (DHS) and non-dominant handgrip isometric strength (NDHS). ANOVA to compare baseline test data and successive bouts was used. Results. ANOVA revealed significant differences in NDHS (p<0.001), DHS (p<0.001), CMJ (p<0.001), MPV (p<0.001), MXS (p<0.001), MP (p<0.001) and MXP (p<0.001). No significant differences in MS (p = 0.008) were found. Some significant correlations between NDHS and ΔPMX (r=0.368, p=0.050), MPV and ΔMXS (r=0.528, p=0.001) and ΔMXP (r=0.683, p<0.001), MPX and ΔMXS (r=0.528, p=0.001) and ΔMP (r=0.877, p<0.001) were found. Conclusion. Due to judo contest can be considered a high intensity exercise, it produces an amount of muscular fatigue and therefore significant loss strength that it cannot be recovery during rest-times between successive bouts. For this reason, it was a high variability in strength production capacities, which are modified during a judo contest.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Podstawski, K. Borysławski, Bożena Hinca, K. Finn, Aleksandra Dziełak
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of repeated alternative thermal stress on the physiological parameters of young women sporadically used sauna. Materials and method: Twenty young women (age: 24.2±2.1 years) were exposed to four sauna sessions of 12 minutes each (temperature: 90-91°C; humidity: 14-16 %) with four 6-minute cool-down breaks including 2-minute cold water immersion (temperature: 9-11oC). Physiological characteristics were monitored before and after the 72-minute experiment. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (systolic - SBP, diastolic - DBP), heart rate (HR), forehead temperature, and body composition were determined on each subject and dependent t-test were performed on each variable. Results: During the 72-minute experiment forehead temperature increased significantly (p<0.001). A significant decrease was observed in DBP (p=0.045), body mass (p<0.001), minerals (p=0.01), body fat mass (p=0.035), BMI (p<0.001), waist to hip ratio (p=0.042), visceral fat level (p=0.004) and obesity degree (p=0.044) during four successive 12-minute sauna sessions. Conclusions: Seventy-two minutes of alternating (hot and cold) repeated thermal stress has a significant effect on significant decrease in the values of DBP, and body composition (body mass, BMI, BFM and minerals) characteristics. Two-minute cold water immersions allow the body to cool down significantly and gives the opportunity to stay in the sauna for longer time. Long stays in the sauna can be used to reduce levels of body fat in the human body.
{"title":"Effect of repeated alternative thermal stress on the physiological and body composition characteristics of young women sporadically using sauna","authors":"R. Podstawski, K. Borysławski, Bożena Hinca, K. Finn, Aleksandra Dziełak","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.07","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of repeated alternative thermal stress on the physiological parameters of young women sporadically used sauna. Materials and method: Twenty young women (age: 24.2±2.1 years) were exposed to four sauna sessions of 12 minutes each (temperature: 90-91°C; humidity: 14-16 %) with four 6-minute cool-down breaks including 2-minute cold water immersion (temperature: 9-11oC). Physiological characteristics were monitored before and after the 72-minute experiment. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (systolic - SBP, diastolic - DBP), heart rate (HR), forehead temperature, and body composition were determined on each subject and dependent t-test were performed on each variable. Results: During the 72-minute experiment forehead temperature increased significantly (p<0.001). A significant decrease was observed in DBP (p=0.045), body mass (p<0.001), minerals (p=0.01), body fat mass (p=0.035), BMI (p<0.001), waist to hip ratio (p=0.042), visceral fat level (p=0.004) and obesity degree (p=0.044) during four successive 12-minute sauna sessions. Conclusions: Seventy-two minutes of alternating (hot and cold) repeated thermal stress has a significant effect on significant decrease in the values of DBP, and body composition (body mass, BMI, BFM and minerals) characteristics. Two-minute cold water immersions allow the body to cool down significantly and gives the opportunity to stay in the sauna for longer time. Long stays in the sauna can be used to reduce levels of body fat in the human body.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Although there are 43 soccer scoring techniques (SSTs) identified in the elite soccer games, most of them are overlooked by the current coaching practice. Obviously, the lack of scientific quantification on the fundamental issues related to SSTs could be one of the reasons for the crisis. Therefore, improving coaching practice requires efforts on fundamental researches to supply evidences that can be used to better guide the SST research and the development of SST training systems. Two of the fundamental aspects are the practicality and effectiveness of SSTs. The current study aims to uncover these two aspects. Method: All repeated nominees of the FIFA Puskás Award were selected as study subjects. The terminology system and the identification method developed by Zhang in 2021 were applied in scoring video analysis of the subjects’ career goals. The percentage