Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I05.2101
Zafiris Nikitas
This article examines the working relationship between Lippincott editor Tay Hohoff and American author Harper Lee, asserting that Hohoff’s connection to Lee’s 1960 To Kill a Mockingbird went beyond the typical scope of an editor and is evident when considered biographically and through textual analysis. The article considers Hohoff’s significant contributions and influence when exploring the trajectory from Lee’s Go Set a Watchman to To Kill a Mockingbird, and takes into consideration Hohoff’s own significant writing project, A Ministry to Man: The Life of John Lovejoy Elliott. Hohoff’s book, published one year before Lee’s novel, contains distinct parallels in theme to Mockingbird and to the characterization of Atticus Finch, and her unmistakable editorial footprint becomes clear upon analyzing Mockingbird, Ministry, and Watchman cooperatively. Finally, the article connects recent scholarship and discussion on Hohoff and Lee, creating a cohesive foundation for its textual analysis and for future exploration of their relationship as editor and writer.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-13DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I05.2080
Nouf Alhuzami, Olga Bailey
Although much has been written about women in the Middle East, several aspects have remained unexplored. This study provides a new perspective on women’s culture in Saudi Arabia in the early decades of the 20th century using oral history and storytelling. Oral history can fill the gaps in the written history of women and provide a new narrative written by women. The study attempts to revisit the beginning of the 20th century and gather data about the culture regarding women in Saudi Arabia: How has it developed? Most research in this area uses secondary data and depends on interpretations of historical events. This study aims to provide a new narrative through the memories of women. Adding to testimonies, it utilizes other data, such as archives and travelers’ diaries, to present a portrait of the culture regarding women in the 20th century. The main data method is in-depth interviews with a sample of eight women about their life stories. The results present an ethnographic portrait of the culture from several cultural dimensions, such as roles, work, marriage, relationships, and freedom of movement. This study contributes to knowledge as it provides novel data about the women’s culture in Saudi Arabia (1900–1940) through the memories of women—an unprecedented study. The researcher suggests that additional oral history research should be done by taking larger samples from different parts of Saudi Arabia.
{"title":"Women’s Culture in Saudi Arabia (1900–1940): An Ethnohistorical Study","authors":"Nouf Alhuzami, Olga Bailey","doi":"10.18533/JAH.V10I05.2080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JAH.V10I05.2080","url":null,"abstract":"Although much has been written about women in the Middle East, several aspects have remained unexplored. This study provides a new perspective on women’s culture in Saudi Arabia in the early decades of the 20th century using oral history and storytelling. Oral history can fill the gaps in the written history of women and provide a new narrative written by women. The study attempts to revisit the beginning of the 20th century and gather data about the culture regarding women in Saudi Arabia: How has it developed? Most research in this area uses secondary data and depends on interpretations of historical events. This study aims to provide a new narrative through the memories of women. Adding to testimonies, it utilizes other data, such as archives and travelers’ diaries, to present a portrait of the culture regarding women in the 20th century. The main data method is in-depth interviews with a sample of eight women about their life stories. The results present an ethnographic portrait of the culture from several cultural dimensions, such as roles, work, marriage, relationships, and freedom of movement. This study contributes to knowledge as it provides novel data about the women’s culture in Saudi Arabia (1900–1940) through the memories of women—an unprecedented study. The researcher suggests that additional oral history research should be done by taking larger samples from different parts of Saudi Arabia.","PeriodicalId":43506,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing-A Journal of Digital Humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76442440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-07DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2075
Ni Wayan Putri Despitasari
Recently, there has been wide interest in English medium of instruction (EMI) studies. The complexities of EMI at the tertiary level in Indonesia provide an opportunity for EMI exploration in higher education institutions since most studies on EMI in Indonesia are conducted in primary and secondary schools. Therefore, the present study attempts to address the issue of EMI in a private higher education institution in the Indonesian context from students’ perspectives in terms of English for learning, English for career, English for internationalisation, preservation of tradition, local and global identities, university life satisfaction, and intention to migration. This study, which was based on an online survey, adopted a qualitative approach with a total of 40 undergraduate students of the department of business management in a private higher education institution in Indonesia participating in this study. Following the data collection, the collected data were quantitatively analysed through descriptive statistics using SPSS 23 for Windows. The results indicate that the participants under investigation positively respond to EMI program in their institution. They perceive the importance of English for their learning and career at a global scale. They do not view English as a ‘threat’ to the Indonesian language and culture’s vitality. For more established living/employment, they are even thinking of going abroad to another country. Overall, they perceive the implementation of EMI policy in their institution as satisfying. The study’s implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research are also discussed.
近年来，英语教学媒介(EMI)的研究引起了广泛的兴趣。印度尼西亚高等教育阶段电磁干扰的复杂性为高等教育机构的电磁干扰探索提供了机会，因为印度尼西亚大多数关于电磁干扰的研究都是在小学和中学进行的。因此，本研究试图从学生的角度，从学习英语、职业英语、国际化英语、传统保护、本地和全球身份、大学生活满意度和移民意向等方面，解决印尼私立高等教育机构的EMI问题。本研究以在线调查为基础，采用定性研究方法，共选取印尼一所私立高等教育机构工商管理系的40名本科生参与研究。数据收集完成后，使用SPSS 23 for Windows进行描述性统计，对收集到的数据进行定量分析。结果表明，被调查的参与者对其所在机构的EMI计划有积极的反应。他们意识到英语对他们在全球范围内的学习和职业生涯的重要性。他们不认为英语是对印尼语言和文化活力的“威胁”。为了更稳定的生活/工作，他们甚至考虑出国到另一个国家。总体而言，他们认为EMI政策在其机构的实施是令人满意的。本文还讨论了本研究的意义、局限性和对未来研究的建议。
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Pub Date : 2021-04-29DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2069
B. Asinyo, E. K. Howard, R. Seidu
Narrow strip weaving has been an art and one of the traditional occupations in the northern part of Ghana, which has contributed significantly to the economic development and well-being of the people. Even though strip weaving is common in the North, Daboya and Yendi have unique weaving traditions with regards to the origin, types of yarns or materials, tools, processes and marketing strategies hence the focus of this paper. Field research design was used to observe, participate and have face-to-face interaction with weavers, smock makers and retailers in their natural setting. Interview was used for the collection of data during the study tour. The outcome revealed that traditional strip weaving in Yendi and Daboya has contributed immensely to tourism, the socio-economic and cultural heritage of the indigenes. Findings further indicated difference in design and loom types (traditional and modernised loom in Daboya and traditional loom in Yendi) with similar yarn types used in weaving. The study recommends intensive education for craftsmen to understand the need to welcome new technologies in their occupation to boost their production levels and increase their earnings. It is therefore incumbent on government, academia and the appropriate agencies to facilitate research to modernise the weaving tradition.
{"title":"Weaving Traditions of Daboya and Yendi Communities in Northern Ghana","authors":"B. Asinyo, E. K. Howard, R. Seidu","doi":"10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2069","url":null,"abstract":"Narrow strip weaving has been an art and one of the traditional occupations in the northern part of Ghana, which has contributed significantly to the economic development and well-being of the people. Even though strip weaving is common in the North, Daboya and Yendi have unique weaving traditions with regards to the origin, types of yarns or materials, tools, processes and marketing strategies hence the focus of this paper. Field research design was used to observe, participate and have face-to-face interaction with weavers, smock makers and retailers in their natural setting. Interview was used for the collection of data during the study tour. The outcome revealed that traditional strip weaving in Yendi and Daboya has contributed immensely to tourism, the socio-economic and cultural heritage of the indigenes. Findings further indicated difference in design and loom types (traditional and modernised loom in Daboya and traditional loom in Yendi) with similar yarn types used in weaving. The study recommends intensive education for craftsmen to understand the need to welcome new technologies in their occupation to boost their production levels and increase their earnings. It is therefore incumbent on government, academia and the appropriate agencies to facilitate research to modernise the weaving tradition.","PeriodicalId":43506,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing-A Journal of Digital Humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83159925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-24DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2088
Isabelle Bernard, S. Haddad
Cet article expose les finalites d’un projet de pedagogie innovante et contextualisee d’ateliers d’ecriture creative en ligne mis en place a l’Universite de Jordanie et a l’Universite Al-Albayt au cours de l’annee 2020-2021. Il entre dans le cadre d’une revision des plans quinquennaux des cursus de FLE et se situe de facon originale dans la production des travaux les plus recents en didactique du FLE dans le Royaume Hachemite de Jordanie. Ce retour d’experience dit d’abord l’apport des pratiques alternatives a la didactique de la litterature ; il scrute ensuite les types d’exercices envisageables qui ont ete testes pendant 13 semaines dans quatre groupes d’etudiants au sein de deux universites ; enfin, compte-tenu des resultats encourageants, il rend compte de la necessite d’innover sans cesse dans le domaine de la pedagogie des langues.