of goal obtained by each SST (practicality) and ball possessions before shooting for each goal (effectiveness) were determined to reveal the SSTs’ practicality and shooting effectiveness of the top elite scorers. In total, 2315 goals were quantified. Results and Conclusion: The study has unveiled: 1) the practicality is increased if a SST can be applied in shots under all-body-orientation regardless of the ball spatial position at the instant of shooting, 2) the practicality is also associated with the SSTs that can provide either sudden change of ball motion direction at the instant of shooting or unpredictable ball flight, 3) the effectiveness is linked to shots taken with no or one setting of the ball, and 4) the practicality and effectiveness do not always go along with each other and anthropometrically-dependent characteristics should be considered in SST development. As the 1st pilot investigation on the topic, this study would supply a foundation and rich food for speculative thoughts in further explorations that aim to innovatively develop SSTs’ training systems in the future.
{"title":"The Practicality and Effectiveness of Soccer Scoring Techniques Revealed by Top Elite Soccer Scorers","authors":"Gongbing Shan","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Although there are 43 soccer scoring techniques (SSTs) identified in the elite soccer games, most of them are overlooked by the current coaching practice. Obviously, the lack of scientific quantification on the fundamental issues related to SSTs could be one of the reasons for the crisis. Therefore, improving coaching practice requires efforts on fundamental researches to supply evidences that can be used to better guide the SST research and the development of SST training systems. Two of the fundamental aspects are the practicality and effectiveness of SSTs. The current study aims to uncover these two aspects. Method: All repeated nominees of the FIFA Puskás Award were selected as study subjects. The terminology system and the identification method developed by Zhang in 2021 were applied in scoring video analysis of the subjects’ career goals. The percentage of goal obtained by each SST (practicality) and ball possessions before shooting for each goal (effectiveness) were determined to reveal the SSTs’ practicality and shooting effectiveness of the top elite scorers. In total, 2315 goals were quantified. Results and Conclusion: The study has unveiled: 1) the practicality is increased if a SST can be applied in shots under all-body-orientation regardless of the ball spatial position at the instant of shooting, 2) the practicality is also associated with the SSTs that can provide either sudden change of ball motion direction at the instant of shooting or unpredictable ball flight, 3) the effectiveness is linked to shots taken with no or one setting of the ball, and 4) the practicality and effectiveness do not always go along with each other and anthropometrically-dependent characteristics should be considered in SST development. As the 1st pilot investigation on the topic, this study would supply a foundation and rich food for speculative thoughts in further explorations that aim to innovatively develop SSTs’ training systems in the future.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lenka Vojtíková, J. Hnízdil, I. Turčová, Wojciech Statowski
Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between cognitive abilities and motor skills in a selected group of preschool children. Material and methods: We measured 56 children (27 girls, 29 boys; average age 5.97±0.42). The level of motor proficiency was measured using the short version of the BOT-2 test, and cognitive abilities were measured using the colored trail making test for children. Results: Girls scored better on all test items, and the observed differences were not statistically significant, except for the difference in fine manual control. For this category, the results for girls were significantly better than those for boys (p<0.01). The effect size of the observed differences in cognitive and motor skill levels between girls and boys had a large effect. The results showed a strong correlation between the level of cognitive abilities and the level of motor profieciency in preschool children (r=0.61; p<0.01) in the whole group as well as when assessing correlations separately for the group of boys (r=0.64; p<0.01) and the group of girls (r=0.50; p<0.01). Moderate to moderately strong correlations have been proved between the level of cognitive ability and the level of motor profieciency in particial motor categories: manual coordination (r=0.65; p<0.01), fine manual control (r=0.52; p<0.01), and body coordination (r=0.50; p<0.01). The relationship between the level of cognitive ability, strength, and agility was weak (r=0.34; p<0.05). Considering all test limits, the process of testing, and preschool age specifics, we can state that there is a strong correlation between motor and cognitive abilities. Conclusions: Motor and cognitive ability development are closely related. The results of this study demonstrated the importance of complex development and early screening. The results of this study can serve as another useful insight related to previous claims in the field of the development of cognitive abilities and motor proficiency.