{"title":"Dr. L’atelier d’écriture créative en FLE : une expérience d’initiation à l’analyse de textes littéraires dans deux universités jordaniennes","authors":"Isabelle Bernard, S. Haddad","doi":"10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2088","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article expose les finalites d’un projet de pedagogie innovante et contextualisee d’ateliers d’ecriture creative en ligne mis en place a l’Universite de Jordanie et a l’Universite Al-Albayt au cours de l’annee 2020-2021. Il entre dans le cadre d’une revision des plans quinquennaux des cursus de FLE et se situe de facon originale dans la production des travaux les plus recents en didactique du FLE dans le Royaume Hachemite de Jordanie. Ce retour d’experience dit d’abord l’apport des pratiques alternatives a la didactique de la litterature ; il scrute ensuite les types d’exercices envisageables qui ont ete testes pendant 13 semaines dans quatre groupes d’etudiants au sein de deux universites ; enfin, compte-tenu des resultats encourageants, il rend compte de la necessite d’innover sans cesse dans le domaine de la pedagogie des langues.","PeriodicalId":43506,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing-A Journal of Digital Humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89788272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-23DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2074
Paul Kingori, P. Kamau, T. Ouna
Organic farming is a new strategy that helps farmers to cope with climate variability affecting several regions including East Africa. This farming strategy helps farmers to bring to an end the perennial problems of agriculture such as erosion, soil depletion, decline of crop varieties, low quality food and livestock feed, and rural poverty. Organic farmers embrace a holistic notion that the health of a nation is built on agriculture which is dependent on the long-term vitality of its soil. The research assessed the influence of rainfall and temperatures on adoption of organic farming in providing solutions to food insecurity and ensuring safe and environmentally sound food production in the area of study. This study collected and analysed the current agricultural practices and how they have been influenced by rainfall and temperature and assessed their effectiveness. The research was guided by Person-situation interaction theory, which purports that interactionism holds personal and situational factors that are multiplicative. The research adopted a cross sectional research design. One hundred and nine (109) respondents were interviewed in this study. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). Regression analysis was employed to establish any association between the independent and dependent variables within the study. Key words: Organic Farming; Interactionism; Climate Variability; Phenomenon, Laikipia West Sub County (LWSC)
有机农业是一种帮助农民应对影响包括东非在内的几个地区的气候变化的新策略。这一农业战略有助于农民解决长期存在的农业问题，如水土流失、土壤枯竭、作物品种减少、食品和牲畜饲料质量低下以及农村贫困。有机农民信奉一种整体观念，即一个国家的健康建立在农业的基础上，而农业依赖于土壤的长期活力。该研究评估了降雨和温度对采用有机农业解决粮食不安全问题和确保安全无害环境的粮食生产的影响。本研究收集并分析了当前的农业实践以及它们如何受到降雨和温度的影响，并评估了它们的有效性。该研究以人-情境互动理论为指导，该理论认为互动主义包含了多重的个人和情境因素。本研究采用横断面研究设计。本研究共采访了109名受访者。定量数据分析使用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS version 25)。采用回归分析来确定研究中自变量和因变量之间的关联。关键词:有机农业;互动论;气候变化;莱基皮亚西副县(LWSC)
{"title":"ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON ADOPTION OF ORGANIC FARMING IN LAIKIPIA WEST SUB COUNTY, KENYA","authors":"Paul Kingori, P. Kamau, T. Ouna","doi":"10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2074","url":null,"abstract":"Organic farming is a new strategy that helps farmers to cope with climate variability affecting several regions including East Africa. This farming strategy helps farmers to bring to an end the perennial problems of agriculture such as erosion, soil depletion, decline of crop varieties, low quality food and livestock feed, and rural poverty. Organic farmers embrace a holistic notion that the health of a nation is built on agriculture which is dependent on the long-term vitality of its soil. The research assessed the influence of rainfall and temperatures on adoption of organic farming in providing solutions to food insecurity and ensuring safe and environmentally sound food production in the area of study. This study collected and analysed the current agricultural practices and how they have been influenced by rainfall and temperature and assessed their effectiveness. The research was guided by Person-situation interaction theory, which purports that interactionism holds personal and situational factors that are multiplicative. The research adopted a cross sectional research design. One hundred and nine (109) respondents were interviewed in this study. Quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). Regression analysis was employed to establish any association between the independent and dependent variables within the study. \u0000Key words: Organic Farming; Interactionism; Climate Variability; Phenomenon, Laikipia West Sub County (LWSC)","PeriodicalId":43506,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing-A Journal of Digital Humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73649375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-23DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I04.1831
Eric Agyarkoh
The paper researched into the pattern of technological development in digital serigraphy in Ghana and factors that contributed to the development. Qualitative research approaches such as field study, purposive sampling, unstructured interview, observation, thematic and descriptive analysis were employed for the study. After data analysis, the findings revealed that, the art of screen printing was introduced to Gold Coast in the 1930s by Britain through formal art education and experimentation by local sign writers. The craft started as manual technology in the Gold Coast until Information Communication Technology was introduced in the 1980s which ushered in industrial and digital screen-printing technology in Ghana. The findings also revealed that, factors such as colonisation, globalisation, trans-continental trade, formal art education, pragmatism, competition in multi-party elections and good government policies contributed to the development of screen-printing technology in Ghana. Based on the findings, the paper inferred that screen printing is one of the contemporary Visual Arts introduced to Ghana by Britain in the 19th Century. It also concluded that the craft has gone through stages of technological developments from the Gold Coast to its present electronic status. Also, implementation of prudent economic policies by PNDC government between 1983 and 1992, globalisation, trans-continental trade, pragmatism and introduction of ICT in Ghana in the 1980s set the pace for development of the local industry to its current status.
{"title":"Digitalisation of Commercial Serigraphy in Ghana","authors":"Eric Agyarkoh","doi":"10.18533/JAH.V10I04.1831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JAH.V10I04.1831","url":null,"abstract":"The paper researched into the pattern of technological development in digital serigraphy in Ghana and factors that contributed to the development. Qualitative research approaches such as field study, purposive sampling, unstructured interview, observation, thematic and descriptive analysis were employed for the study. After data analysis, the findings revealed that, the art of screen printing was introduced to Gold Coast in the 1930s by Britain through formal art education and experimentation by local sign writers. The craft started as manual technology in the Gold Coast until Information Communication Technology was introduced in the 1980s which ushered in industrial and digital screen-printing technology in Ghana. The findings also revealed that, factors such as colonisation, globalisation, trans-continental trade, formal art education, pragmatism, competition in multi-party elections and good government policies contributed to the development of screen-printing technology in Ghana. Based on the findings, the paper inferred that screen printing is one of the contemporary Visual Arts introduced to Ghana by Britain in the 19th Century. It also concluded that the craft has gone through stages of technological developments from the Gold Coast to its present electronic status. Also, implementation of prudent economic policies by PNDC government between 1983 and 1992, globalisation, trans-continental trade, pragmatism and introduction of ICT in Ghana in the 1980s set the pace for development of the local industry to its current status.","PeriodicalId":43506,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing-A Journal of Digital Humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90884110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-17DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2067
Adetayo Oludare Alade
A good number of the philosophers involved in the debate on the existence or non-existence of fictional entities have, explicitly or implicitly, proposed that our linguistic expressions provide sufficient criteria for determining what exists. Such accounts presuppose a semantic route to determining what exists, suggesting that whether fictional entities exist or not depends on whether propositions in fictional discourse are committed to the existence of fictional entities. This approach fails to acknowledge that a semantic route to ontology only reveals the ontological commitment of our expressions rather than what actually exist. Thus what is required is a metaphysical approach which grounds the existence of fictional entities on a criterion regarding what actually exists rather than what our propositions are committed to. To address this challenge, the current paper has two aims. First, the paper proposes to argue that ontological independence grounded in the concept of identity provides a more appropriate metaphysical route for determining what exists. Second, the paper argues that such metaphysical grounding of the criteria of existence justifies a realist account of the ontology of fictional entities.