{"title":"The relationship of cognitive abilities and motor proficiency in preschool children – pilot study","authors":"Lenka Vojtíková, J. Hnízdil, I. Turčová, Wojciech Statowski","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.13","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between cognitive abilities and motor skills in a selected group of preschool children. Material and methods: We measured 56 children (27 girls, 29 boys; average age 5.97±0.42). The level of motor proficiency was measured using the short version of the BOT-2 test, and cognitive abilities were measured using the colored trail making test for children. Results: Girls scored better on all test items, and the observed differences were not statistically significant, except for the difference in fine manual control. For this category, the results for girls were significantly better than those for boys (p<0.01). The effect size of the observed differences in cognitive and motor skill levels between girls and boys had a large effect. The results showed a strong correlation between the level of cognitive abilities and the level of motor profieciency in preschool children (r=0.61; p<0.01) in the whole group as well as when assessing correlations separately for the group of boys (r=0.64; p<0.01) and the group of girls (r=0.50; p<0.01). Moderate to moderately strong correlations have been proved between the level of cognitive ability and the level of motor profieciency in particial motor categories: manual coordination (r=0.65; p<0.01), fine manual control (r=0.52; p<0.01), and body coordination (r=0.50; p<0.01). The relationship between the level of cognitive ability, strength, and agility was weak (r=0.34; p<0.05). Considering all test limits, the process of testing, and preschool age specifics, we can state that there is a strong correlation between motor and cognitive abilities. Conclusions: Motor and cognitive ability development are closely related. The results of this study demonstrated the importance of complex development and early screening. The results of this study can serve as another useful insight related to previous claims in the field of the development of cognitive abilities and motor proficiency.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: While numerous studies on the expertise of elite sports coaches have been conducted, few studies have been conducted on coaching Taekwondo, an Olympic sport rapidly gaining worldwide popularity. Yet, as a combat sport with Asian martial arts roots, elite Taekwondo coaches may have different needs than their peers in other sports. The present study thus explored elite Taekwondo coaches during the course of their careers. Methods: Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. Coaches (n=9) were selected via purposeful sampling and were all elite Taekwondo coaches with more than 10 years’ experience in elite Taekwondo coaching. Focused questions examined the transition of expert elite Taekwondo coaches through various stages in their careers to explore their expertise development process. Results: Five key variables emerged from the analysis of the expert coaches’ growth toward expertise. These variables correlate with what other coaches of elite coaches experienced during their development, thus evidencing that coaching Olympic Taekwondo is not unlike coaching other elite sports.
{"title":"Expertise development of elite Taekwondo coaches","authors":"Nassima Cherifi, J. A. Johnson, S. Chin","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.15","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: While numerous studies on the expertise of elite sports coaches have been conducted, few studies have been conducted on coaching Taekwondo, an Olympic sport rapidly gaining worldwide popularity. Yet, as a combat sport with Asian martial arts roots, elite Taekwondo coaches may have different needs than their peers in other sports. The present study thus explored elite Taekwondo coaches during the course of their careers. Methods: Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews. Coaches (n=9) were selected via purposeful sampling and were all elite Taekwondo coaches with more than 10 years’ experience in elite Taekwondo coaching. Focused questions examined the transition of expert elite Taekwondo coaches through various stages in their careers to explore their expertise development process. Results: Five key variables emerged from the analysis of the expert coaches’ growth toward expertise. These variables correlate with what other coaches of elite coaches experienced during their development, thus evidencing that coaching Olympic Taekwondo is not unlike coaching other elite sports.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Research on low back pain (LBP) indicates sex differences in the prevalence and degree of disability, which is more significant in females and shows possible balance deficiencies. This study aimed to answer the following research questions: (i) is there a difference in static balance between healthy and females with LBP, (ii) is there a correlation between pain and static balance in females with LBP, and (iii) is there a correlation between static balance and disability in females with LBP. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted in a physiotherapy outpatient setting on a sample of 50 subjects, females with LBP and healthy volunteers, divided into two equal groups. Data collected from all respondents were: age, weight and height, the centre of pressure path length and rectangle area, Romberg area quotient and space quotient measured via a stabilometric force platform. In the LBP group, the pain was assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and disability was assessed using the 24-item Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Nonparametric statistical tests were used: the Mann-Whitney test (i) and the Spearman correlation coefficient (ii and iii) with a defined significance level set at p<0.05. Results: Statistical analysis revealed (i) a difference in static balance between healthy females and those with LBP, (iii) a correlation between disability and static balance and (ii) no correlation between pain and static balance in LBP. Conclusion: Females with LBP have static balance deficiencies, which are correlated with their disability but not with pain which should be considered during physiotherapy.
{"title":"Static balance and its association with pain and disability in females with low back pain – a pilot cross-sectional study","authors":"Iva Lončarić Kelečić, S. Schuster, Y. Masharawi","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.09","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Research on low back pain (LBP) indicates sex differences in the prevalence and degree of disability, which is more significant in females and shows possible balance deficiencies. This study aimed to answer the following research questions: (i) is there a difference in static balance between healthy and females with LBP, (ii) is there a correlation between pain and static balance in females with LBP, and (iii) is there a correlation between static balance and disability in females with LBP. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted in a physiotherapy outpatient setting on a sample of 50 subjects, females with LBP and healthy volunteers, divided into two equal groups. Data collected from all respondents were: age, weight and height, the centre of pressure path length and rectangle area, Romberg area quotient and space quotient measured via a stabilometric force platform. In the LBP group, the pain was assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and disability was assessed using the 24-item Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. Nonparametric statistical tests were used: the Mann-Whitney test (i) and the Spearman correlation coefficient (ii and iii) with a defined significance level set at p<0.05. Results: Statistical analysis revealed (i) a difference in static balance between healthy females and those with LBP, (iii) a correlation between disability and static balance and (ii) no correlation between pain and static balance in LBP. Conclusion: Females with LBP have static balance deficiencies, which are correlated with their disability but not with pain which should be considered during physiotherapy.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Athletes participate in sports with affection and attachment. Although the dependence of people's perception of sports activity loyalty on environmental factors has been investigated, the relationship between sports activity loyalty's psycho-sociological variables is not yet well-understood. The current study aims to test the relationships among transformational leadership, pride, and sports activity loyalty perceived by Taekwondo athletes. Methods: Transformational leadership, pride, and sports activity loyalty were measured in 263 college Taekwondo athletes who participated in the 29th National University Taekwondo Individual Championships in 2022. SPSS 23.0, PROCESS Macro (V.2.13), and Amos 23.0 programs were used for data analysis. Results: Transformational leadership exerted a positive influence on sports activity loyalty in Taekwondo athletes and a positive influence on authentic pride; however, it decreased hubristic pride. Authentic pride exerted a positive influence on sports activity loyalty but had no effect on hubristic pride. By verifying the mediating effect based on the direct effect, it was proven that transformational leadership was a factor which positively affected sports activity loyalty by mediating authentic pride. Conclusions: The results of this study imply that it is necessary to strengthen sports activity loyalty by respecting athletes’ opinions, enhancing their autonomy, and improving their authentic pride of the athletes by demonstrating transformational leadership in the Taekwondo community to perceive the athletes’ sports activity loyalty.