{"title":"Fiction and Ontological Independence","authors":"Adetayo Oludare Alade","doi":"10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2067","url":null,"abstract":"A good number of the philosophers involved in the debate on the existence or non-existence of fictional entities have, explicitly or implicitly, proposed that our linguistic expressions provide sufficient criteria for determining what exists. Such accounts presuppose a semantic route to determining what exists, suggesting that whether fictional entities exist or not depends on whether propositions in fictional discourse are committed to the existence of fictional entities. This approach fails to acknowledge that a semantic route to ontology only reveals the ontological commitment of our expressions rather than what actually exist. Thus what is required is a metaphysical approach which grounds the existence of fictional entities on a criterion regarding what actually exists rather than what our propositions are committed to. To address this challenge, the current paper has two aims. First, the paper proposes to argue that ontological independence grounded in the concept of identity provides a more appropriate metaphysical route for determining what exists. Second, the paper argues that such metaphysical grounding of the criteria of existence justifies a realist account of the ontology of fictional entities.","PeriodicalId":43506,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing-A Journal of Digital Humanities","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89154264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-14DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I04.2083
Zafiris Nikitas
The article focuses on the music theatre performance Europeana by Rafika Chawishe which was staged at the Alternative Stage of the Greek National Opera in 2019. The performance is inspired by Ibsen’s play Little Eyolf (1894) about a disabled child that is neglected by its parents and loses his life in the sea. In the case of Europeana, which was constructed based on multiple interviews from teenage refugees, the main theme is the uncertain life and dreams of young refugees who leave their home and arrive in Greece and other Mediterranean countries. The performance, socially engaged and politically informed, does not use the approach of documentary theatre but chooses a postdramatic aesthetic in order to portray its message. At the article at hand I look into the creative adaptation of Ibsen’s play into a modern theatrical saga on teenage migration and nightmarish statelessness. At the same time, I examine the sociopolitical connotations of the performance which touches upon harsh contemporary reality in order to promote the need for inclusion, cultural plurality and social integration in Europe.
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Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.18533/JAH.V10I03.2056
M. Damanhouri
In light of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, which entails scaffolding instruction as a teaching strategy and employs a task-based approach as a method, this study tests the effectiveness of scaffolding instruction in enhancing writing motivation for 25 English-language learners. The participants in this study were of the same age and similar educational backgrounds. The learners were given a questionnaire to determine their main struggles in writing, then assigned three tasks based on directed writing, to be completed in pairs under the instructor’s supervision and guidance, and finally asked to reflect on their experiences. Most of the participants found asymmetrical and symmetrical scaffolding strategies supportive toward accomplishing the assigned tasks. Nearly all of them reported a positive attitude towards the scaffolded tasks with a focus on meaning, which increased their active engagement and motivation. The results also reveal the importance of the collaborative formative assessment in maximizing learning opportunities
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