{"title":"Model of the mediating effect of team pride in the relationship between transformational leadership and sports activity loyalty","authors":"Youngtaek Oh, Myung-Hwan Yang","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.03","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Athletes participate in sports with affection and attachment. Although the dependence of people's perception of sports activity loyalty on environmental factors has been investigated, the relationship between sports activity loyalty's psycho-sociological variables is not yet well-understood. The current study aims to test the relationships among transformational leadership, pride, and sports activity loyalty perceived by Taekwondo athletes. Methods: Transformational leadership, pride, and sports activity loyalty were measured in 263 college Taekwondo athletes who participated in the 29th National University Taekwondo Individual Championships in 2022. SPSS 23.0, PROCESS Macro (V.2.13), and Amos 23.0 programs were used for data analysis. Results: Transformational leadership exerted a positive influence on sports activity loyalty in Taekwondo athletes and a positive influence on authentic pride; however, it decreased hubristic pride. Authentic pride exerted a positive influence on sports activity loyalty but had no effect on hubristic pride. By verifying the mediating effect based on the direct effect, it was proven that transformational leadership was a factor which positively affected sports activity loyalty by mediating authentic pride. Conclusions: The results of this study imply that it is necessary to strengthen sports activity loyalty by respecting athletes’ opinions, enhancing their autonomy, and improving their authentic pride of the athletes by demonstrating transformational leadership in the Taekwondo community to perceive the athletes’ sports activity loyalty.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Engagement of mass during a strike in martial arts and its relation to generated force is one of the factor, deciding on the success of an athlete. The aim of this study was to calculate the quantitative portion of effective mass of a athlete who execute striking techniques, by registering a force of strike and time of its contact with a sensor (target). Material and methods: Black belt taekwon-do (International Taekwon-do Federation) master (age 32 years, body mass of 60 kg, height of 160 cm) performed three types of techniques for three times; roundhouse kick, front kick, side kick and straight punch. His target was a shield mounted on force plate MC 12-2K with amplifier GEN5. Acceleration data was obtained by mounting wireless IMU sensor manufactured by Noraxon attached to a lateral side of a foot. Results: The highest force was registered for side kick (2406.9 ± 299.8 N), and the lowest for front kick (2008.6 ± 284.8 N). The shortest time of contact with a target had roundhouse kick (0.026 ± 0.010 s), while the longest front kick (0.119 ± 0.052 s). The highest effective mass was achieved by front kick (44%). The highest effect of force coefficient was obtained by roundhouse kick. Other techniques with much lower values seems to be push-like movements. Conclusions: During strike, a crucial factor for its effectiveness lies in its destructive power. It does not only depend on generated force and engaged mass, but also on contact duration. Proposed quantitative indicators could be beneficial during preparation of an athlete to sport competition. Correctly calculated effective mass allows to measure force in a training environment.
{"title":"Conception of effective mass and effect of force – measurement of taekwon-do master","authors":"J. Wąsik, D. Mosler, T. Góra, R. Ščurek","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.02","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Engagement of mass during a strike in martial arts and its relation to generated force is one of the factor, deciding on the success of an athlete. The aim of this study was to calculate the quantitative portion of effective mass of a athlete who execute striking techniques, by registering a force of strike and time of its contact with a sensor (target). Material and methods: Black belt taekwon-do (International Taekwon-do Federation) master (age 32 years, body mass of 60 kg, height of 160 cm) performed three types of techniques for three times; roundhouse kick, front kick, side kick and straight punch. His target was a shield mounted on force plate MC 12-2K with amplifier GEN5. Acceleration data was obtained by mounting wireless IMU sensor manufactured by Noraxon attached to a lateral side of a foot. Results: The highest force was registered for side kick (2406.9 ± 299.8 N), and the lowest for front kick (2008.6 ± 284.8 N). The shortest time of contact with a target had roundhouse kick (0.026 ± 0.010 s), while the longest front kick (0.119 ± 0.052 s). The highest effective mass was achieved by front kick (44%). The highest effect of force coefficient was obtained by roundhouse kick. Other techniques with much lower values seems to be push-like movements. Conclusions: During strike, a crucial factor for its effectiveness lies in its destructive power. It does not only depend on generated force and engaged mass, but also on contact duration. Proposed quantitative indicators could be beneficial during preparation of an athlete to sport competition. Correctly calculated effective mass allows to measure force in a training environment.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: This study aimed to examine the causal relationship between autonomy support coaching, emotional intelligence, and interruption intention as psychosocial variables among current taekwondo athletes in Korea. Methods: In this study, 217 professional and university athletes registered with the Korea Taekwondo Association in 2020 were evaluated for autonomy support coaching, emotional intelligence, and interruption intention. SPSS 18.0 and Amos 18.0 were used to analyze the collected data. Results: Autonomy support coaching recognized by taekwondo athletes had a negative and positive effect on interruption intention and emotional intelligence, respectively. Moreover, emotional intelligence has a negative effect on interruption intention. The mediating effect was validated based on direct effects, which revealed that autonomy support coaching had a negative effect on interruption intention through emotional intelligence. Conclusions: This research data should be preceded by the autonomy support coaching of a coach to understand the technique of emotional intelligence of university and adult taekwondo athletes. Such outcomes can serve as a foundation for athletes to have the opportunity to participate in sports in a mature manner and promote positive changes in sports culture.
{"title":"Relationship Between Autonomy Support Coaching Perceived by Taekwondo Athletes and Interruption Intention: Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence","authors":"Youngtaek Oh, Yoo-Jin Cho","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.08","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study aimed to examine the causal relationship between autonomy support coaching, emotional intelligence, and interruption intention as psychosocial variables among current taekwondo athletes in Korea. Methods: In this study, 217 professional and university athletes registered with the Korea Taekwondo Association in 2020 were evaluated for autonomy support coaching, emotional intelligence, and interruption intention. SPSS 18.0 and Amos 18.0 were used to analyze the collected data. Results: Autonomy support coaching recognized by taekwondo athletes had a negative and positive effect on interruption intention and emotional intelligence, respectively. Moreover, emotional intelligence has a negative effect on interruption intention. The mediating effect was validated based on direct effects, which revealed that autonomy support coaching had a negative effect on interruption intention through emotional intelligence. Conclusions: This research data should be preceded by the autonomy support coaching of a coach to understand the technique of emotional intelligence of university and adult taekwondo athletes. Such outcomes can serve as a foundation for athletes to have the opportunity to participate in sports in a mature manner and promote positive changes in sports culture.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the physical education learning process to switch to online methods. Conditions such as this do not result in optimal Physical Activity (PA) (sports activity) carried out by students, which has an impact on their Physical Fitness (PF). With regard to PF, Body Mass Index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES) during the COVID-19 period also need to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of PA, BMI, and SES on students' PF during the COVID-19 period. A total of 69 junior high school students were sampled, consisting of male (n=34) and female (n=35). PA data were collected using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), BMI using anthropometric data, SES using a questionnaire (education level and parental income for one month), and PF using an Indonesian physical fitness test for the age group of 13-15 years. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analyses. The results showed that PA, BMI, and SES affected students' PF (P<0.05), with a simultaneous effect of 67.60%. The effects of PA is 41.50%, BMI is 32.60%, and SES is 38.70%. Of these three factors, PA is the dominant factor affecting PF without neglecting other factors (BMI and SES). In conclusion, regular PA, balanced nutritional intake, and good SES have an impact on students' PF. This research is expected to be useful for school principals, teachers (especially physical education teachers), parents, and students to evaluate the importance of these factors for the survival of quality children. Future studies should also consider other factors related to students' PF.
{"title":"Physical fitness of students in Indonesian during the COVID-19 period: Physical activity, body mass index, and socioeconomic status","authors":"W. Welis, Yendrizal, Darni, Deby Tri Mario","doi":"10.16926/par.2023.11.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.10","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the physical education learning process to switch to online methods. Conditions such as this do not result in optimal Physical Activity (PA) (sports activity) carried out by students, which has an impact on their Physical Fitness (PF). With regard to PF, Body Mass Index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES) during the COVID-19 period also need to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of PA, BMI, and SES on students' PF during the COVID-19 period. A total of 69 junior high school students were sampled, consisting of male (n=34) and female (n=35). PA data were collected using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), BMI using anthropometric data, SES using a questionnaire (education level and parental income for one month), and PF using an Indonesian physical fitness test for the age group of 13-15 years. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analyses. The results showed that PA, BMI, and SES affected students' PF (P<0.05), with a simultaneous effect of 67.60%. The effects of PA is 41.50%, BMI is 32.60%, and SES is 38.70%. Of these three factors, PA is the dominant factor affecting PF without neglecting other factors (BMI and SES). In conclusion, regular PA, balanced nutritional intake, and good SES have an impact on students' PF. This research is expected to be useful for school principals, teachers (especially physical education teachers), parents, and students to evaluate the importance of these factors for the survival of quality children. Future studies should also consider other factors related to students' PF.","PeriodicalId":43466,"journal":{"name":"Physical Activity Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67611834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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